技术跨越的理论与实证研究
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摘要
发展中国家对先进国家的技术经济赶超是当今世界的普遍现象，但发展中国家和企业面临着比较优势陷阱和后发优势向后发劣势的转换危机。在此背景下，本文研究了技术跨越的理论意义和实践基础，提出技术跨越将是发展中国家和企业经济技术赶超的必由之路和战略选择。
以此为基点，展开研究：
第一，构筑技术跨越的立论基础和概念体系。在理论述评的基础上，研究总结了技术跨越完整的概念体系，提出利用统计学方法对技术代和技术跨越进行测度的方法，并依托移动通信技术发展进行了实证研究。进一步的，按照不同参照系对技术跨越进行分类，从而明晰和丰富了技术跨越的理论和实践内容。
第二，从技术的微观、中观和宏观三个维度研究了技术跨越存在的机会，指出：从技术轨道角度讲，技术的越轨型演变为技术跨越带来发展的技术机会窗口，而在顺轨型演变中，除可利用子技术轨道的跃迁进行技术跨越外，当技术极限临近时应主动寻找关键技术的跨越机会。从技术单元角度讲，随着分工细化技术单元变小，进入壁垒降低，存在着利用后发优势和比较优势的成长型技术跨越机会；随着技术发展技术单元变大，后发国家可以较强的国家意志，大投入实施技术跨越；随着相关技术群体的不匹配使技术单元增大，可以国家行为与市场行为相结合，通过设立技术园区等形成较好的配套环境，实施技术跨越。从技术群体结构角度讲，技术群体在时间上的三种不同演变路径，为不同类型的技术跨越突破提供了时间上的规律。同时，技术群体结构演变理论为企业实施技术跨越战略提示了着眼点和侧重点，存在着先发展基础技术和中间技术，再进行特殊技术突破的成长型技术跨越机会。另外，启示我们要充分利用不同国家、不同产业技术群体结构的差异性和互补性，而带来的技术跨越的机遇。
第三，系统地研究了技术跨越的一般过程和规律。研究提出了技术跨越的整体观模型，指出技术跨越是一个系统的过程、基于知识流的过程和收敛的过程。研究了技术扫描，总结了技术扫描的意义和重要方法。研究了技术跨越的突破点选择问题，明确了突破点选择的内涵，提出了技术跨越点选择的九大原则，并应用现实期权方法对技术跨越中的互斥跨越点选择进行了数理分析。研究了临界点问题，在对临界点进行明确的定义和数理描述基础上，分析临界点出现的机理，并利用临界距概念对临界点进行了定量化的判别研究。研究了技术跨越后的后续工作重点，指出技术扩散和标准之争是技术跨越后续工作的主要内容，并进行了详细探讨，提出了相应的政策和建议。
第四，系统的研究了技术跨越中的技术能力。研究指出，技术跨越过程就是一个技术能力跨越的过程。在此基础上，明确定义了技术跨越中的技术能力概念，研究构建了基于技术跨越的技术能力体系，并对其中的重点问题进行了剖析，指出：技术跨越需要注意核心能力刚性和动态核心能力，要区分不同的知识特征采取不同的知识学习模式，技术跨越要注意技术能力体系的开放性，技术能力不应该只注重内在能力，而应该从考虑技术能力空间。在此基础上，对技术跨越技术能力体系进行了实证研究，重点研究了技术创新和技术跨越中技术能力的不同特征，技术跨越中各技术能力成分的协调性和技术跨越能力的积累模式。在进一步研究总结技术能力积累模式和途径基础上，本文还提出了赶超型国家的技术能力
浙江大学博士学位论文《技术跨越的理论与实证研究》
发展模式和与之对应的成长型技术跨越，研究认为，赶超型国家的技术能力发展
过程在实践中呈现出从引进到模仿再到顺轨型衍生自主跨越和在新技术上自主跨
越的顺序，可称之为成长型技术跨越的四个阶段和四种类型，并利用浙大中控的
案例进行了实证分析。
第五，系统地研究了技术跨越的组织。首先研究技术跨越组织的机理及选择。
从企业资源观出发，研究提出了技术跨越组织需要解决五大问题，以此为基础，
提出了基于资源－目标的四种一般组织模式及选择模型，并研究了其中可能存在的
组织陷阶。其次，研究提出了基于资源主体的技术跨越组织模式总体框架，并综
合考虑技术单元和外部性角度、转换成本、共生经济性等方面影响因素提出了模
式选择的一般模型。再次，研究企业技术跨越组织的模式创新，综合运用数理分
析、案例分析和理论分析等方法，重点研究总结了其中的新型创业小组、创新事
业部和战略联盟形式，并提出了相应的政策和建议。最后，研究国家层面国家关
键技术跨越的组织模式，在研究总结世界各国实施国家关键计划和我国的863高
技术计划成败经验的基础上，并提出了我国关键技术跨越的政策建议。
第六，通过实证方法研究了技术跨越的条件。首先通过理论述评等方法研究
了技术跨越条件的理论框架。其次利用问卷调查、基本统计分析、因子分析等方
法，研究得出了技术跨越条件的结构体系，认为其是一个包括人力资本、技术资
源、资金实力在内的内部资源条件，包括经济机制、政策支持和外部创新网络在
内的外部环境条件以及技术跨越组织能力条件的这样一个多维度、多层面、系统
化的综合?
It is common in the present world that developing countries catch-up developed countries in technology and economics. However, developing countries and their enterprises are facing such crises as comparative advantage pitfall and the transfer from the advantage of backwardness to the disadvantage of backwardness. Under such circumstances, this paper seeks to study the theoretical significance and practical basis of technology leapfrog and concludes that technology leapfrog is an inevitable way and strategic choice for developing countries and their enterprises to realize technological and economic advancement.
Main Contents
Firstly, this paper puts forward a conception system of technological leapfrog as the theoretical basis. Based on literature review, this paper establishes a complete conception system of technological leapfrog and applies statistic methods to the study of technology generation and technological leapfrog, with the development of mobile communication as the case. Moreover, Classified with different frames of reference, the concept of technological leapfrog is more perspicuity and enriched with both theories and practical content.
Secondly, chances of technological leapfrog are studied from three dimensions including the micro, the mediate and the macro. It is pointed out that the windows of technological leapfrog opportunity are brought to when one technological trajectory evolves to another. When the technology evolves on the same technological trajectory, except that technological leapfrog can be realized with the transition of the sub-technological trajectories, chances of dominant technology leapfrog should be sought if the technology limit is reached. From the perspective of tech-unit, there are chances of growing technological leapfrog for developing countries in virtue of the advantage of backwardness and comparative advantage, with the technology more specialized, smaller the tech-unit and lower entrance barrier. As technology develops and the tech-unit grows larger, developing countries can make heavy investment to realize technological leapfrog by right of strong national will. When the tech-unit becoming larger are caused
by the incompatibility of relevant technologies, technological leapfrog can be realized through the establishment of High-Tech Park to create the supporting environment, with combined act of both state and market. From the perspective of technological group structure, the three different temporal evolutionary routes of technological group provide rules for different types of technological leapfrog. Meanwhile, the theory of structural evolvement of technological group indicates respects and emphases for enterprises to launch the technological leapfrog strategy. There are chances of growing technological leapfrog to develop fundamental technology and intermediate technology first and to realize special technology breakthrough after that. Besides, there is also inspiration that we should make full use of the chances of technological leapfrog brought by the heterogeneity and complementarity of the technological group structure in different countries and industries.
Thirdly, this paper makes a systematic study of the general process and laws of technological leapfrog and puts forward an integrated model of technological leapfrog, which indicates that technological leapfrog is a systematic and convergent process based on knowledge flow. Technology scan, as well as its significance and important methods, is
studied. This paper also studies the choice of breakthrough point of technological leapfrog, defines the connotation of breakthrough point and raises the nine principles to select the breakthrough point of technological leapfrog. Mathematical analysis is also applied to the study of the choice of mutex breakthrough point in technological leapfrog with real options method. The critical points are also studied. Based on a clear definition and symbolic description of critical points, the mechanism of its appearance is analyzed and quantitative study is applied t
以此为基点，展开研究：
第一，构筑技术跨越的立论基础和概念体系。在理论述评的基础上，研究总结了技术跨越完整的概念体系，提出利用统计学方法对技术代和技术跨越进行测度的方法，并依托移动通信技术发展进行了实证研究。进一步的，按照不同参照系对技术跨越进行分类，从而明晰和丰富了技术跨越的理论和实践内容。
第二，从技术的微观、中观和宏观三个维度研究了技术跨越存在的机会，指出：从技术轨道角度讲，技术的越轨型演变为技术跨越带来发展的技术机会窗口，而在顺轨型演变中，除可利用子技术轨道的跃迁进行技术跨越外，当技术极限临近时应主动寻找关键技术的跨越机会。从技术单元角度讲，随着分工细化技术单元变小，进入壁垒降低，存在着利用后发优势和比较优势的成长型技术跨越机会；随着技术发展技术单元变大，后发国家可以较强的国家意志，大投入实施技术跨越；随着相关技术群体的不匹配使技术单元增大，可以国家行为与市场行为相结合，通过设立技术园区等形成较好的配套环境，实施技术跨越。从技术群体结构角度讲，技术群体在时间上的三种不同演变路径，为不同类型的技术跨越突破提供了时间上的规律。同时，技术群体结构演变理论为企业实施技术跨越战略提示了着眼点和侧重点，存在着先发展基础技术和中间技术，再进行特殊技术突破的成长型技术跨越机会。另外，启示我们要充分利用不同国家、不同产业技术群体结构的差异性和互补性，而带来的技术跨越的机遇。
第三，系统地研究了技术跨越的一般过程和规律。研究提出了技术跨越的整体观模型，指出技术跨越是一个系统的过程、基于知识流的过程和收敛的过程。研究了技术扫描，总结了技术扫描的意义和重要方法。研究了技术跨越的突破点选择问题，明确了突破点选择的内涵，提出了技术跨越点选择的九大原则，并应用现实期权方法对技术跨越中的互斥跨越点选择进行了数理分析。研究了临界点问题，在对临界点进行明确的定义和数理描述基础上，分析临界点出现的机理，并利用临界距概念对临界点进行了定量化的判别研究。研究了技术跨越后的后续工作重点，指出技术扩散和标准之争是技术跨越后续工作的主要内容，并进行了详细探讨，提出了相应的政策和建议。
第四，系统的研究了技术跨越中的技术能力。研究指出，技术跨越过程就是一个技术能力跨越的过程。在此基础上，明确定义了技术跨越中的技术能力概念，研究构建了基于技术跨越的技术能力体系，并对其中的重点问题进行了剖析，指出：技术跨越需要注意核心能力刚性和动态核心能力，要区分不同的知识特征采取不同的知识学习模式，技术跨越要注意技术能力体系的开放性，技术能力不应该只注重内在能力，而应该从考虑技术能力空间。在此基础上，对技术跨越技术能力体系进行了实证研究，重点研究了技术创新和技术跨越中技术能力的不同特征，技术跨越中各技术能力成分的协调性和技术跨越能力的积累模式。在进一步研究总结技术能力积累模式和途径基础上，本文还提出了赶超型国家的技术能力
浙江大学博士学位论文《技术跨越的理论与实证研究》
发展模式和与之对应的成长型技术跨越，研究认为，赶超型国家的技术能力发展
过程在实践中呈现出从引进到模仿再到顺轨型衍生自主跨越和在新技术上自主跨
越的顺序，可称之为成长型技术跨越的四个阶段和四种类型，并利用浙大中控的
案例进行了实证分析。
第五，系统地研究了技术跨越的组织。首先研究技术跨越组织的机理及选择。
从企业资源观出发，研究提出了技术跨越组织需要解决五大问题，以此为基础，
提出了基于资源－目标的四种一般组织模式及选择模型，并研究了其中可能存在的
组织陷阶。其次，研究提出了基于资源主体的技术跨越组织模式总体框架，并综
合考虑技术单元和外部性角度、转换成本、共生经济性等方面影响因素提出了模
式选择的一般模型。再次，研究企业技术跨越组织的模式创新，综合运用数理分
析、案例分析和理论分析等方法，重点研究总结了其中的新型创业小组、创新事
业部和战略联盟形式，并提出了相应的政策和建议。最后，研究国家层面国家关
键技术跨越的组织模式，在研究总结世界各国实施国家关键计划和我国的863高
技术计划成败经验的基础上，并提出了我国关键技术跨越的政策建议。
第六，通过实证方法研究了技术跨越的条件。首先通过理论述评等方法研究
了技术跨越条件的理论框架。其次利用问卷调查、基本统计分析、因子分析等方
法，研究得出了技术跨越条件的结构体系，认为其是一个包括人力资本、技术资
源、资金实力在内的内部资源条件，包括经济机制、政策支持和外部创新网络在
内的外部环境条件以及技术跨越组织能力条件的这样一个多维度、多层面、系统
化的综合?
It is common in the present world that developing countries catch-up developed countries in technology and economics. However, developing countries and their enterprises are facing such crises as comparative advantage pitfall and the transfer from the advantage of backwardness to the disadvantage of backwardness. Under such circumstances, this paper seeks to study the theoretical significance and practical basis of technology leapfrog and concludes that technology leapfrog is an inevitable way and strategic choice for developing countries and their enterprises to realize technological and economic advancement.
Main Contents
Firstly, this paper puts forward a conception system of technological leapfrog as the theoretical basis. Based on literature review, this paper establishes a complete conception system of technological leapfrog and applies statistic methods to the study of technology generation and technological leapfrog, with the development of mobile communication as the case. Moreover, Classified with different frames of reference, the concept of technological leapfrog is more perspicuity and enriched with both theories and practical content.
Secondly, chances of technological leapfrog are studied from three dimensions including the micro, the mediate and the macro. It is pointed out that the windows of technological leapfrog opportunity are brought to when one technological trajectory evolves to another. When the technology evolves on the same technological trajectory, except that technological leapfrog can be realized with the transition of the sub-technological trajectories, chances of dominant technology leapfrog should be sought if the technology limit is reached. From the perspective of tech-unit, there are chances of growing technological leapfrog for developing countries in virtue of the advantage of backwardness and comparative advantage, with the technology more specialized, smaller the tech-unit and lower entrance barrier. As technology develops and the tech-unit grows larger, developing countries can make heavy investment to realize technological leapfrog by right of strong national will. When the tech-unit becoming larger are caused
by the incompatibility of relevant technologies, technological leapfrog can be realized through the establishment of High-Tech Park to create the supporting environment, with combined act of both state and market. From the perspective of technological group structure, the three different temporal evolutionary routes of technological group provide rules for different types of technological leapfrog. Meanwhile, the theory of structural evolvement of technological group indicates respects and emphases for enterprises to launch the technological leapfrog strategy. There are chances of growing technological leapfrog to develop fundamental technology and intermediate technology first and to realize special technology breakthrough after that. Besides, there is also inspiration that we should make full use of the chances of technological leapfrog brought by the heterogeneity and complementarity of the technological group structure in different countries and industries.
Thirdly, this paper makes a systematic study of the general process and laws of technological leapfrog and puts forward an integrated model of technological leapfrog, which indicates that technological leapfrog is a systematic and convergent process based on knowledge flow. Technology scan, as well as its significance and important methods, is
studied. This paper also studies the choice of breakthrough point of technological leapfrog, defines the connotation of breakthrough point and raises the nine principles to select the breakthrough point of technological leapfrog. Mathematical analysis is also applied to the study of the choice of mutex breakthrough point in technological leapfrog with real options method. The critical points are also studied. Based on a clear definition and symbolic description of critical points, the mechanism of its appearance is analyzed and quantitative study is applied t
引文
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经济合作与发展组织(OECD)，以知识经济为基础的经济，杨红进，薛澜译北京：机械工业出版社，1997
卡尔．夏皮罗(2000)，信息规则，中国人民大学出版社
卡洛塔．佩雷斯、吕克．苏蒂(1992)，技术上的追赶：进入壁垒和机会窗口，选自《技术进步与经济理论》，G.Dosi等编，中译本，经济科学出版社
科思，R.H.(1937)，企业的性质，载《企业、市场与法律》，上海三联书店，1990
科斯，R.H.(1960)，社会成本问题，载《财产权利与制度变迁》，上海三联书店，上海人民出版社，1994
克里斯托弗·梅耶(1999)，创新增长——硅谷的启示，吉林人民出版社
克鲁格，A.(1995)，发展中国家的贸易和就业，上海人民出版社
李炳宗(1997)，半导体技术进步与人才培养，电子科技导报，No．9
李纪珍(1999)，企业技术源的选择，中国软科学，No．10
李建明(1998)，核心能力：企业核心能力分析，中国工业经济，No．11
李军(2001)，国家创新系统与企业创新关系分析，数量经济技术经济研究，No．7
李平(1998)，技术扩散理论及实证研究，山西经济出版社
李栓庆(1996)，台湾半导体工业现状，半导体技术，No．1
李显君(2000)，流星现象，企业管理，No．2
李相俊(1994)，韩国对外贸易的成功与失误，北京：中国大百科全书出版社
李新春(2000)，高新技术创新网络——美国硅谷和128号公路的比较，中外科技信息，No．2
连燕华、穆荣平(1999)，国家工程研究中心转制的组织行为学研究，科研管理，No．1
林毅夫(1994)，中国的奇迹：发展战略与经济改革，上海人民出版社
林毅夫，蔡肪，李州(1996)，企业改革的核心是创造公平竞争的环境，见徐滇庆、文贯中主编：中国国有企业改革，北京：中国经济出版社
林志广等(1990)，引进项目的技术经济分析，北京：中国林业出版社
刘鹤，高速增长中产业结构运行的趋势及产业政策的重要方向，http://forum.cei.Gov.cn/tbrum50/namelist/liuhe/lh3.txt.
刘洪涛、汪应洛(1999)，中国创新模式及其演进的实证研究，科学与科学技术管理，No．6
刘洪涛、汪应洛、贾理群(1999)，国家创新系统(NIS)理论与中国的实践，西安交通大学出版社
刘映仙(2000)，台湾科技产业发展现状与两岸科技交流及合作前景，科技管理，No．1
刘志勇(1999)，电子商务发展趋势及对策，管理现代化，No．5
柳鲁鱼、余晖(1999)，台湾资讯电子业的成长及其启示，开放导报，No．2
柳卸林(1993)，技术创新经济学，中国经济出版社
柳卸林(1997)，企业技术创新管理，科学技术文献出版社
柳卸林(1998)，知识经济导论，经济管理出版社
柳卸林(2000)，技术轨道与自主创新，科技进步与对策，No．9
鲁克，A.H.(1985)，创造心理学概论，黑龙江人民出版社
陆廷刚，桑赓陶等泽(1986)，用于计划决策的技术预测，复旦大学出版社
路易丝．伯兰斯卡姆等(2000)，21世纪的创新战略，光明日报出版社
路甬祥(1996)，在全国科学技术大会上的讲话，中外管理，Vol．17，No．3
路甬祥(1998)，创新与未来，北京：科学出版社
罗伯特．K.G.坦普尔，陈养正等译(1995)，中国：发明与发现的国度，21世纪出版社
罗杰斯、拉森(1986)，硅谷热，中国友谊出版社
罗伊．鲍尔(1999)，银湖计划，华夏出版社
罗志如等(1989)，当代西方经济学说，北京大学出版社
骆品亮(1996)，技术创新中的企业适度规模，科研管理，Vol．17，No．5
马庆国(1992)，完整行为主体的利益是驱使科技占据第一位的动力，中国留美学者经济学联合会论文集，得克萨斯洲
马庆国(1995)，高技术产业发展的一般规律，管理工程学报增刊
马庆国(1996)，风险资金的属性与中国风险资金问题，高技术与高技术产业化，西北大学出版社
马庆国(1998a)，小单元高技术企业发生过程的数理表达，科研管理增刊
马庆国(1998b)，知识经济、知识产业与中国的策略选择，载胡建雄主编《知识经济与创新》，浙江大学出版社
马庆国(1998c)，中国高技术产业泛生境研究与改革建议，研究与发展管理，Vol．10，No．4
马庆国(1999)，高技术产业与企业发展规律及政策研究，万国学术出版社
马庆国、汪蕾(1999a)，发展中国高技术产业的支点，科研管理，No．3
马庆国、汪蕾(1999b)，在发展高新技术产业中政府的职能分析，价值工程，No．2
马庆国(2001)，我国微电子产业振兴之路，东方学术网
迈克．P.托达罗(1999)，经济发展，第八版，中译本，中国经济出版社
迈克尔．科索马罗、理查德．塞尔比(1996)，微软的秘密，北京大学出版社
毛荐其(2000)，企业技术创新审计，科学与科学技术管理，No．8
毛武兴、陈劲(2000)，论电子信息产业发展战略，中外科技信息，No．3
孟庆伟(2000)，企业技术创新能力的系统结构，科技管理研究，No．2
孟宪忠、王新新(2000)，中国企业咨询报告，吉林人民出版社
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穆荣平(1997)，国际技术转移影响因素分析——上海大众汽车公司案例研究，科学学研究，Vol．15
纳尔逊(1992)，选自《技术进步与经济理论》，G.Dosi等编，中译本，经济科学出版社，P270
纳米技术将提升化纤业，中国化工报，2001．5
尼古莱．J.福斯、克里斯第安．克努森，李东红译(1998)，企业万能：面向企业能力理论，东北财经大学出版社
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欧洲投资银行，创新、技术和金融(中译本)，中国审计出版社，1993
彭剑锋(2000．12)，如何激励知识型员工，人才市场报
浦根祥(1999)，从技术生命周期看企业技术机会选择，自然辩证法研究，No．6
普华永道咨询公司，开放的世界，浙江日报，2001．2
普华永道咨向公司，移动的世界，浙江日报，2001．1
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钱平凡(1999)，组织转型，浙江人民出版社
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乔治．J.施蒂格勒，潘振民译(1998)，产业组织和政府管制，上海三联书店出版社
青木昌彦、金滢基、奥野—藤原止宽(1995)，政府在东亚经济发展中的作用——比较制度分析，中国经济出版社，1998
青木昌彦、钱颖一(1994)，转轨经济中的治理结构：内部人控制和银行的作用，中国经济出版社，1995
芮明杰，余光胜(1999)，产业致胜—产业视角的企业战略，浙江人民出版社
萨缪尔森P.A.，诺德豪斯，W.D.(1992)，经济学(第十四版)，北京经济学院出版社
桑赓陶(1998)，从三星电子公司的成功经验看中国企业的技术发展，中外科技信息，No．2
邵一华(2000)，高技术产业对传统产业的影响研究，博士论文
邵一华、马庆国、姚志坚(1999)，美国风险投资结构分析及对我国风险投资业发展的启示，浙江金融，No．5
邵云飞等(1999)，高新技术产业项目投资风险管理探讨，研究与发展管理，No．5
盛田昭大(1988)，日本．索尼．AKM，经济管理出版社，P74
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施培公(1999)，后发优势——模仿创新的理论与实证研究，清华大学出版社
石川滋，胡欣芯等译(1992)，发展经济学的基本问题，经济科学出版社
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世界银行，1997年世界发展报告——变革世界的政府，中国财政经济出版社，1997
世界银行，1998／99年世界发展报告——知识与发展，中国财政经济出版社，1999
世界银行业务评价局(1994)，工业技术发展项目案例研究，北京：中国经济出版社
世界知识产权组织，刘朝晋译(1979)，技术贸易手册，北京：中国财政经济出版社
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泰勒尔(1997)，产业组织理论，中国人民大学出版社
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谭崇台(1989)，发展经济学，上海人民出版社，P105
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唐．泰普斯科特、阿特．卡斯顿(1999)，范式的转变——信息技术的前景，东北财经大学出版社
唐京、冯明(2000)，知识类型与知识管理，外国经济与管理，Vol．22，No．2，P18-26
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童昕、王辑志(1999)，硅谷—新竹—东莞：透视信息技术产业的全球生产网络，科技导报，NO．9
托达罗，M.P.(1988)，第三世界的经济发展，于同申等译，中国人民大学出版社
汪海涛(1998)，三九集团的激励机制，中外管理，No．11
汪向东(1998)，信息化：中国21世纪的选择，社会科学文献出版社
汪星明(1999)技术引进：理论、战略、机制，中国人民大学出版社
王伯鲁(1999a)，产业技术跨越的社会基础与基本模式剖析，自然辩证法研究，No．5
王伯鲁(1999b)，产业技术跨越模式分析，世界科技研究与发展，No．2
王春法(1998)，技术创新政策：理论基础与工具选择，经济科学出版社
王大洲，关士续(2000)，国有大中型企业技术创新与制度创新现状分析，中国软科学，No．4
王大洲、关士续(1997)，关于产业R&D合作的几个认识问题，自然辨证法研究，Vol．13，No．3
王德胜、徐长山(1987)，科技简史，解放军出版社
王方华(1999)，知识管理论，山西经济出版社
王红(2001)，国研网政府在风险投资中的促进作用，浦东开发，No．7
王慧炯，徐肇翔(1996)，企业技术进步：政策／机构，中国发展出版社
王家福(1990)，苏联国策论，黑龙江人民出版社
王科、姚志坚(1999)，企业能力理论述评，经济学动态，No．12
王寿云(1997)，微电子技术的发展：“临界质量”概念和改革竞赛，中外科技政策与管理
王松贸(2001)，国有企业技术创新投资不足的原因初探，中州学刊，No．4
王卫红、戴和忠(2001)，互斥项目投资决策中的现实期权分析思路及框架，科研管理，No．4
王学庆(2000)，加入WTO后我国电信运营业面临的挑战及对策，通讯世界，No．8
王英(1999)，医药技术进步跨越中的“点突破”问题，中国药房，No．10
王永生(1999)，技术进步及其组织——日本的经验与中国的实践，中国发展出版社
王勇(1998)，知识经济对策——运作与案例，中国城市出版社
王允贵(2001．9)，日本经济萧条所带来的经验与启示，国研网
王贞萍(1998)，科研成果转化评估，上海财经大学出版社
威廉姆森，奥利弗(1979)，交易费用经济学：契约关系的规制，载《企业制度与市场组织——交易费用经济学文选》，上海三联书店，上海人民出版社，1996
韦伯，M.(1946)，科层制，载竹立家、李登祥编泽《国外组织理论精选》，中共中央党校出版社，1997
魏江(1995a)，企业技术能力的概念、结构和评价，科学学与科学技术管理，No．9
魏江(1995b)，中小企业提高技术能力的对策研究，科研管理，Vol．16，No．1，P15-19
魏江(1996a)，企业技术能力与技术创新能力的协调性研究，科学管理研究，No．8
魏江(1996b)，企业技术能力与技术创新能力之关系研究，科研管理，No．1
魏江(1997a)，技术转移动因研究，自然辩证法通讯，Vol．19，No．3
魏江(1997b)，企业技术创新能力的界定及其与核心能力的关联，科研管理，No．11
魏江、王毅(1998)，技术监测能力研究，科技进步与对策，No．4
魏心镇、王辑慈等(1993)，新的产业空间——高技术产业开发区的发展与布局，北京大学出版社
文章代、侯书森(1999)，创新管理，石油大学出版社
翁寿松(1993)，韩国的半导体工业，半导体杂志，No．4
吴贵生(2000)，技术创新管理，清华大学出版社
吴翰(2000)，资源融合与高技术中小企业成长博士论文
吴翰、范柏乃(1999)，基于技术协作的高技术产品开发分析，科研管理，No．1
吴翰、姚志坚等(1999)，高技术渗透演化过程的随机分析，科研管理，No．5
吴翰、姚志坚等(2000)，高技术中小企业的成长特征研究，经济问题探索
吴敬琏(1999)，制度重于技术——论发展我国高技术产业，收于《经济学家论说硅谷模式》，中国经济出版社，2000
吴敬琏、张军扩等(1998)，国有经济的战略性改组，中国发展出版社
吴涛(2000)，技术创新风险管理的方法与策略，科学与科学技术管理，No．5
吴维库、赵平、黎建强(1997)，企业竞争能力的定量描述，清华大学学报，No．1
吴晓波(1995)，二次创新的进化过程，科研管理，Vol．16，No．2
冼国明、杨锐(1998)，技术累积、竞争策略与发展中国家对外直接投资，经济研究，No．11
现代国外经济学论文选，第十辑，商务印书馆，1986
小宫隆太郎等(1984)，日本的产业政策，国际文化出版社，1988
小乔治．斯托尔克等著，赵锡军等译(1999)，企业成长战略，中国人民大学出版社
肖利(1998)，技术预测计划对英国科学技术发展的作用，科学学研究，No．11
谢伟(1997)，技术学习过程的新模式，科研管理，No．7
谢伟(1998a)，学习型高技术产业发展中的政府作用——台湾集成电路产业的案例研究，科学管理研究 No．5
谢伟(1998b)，技术能力分类总结，科学管理研究，No．2
谢伟、吴贵生(1997)，国产化作为技术学习过程：上海桑塔纳案例分析，科研管理，Vol．18，No．1
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蔡兵(1999)，高技术竞争时代的企业战略联盟，广东人民出版社
蔡莉(1995)，高技术经济论，吉林科学技术出版社
蔡莉(1999)，高技术向纺织企业渗透临界规模研究，系统工程理论与实践，No．10
蔡希贤、史焕伟(1995)，技术创新扩散及其模式研究，科研管理，No．6
陈德棉(1997)，科学预测利技术预测的方法研究，科学学研究，No．12
陈德棉等(1999)，高技术企业成长案例研究，科学学研究，No．9
陈国宏(1998)，R&D项目中止决策的Fuzzy模式识别，科学学研究，Vol．16，No．1，P68-74
陈国宏、王吓忠(1995)，技术创新、技术扩散与技术进步新论，科学学研究，No．2
陈海秋(1999)，我国企业技术创新存在的问题与对策，中国科技产业月刊，No．2
陈慧琴(1997)，技术引进与技术进步研究，经济管理出版社
陈建新、赵玉林、关前(1994)，当代中国科学技术发展史，湖北教育出版社
陈劲(1994)，从技术引进到自主创新的学习模式，科研管理，Vol．15，No．2
陈劲(1999)，知识管理的悖论，Working Paper，浙江大学管理科学研究所
陈劲(2000)，永续发展——企业技术创新透析，科学出版社
陈劲、耿雪松、寿涌毅(1998)，浙江省大型企业技术创新标高定位分析，科研管理，No．2，P65-71
陈林奋(1999)，科技成果转化研究，博士论文
陈少兵，蔡希贤等(1995)，对我国技术创新成败因素的分析，科研管理研究，No．4，P33-35
陈伟(1996)，技术创新追赶陷阱，中外科技政策与管理，No．1
陈伟(1998)，创新管理，科学出版社
陈宪(1995)，市场经济中的政府行为，立信会计出版社
陈晓田、杨列勋主编(1999)，技术创新十年，科学出版社
陈耀邦(1996)，可持续发展战略读本，中国计划出版社
陈烨明(1999)，技术预测的信息结构，知识工程，No．2
戴和忠(2000)，现实期权在R&D评价中的应用，科研管理，No．2
戴和忠(2001a)，高技术企业员工持股研究，经济学动态，No．3
戴和忠(2001b)，基于企业核心能力的资源外购战略，科研管理，No．4
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戴维斯，L.E.、D.C.诺斯(1979b)，制度创新理论：描述、类推与说明，载《财产权利与制度变迁》，上海二联书店，人海人民出版社，1994
邓晓岚(2001)，企业的核心技术与技术创新，科技进步与对策，No．1
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董景荣(2000)，技术创新过程管理，重庆大学出版社
多萝西．伦纳德．巴顿(2000)，知识与创新，新华出版社
樊纲(1998)，论竞争力——关于科技进步与经济效益关系的思考，管理世界，No．3，P10-15
范．杜因(1993)，刘守英、罗靖译，经济长波与创新，上海译文出版社
范伯乃(1999)，我国发展高技术产业的政策法规研究，博士论文
范里安，H.R.(1990)，微观经济学：现代观点，上海三联书店、上海人民出版社，1994
方新(1998)，创业与创新——高技术小企业的发展之路，中国人民大学出版社
弗里曼(1992)，日本：一个新国家创新系统?见：多西等主编．技术进步与经济理论，北京：经济科学出版社
傅家骥(1998)，技术创新学，清华大学出版社
高建(1997)，中国企业技术创新分析，清华大学出版社
高汝喜等(1999)，高新技术产业中的风险及防范，研究与发展管理，No．5
格罗大斯，L.R.(1962)，现在可以说了——美国制造首批原子弹的故事，原子能出版社，1978
格罗大斯，L.R.(1963)，原子弹计划，载卡斯特，F.L.编《科学、技术与管理》，国防工业出版社，1978
顾朝林、赵令勋等(1998)，中国高技术产业与园区，中信出版社
顾卫临(2000)，技术跨越从哪里起跳，瞭望新闻周刊，No．15
关满博(1998)，尔亚新时代的日本经济——超越“全套型”产业结构，上海译文出版社
关士续、王大洲(1998)，技术知识与创新组织，自然辩证法通讯，No．1，P31-39
关于加强技术创新、发展高科技、实现产业化的决定，人民日报，1999-8-25
官建成(1994)，产品创新扩散中的随机现象，中国管理科学，No．3
官建成、张西武(1996)，创新扩散模型的研究进展与展望(上、下)，科学学与科学技术管理，No．1-2
郭斌(1996)，后发优势与后发劣势的转换：对发展中国家追赶问题的重新认识，自然辩证法通讯，Vol．18，No．6
郭斌、陈劲、许庆瑞(1998)，界面管理：企业创新管理的新趋向，科学学研究，No．1
国家计委、国家科委(1994)，中国21世纪议程——中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书，北京：中国环境科学出版社
国家科技部，中国科学技术指标，1994-1998
国家科委，中国科学技术指标1996，科学技术文献出版社，1997
国家科委、加拿大国家研究中心，十年改革：中国科技政策，北京科学技术出版社，1998
国家统计局科技统计司编译，技术创新统计手册——奥斯陆手册，北京：中国统计出版社，1993
国务院发展研究中心，韩国国家关键技术的选择，国研网，2001．7
国务院发展研究中心，美国对国家关键技术计划的评估，国研网，2001．9
国务院发展研究中心，美国国家关键技术的国产化及特点，2001，9
国务院发展研究中心，美国国家关键技术发展战略，2001．9
国务院发展研究中心，欧盟国家关键技术发展战略，2001．9
国务院发展研究中心，日本发展国家关键技术的经验教训，2001．9
国务院发展研究中心，日本关键技术的实施与进展，2001．9
国务院发展研究中心，日本国家关键技术的主要内容及特征，2001．9
国务院发展研究中心，我国国家关键技术发展战略的选择，2001．9
哈耶克，F.A.(1945)，知识在社会中的运用，载P.麦耶斯主编《知识管理与组织设计》，珠海出版社，1998
和金生、郑春东、郭智玲(1998)，技术环境论的引进技术能力评价方法，中国软科学，No．9
和文凯、曾晓萱(1996)，高技术产业两种模式的比较研究，科研管理，No．5
洪银兴(1997)，从比较优势到竞争优势，经济研究，No．6，P20-26
侯国清(2000)，谈谈跨越式技术创新，中国软科学，No．3
胡鞍钢(1999)，知识与发展：中国新的追赶策略，管理世界，No．6
胡鞍钢(2001)，知识与发展：21世纪新追赶战略，北京大学出版社
胡大平、邹珊刚(1997a)，发展高技术产业的政府行为模式评价与选择，科研管理，No．4，1997
胡大平、邹珊刚(1997b)，经济转轨时期发展高技术产业的政府行为，科研管理，No．5，1997
胡汉辉、张芸(1998)，经济转型中的中国大型企业技术创新问题的再思考——中国熊猫电子集团的案例与实证分析，科研管理，Vol．19，No．3
胡金海(1999)，高技术产业的政府行为研究，博士论文
胡乃武、金培(1990)，国外经济增长理论比较研究，中国人民大学出版社
胡哲一(1992)，技术创新的概念与定义，科学与科学技术管理，Vol．13，No．5，P47-50
胡志坚(2001)，国家创新系统——理论分析与国际比较，社会科学文献出版社
黄鲁成(2000)，关于我国技术创新研究的思考，中国软科学，No．3
黄鲁成(2001)，技术创新与产业的跨越式发展，中国软科学，No．2
惠益民(1995)，技术预测，北京航空学院出版社
霍尔(1997)，期权、期货和衍生证券，华夏出版社
纪素珍、田力(1991)，中外科技史概要，中国人民大学出版社
技术创新统计手册(OECD奥斯陆手册)，中国统计出版社，1993．9
佳仲(1998)，日本技术预测调查方法简介，全球科技经济瞭望，No．5
贾根良(1999)，报酬递增经济学：回顾与展望，南开经济研究，No．1
江前良(1996)，国际BOT方式理论与实务，北京：中国对外经济贸易出版社
江山(2000)，中国电信业形成竞合格局，中国电信业，No．10
姜奇平、刘韧、王俊秀(1999)，知本家风暴，中国友谊出版社公司
蒋殿春(1998)，跨国公司与市场结构，商务印书馆
今井贤一、小宫隆太郎(1995)，现代日本企业制度，经济科学出版社
金炳穆、梁俊杰(1998)，韩国在产业化过程中利用外国先进技术技术的经验及特征，中国软科学，No．9
金麟洙(2000)，从模仿到创新——韩国技术学习的动力，新华出版社
金履忠、张培刚教授谈技术创新(1998)，科技部中国科技促进发展研究中心《调研报告》，No．19
经济合作与发展组织(OECD)，以知识经济为基础的经济，杨红进，薛澜译北京：机械工业出版社，1997
卡尔．夏皮罗(2000)，信息规则，中国人民大学出版社
卡洛塔．佩雷斯、吕克．苏蒂(1992)，技术上的追赶：进入壁垒和机会窗口，选自《技术进步与经济理论》，G.Dosi等编，中译本，经济科学出版社
科思，R.H.(1937)，企业的性质，载《企业、市场与法律》，上海三联书店，1990
科斯，R.H.(1960)，社会成本问题，载《财产权利与制度变迁》，上海三联书店，上海人民出版社，1994
克里斯托弗·梅耶(1999)，创新增长——硅谷的启示，吉林人民出版社
克鲁格，A.(1995)，发展中国家的贸易和就业，上海人民出版社
李炳宗(1997)，半导体技术进步与人才培养，电子科技导报，No．9
李纪珍(1999)，企业技术源的选择，中国软科学，No．10
李建明(1998)，核心能力：企业核心能力分析，中国工业经济，No．11
李军(2001)，国家创新系统与企业创新关系分析，数量经济技术经济研究，No．7
李平(1998)，技术扩散理论及实证研究，山西经济出版社
李栓庆(1996)，台湾半导体工业现状，半导体技术，No．1
李显君(2000)，流星现象，企业管理，No．2
李相俊(1994)，韩国对外贸易的成功与失误，北京：中国大百科全书出版社
李新春(2000)，高新技术创新网络——美国硅谷和128号公路的比较，中外科技信息，No．2
连燕华、穆荣平(1999)，国家工程研究中心转制的组织行为学研究，科研管理，No．1
林毅夫(1994)，中国的奇迹：发展战略与经济改革，上海人民出版社
林毅夫，蔡肪，李州(1996)，企业改革的核心是创造公平竞争的环境，见徐滇庆、文贯中主编：中国国有企业改革，北京：中国经济出版社
林志广等(1990)，引进项目的技术经济分析，北京：中国林业出版社
刘鹤，高速增长中产业结构运行的趋势及产业政策的重要方向，http://forum.cei.Gov.cn/tbrum50/namelist/liuhe/lh3.txt.
刘洪涛、汪应洛(1999)，中国创新模式及其演进的实证研究，科学与科学技术管理，No．6
刘洪涛、汪应洛、贾理群(1999)，国家创新系统(NIS)理论与中国的实践，西安交通大学出版社
刘映仙(2000)，台湾科技产业发展现状与两岸科技交流及合作前景，科技管理，No．1
刘志勇(1999)，电子商务发展趋势及对策，管理现代化，No．5
柳鲁鱼、余晖(1999)，台湾资讯电子业的成长及其启示，开放导报，No．2
柳卸林(1993)，技术创新经济学，中国经济出版社
柳卸林(1997)，企业技术创新管理，科学技术文献出版社
柳卸林(1998)，知识经济导论，经济管理出版社
柳卸林(2000)，技术轨道与自主创新，科技进步与对策，No．9
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陆廷刚，桑赓陶等泽(1986)，用于计划决策的技术预测，复旦大学出版社
路易丝．伯兰斯卡姆等(2000)，21世纪的创新战略，光明日报出版社
路甬祥(1996)，在全国科学技术大会上的讲话，中外管理，Vol．17，No．3
路甬祥(1998)，创新与未来，北京：科学出版社
罗伯特．K.G.坦普尔，陈养正等译(1995)，中国：发明与发现的国度，21世纪出版社
罗杰斯、拉森(1986)，硅谷热，中国友谊出版社
罗伊．鲍尔(1999)，银湖计划，华夏出版社
罗志如等(1989)，当代西方经济学说，北京大学出版社
骆品亮(1996)，技术创新中的企业适度规模，科研管理，Vol．17，No．5
马庆国(1992)，完整行为主体的利益是驱使科技占据第一位的动力，中国留美学者经济学联合会论文集，得克萨斯洲
马庆国(1995)，高技术产业发展的一般规律，管理工程学报增刊
马庆国(1996)，风险资金的属性与中国风险资金问题，高技术与高技术产业化，西北大学出版社
马庆国(1998a)，小单元高技术企业发生过程的数理表达，科研管理增刊
马庆国(1998b)，知识经济、知识产业与中国的策略选择，载胡建雄主编《知识经济与创新》，浙江大学出版社
马庆国(1998c)，中国高技术产业泛生境研究与改革建议，研究与发展管理，Vol．10，No．4
马庆国(1999)，高技术产业与企业发展规律及政策研究，万国学术出版社
马庆国、汪蕾(1999a)，发展中国高技术产业的支点，科研管理，No．3
马庆国、汪蕾(1999b)，在发展高新技术产业中政府的职能分析，价值工程，No．2
马庆国(2001)，我国微电子产业振兴之路，东方学术网
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迈克尔．科索马罗、理查德．塞尔比(1996)，微软的秘密，北京大学出版社
毛荐其(2000)，企业技术创新审计，科学与科学技术管理，No．8
毛武兴、陈劲(2000)，论电子信息产业发展战略，中外科技信息，No．3
孟庆伟(2000)，企业技术创新能力的系统结构，科技管理研究，No．2
孟宪忠、王新新(2000)，中国企业咨询报告，吉林人民出版社
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穆荣平(1997)，国际技术转移影响因素分析——上海大众汽车公司案例研究，科学学研究，Vol．15
纳尔逊(1992)，选自《技术进步与经济理论》，G.Dosi等编，中译本，经济科学出版社，P270
纳米技术将提升化纤业，中国化工报，2001．5
尼古莱．J.福斯、克里斯第安．克努森，李东红译(1998)，企业万能：面向企业能力理论，东北财经大学出版社
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欧洲投资银行，创新、技术和金融(中译本)，中国审计出版社，1993
彭剑锋(2000．12)，如何激励知识型员工，人才市场报
浦根祥(1999)，从技术生命周期看企业技术机会选择，自然辩证法研究，No．6
普华永道咨询公司，开放的世界，浙江日报，2001．2
普华永道咨向公司，移动的世界，浙江日报，2001．1
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钱平凡(1999)，组织转型，浙江人民出版社
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乔治．J.施蒂格勒，潘振民译(1998)，产业组织和政府管制，上海三联书店出版社
青木昌彦、金滢基、奥野—藤原止宽(1995)，政府在东亚经济发展中的作用——比较制度分析，中国经济出版社，1998
青木昌彦、钱颖一(1994)，转轨经济中的治理结构：内部人控制和银行的作用，中国经济出版社，1995
芮明杰，余光胜(1999)，产业致胜—产业视角的企业战略，浙江人民出版社
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桑赓陶(1998)，从三星电子公司的成功经验看中国企业的技术发展，中外科技信息，No．2
邵一华(2000)，高技术产业对传统产业的影响研究，博士论文
邵一华、马庆国、姚志坚(1999)，美国风险投资结构分析及对我国风险投资业发展的启示，浙江金融，No．5
邵云飞等(1999)，高新技术产业项目投资风险管理探讨，研究与发展管理，No．5
盛田昭大(1988)，日本．索尼．AKM，经济管理出版社，P74
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施培公(1999)，后发优势——模仿创新的理论与实证研究，清华大学出版社
石川滋，胡欣芯等译(1992)，发展经济学的基本问题，经济科学出版社
世界银行(1993)，东亚奇迹——经济增长与公共政策，中国财政经济出版社，1995
世界银行，1991世界发展报告：发展面临的挑战，中译本，中国财政经济出版社，1991
世界银行，1997年世界发展报告——变革世界的政府，中国财政经济出版社，1997
世界银行，1998／99年世界发展报告——知识与发展，中国财政经济出版社，1999
世界银行业务评价局(1994)，工业技术发展项目案例研究，北京：中国经济出版社
世界知识产权组织，刘朝晋译(1979)，技术贸易手册，北京：中国财政经济出版社
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舒萍(1998)，我国中小企业概念的界定原则，南开经济研究，No．4
斯蒂格里兹，E.J.(1996)，东亚经济奇迹的启示——产业政策，经济泽文，No．4，1997
斯蒂格利茨，E.J.(1989)，政府为什么干预经济，中国物资出版社，1998
斯通曼(1982)，技术变革的经济分析，机械工业出版社
宋建元(2000．9)，跨越式发展理论分析与路径选择，长城战略研究所
眭振南，王贞萍(1998)，科研成果转化评估，上海财经大学出版社
孙一民(1998)，现代企业技术创新，山西经济出版社
泰勒尔(1997)，产业组织理论，中国人民大学出版社
谈锋剑(1998)，世纪挑战——中国复兴期待知识经济，蓝天出版社
谭崇台(1989)，发展经济学，上海人民出版社，P105
汤姆．弗里斯特(1996)，硅海勇士，新华出版社
唐．泰普斯科特、阿特．卡斯顿(1999)，范式的转变——信息技术的前景，东北财经大学出版社
唐京、冯明(2000)，知识类型与知识管理，外国经济与管理，Vol．22，No．2，P18-26
童书兴(1995)，科技·外贸·国际市场开拓，北京：中国对外经济贸易出版社
童昕、王辑志(1999)，硅谷—新竹—东莞：透视信息技术产业的全球生产网络，科技导报，NO．9
托达罗，M.P.(1988)，第三世界的经济发展，于同申等译，中国人民大学出版社
汪海涛(1998)，三九集团的激励机制，中外管理，No．11
汪向东(1998)，信息化：中国21世纪的选择，社会科学文献出版社
汪星明(1999)技术引进：理论、战略、机制，中国人民大学出版社
王伯鲁(1999a)，产业技术跨越的社会基础与基本模式剖析，自然辩证法研究，No．5
王伯鲁(1999b)，产业技术跨越模式分析，世界科技研究与发展，No．2
王春法(1998)，技术创新政策：理论基础与工具选择，经济科学出版社
王大洲，关士续(2000)，国有大中型企业技术创新与制度创新现状分析，中国软科学，No．4
王大洲、关士续(1997)，关于产业R&D合作的几个认识问题，自然辨证法研究，Vol．13，No．3
王德胜、徐长山(1987)，科技简史，解放军出版社
王方华(1999)，知识管理论，山西经济出版社
王红(2001)，国研网政府在风险投资中的促进作用，浦东开发，No．7
王慧炯，徐肇翔(1996)，企业技术进步：政策／机构，中国发展出版社
王家福(1990)，苏联国策论，黑龙江人民出版社
王科、姚志坚(1999)，企业能力理论述评，经济学动态，No．12
王寿云(1997)，微电子技术的发展：“临界质量”概念和改革竞赛，中外科技政策与管理
王松贸(2001)，国有企业技术创新投资不足的原因初探，中州学刊，No．4
王卫红、戴和忠(2001)，互斥项目投资决策中的现实期权分析思路及框架，科研管理，No．4
王学庆(2000)，加入WTO后我国电信运营业面临的挑战及对策，通讯世界，No．8
王英(1999)，医药技术进步跨越中的“点突破”问题，中国药房，No．10
王永生(1999)，技术进步及其组织——日本的经验与中国的实践，中国发展出版社
王勇(1998)，知识经济对策——运作与案例，中国城市出版社
王允贵(2001．9)，日本经济萧条所带来的经验与启示，国研网
王贞萍(1998)，科研成果转化评估，上海财经大学出版社
威廉姆森，奥利弗(1979)，交易费用经济学：契约关系的规制，载《企业制度与市场组织——交易费用经济学文选》，上海三联书店，上海人民出版社，1996
韦伯，M.(1946)，科层制，载竹立家、李登祥编泽《国外组织理论精选》，中共中央党校出版社，1997
魏江(1995a)，企业技术能力的概念、结构和评价，科学学与科学技术管理，No．9
魏江(1995b)，中小企业提高技术能力的对策研究，科研管理，Vol．16，No．1，P15-19
魏江(1996a)，企业技术能力与技术创新能力的协调性研究，科学管理研究，No．8
魏江(1996b)，企业技术能力与技术创新能力之关系研究，科研管理，No．1
魏江(1997a)，技术转移动因研究，自然辩证法通讯，Vol．19，No．3
魏江(1997b)，企业技术创新能力的界定及其与核心能力的关联，科研管理，No．11
魏江、王毅(1998)，技术监测能力研究，科技进步与对策，No．4
魏心镇、王辑慈等(1993)，新的产业空间——高技术产业开发区的发展与布局，北京大学出版社
文章代、侯书森(1999)，创新管理，石油大学出版社
翁寿松(1993)，韩国的半导体工业，半导体杂志，No．4
吴贵生(2000)，技术创新管理，清华大学出版社
吴翰(2000)，资源融合与高技术中小企业成长博士论文
吴翰、范柏乃(1999)，基于技术协作的高技术产品开发分析，科研管理，No．1
吴翰、姚志坚等(1999)，高技术渗透演化过程的随机分析，科研管理，No．5
吴翰、姚志坚等(2000)，高技术中小企业的成长特征研究，经济问题探索
吴敬琏(1999)，制度重于技术——论发展我国高技术产业，收于《经济学家论说硅谷模式》，中国经济出版社，2000
吴敬琏、张军扩等(1998)，国有经济的战略性改组，中国发展出版社
吴涛(2000)，技术创新风险管理的方法与策略，科学与科学技术管理，No．5
吴维库、赵平、黎建强(1997)，企业竞争能力的定量描述，清华大学学报，No．1
吴晓波(1995)，二次创新的进化过程，科研管理，Vol．16，No．2
冼国明、杨锐(1998)，技术累积、竞争策略与发展中国家对外直接投资，经济研究，No．11
现代国外经济学论文选，第十辑，商务印书馆，1986
小宫隆太郎等(1984)，日本的产业政策，国际文化出版社，1988
小乔治．斯托尔克等著，赵锡军等译(1999)，企业成长战略，中国人民大学出版社
肖利(1998)，技术预测计划对英国科学技术发展的作用，科学学研究，No．11
谢伟(1997)，技术学习过程的新模式，科研管理，No．7
谢伟(1998a)，学习型高技术产业发展中的政府作用——台湾集成电路产业的案例研究，科学管理研究 No．5
谢伟(1998b)，技术能力分类总结，科学管理研究，No．2
谢伟、吴贵生(1997)，国产化作为技术学习过程：上海桑塔纳案例分析，科研管理，Vol．18，No．1
谢伟、吴贵生(2000)，技术学习的功能和来源，科研管理，No．1
谢耘(2000)，三层梯队、三种管理，IT经理人世界，No．5
星野芳郎(1980)，技术发展的模式，科学与哲学研究资料，No．5，1980
熊彼特．约瑟夫(1990)，经济发展理论，北京：商务印书馆，P73-74
熊彼特．约瑟夫(1979)，资本主义、社会主义和民主主义，中译本，商务印书馆
胥和平、王元(2001．8．16)，21世纪初国家关键技术选择及其政策思考，中国经济时报
徐滇庆、李瑞(1996)，政府与经济发展，中国经济出版社
徐冠华(1999)，关于实施科教兴国战略的若干问题思考，中国软科学，No．1
徐惠、孙健(2001)，新型创业小组模式对我国公司创新的启示，外国经济与管理，No．7
徐建泉等(1996)，世界集成电路产业发展特点及经验，上海微电子技术和应用，No．3
徐为民(2001)，高技术企业科技和市场相整合的创新管理，河南科技，No．4
许庆瑞(1986)，研究与发展管理，高等教育出版社
许庆瑞(1990)，技术创新管理，浙江大学出版社
杨德林(1997)，沿技术轨道创新与高技术企业成长，当代经济科学，No．5
杨培芳(2000)，信息网络化：电信业的厚重选择，中国电信业，No．10
杨武(2000)，技术创新产权，清华大学出版社
杨雄等(2000)，论我国科技的危机和挑战，科学学研究，No．3
姚志坚等(1999a)，高技术渗透的机理研究，科研管理，No．4
姚志坚等(1999b)，技术创新A-U模型研究进展及展望，科研管理，No4
姚志坚等(1999c)，技术创新的技术群体结构，科学技术哲学：中国人民大学报刊复印资料全文，No．11
姚志坚等(1999d)，技术创新的技术群体特征，科学学研究，No．3
姚志坚等(1999e)，技术创新的技术群体特征研究，科学学与科学技术管理，No．8
姚志坚等(1999f)，企业技术创新过程的整体观，科研管理，No．3
姚志坚等(1999g)，战略资源管理与我国微电子企业的引进陷井，中外科技信息，No．9
姚志坚等(2000a)，技术创新中的技术跨越问题研究，自然辩证法通讯，No．4
姚志坚等(2000b)，办企业要关注核心能力，价值工程，No．1
姚志坚等(2001)，价值链重构与移动通信产业的发展战略，通讯世界，No．5
野中郁次朗、竹内弦高(1996)，知识创造企业，日本经济新闻社
叶明(1995)，中国大中型企业科技队伍创新能力研究，科研管理，Vol．16，No，1，P8-14
尹翔硕(1995)，发展中国家贸易发展战略研究，上海：复旦大学出版社
尹尊声、姜福彦(1998)，技术管理：开发和贸易，上海人民出版社
应瑛(2001)，企业知识管理平台的设计与实现，浙江大学硕士论文
游光荣(1998)，科技经济比翼齐飞——21世纪的超越战略，中国科技信息，No．6
虞有澄(1999)，开创数字化未来，生活、读书、新知三联书店
喻金田、谢科范(1999)，技术创新风险配置的主体与准则探讨，科技管理研究，No．6
袁泽沛(2001)，关于企业技术跨越的机会窗口，科技进步与对策，No．2
袁正光(1993)，全球经济中的巨子——世界100家大企业，北京：中国大百科全书出版社
约翰．希克斯(1986)，经济学展望，商务印书馆
曾娅(2000)，世界电信运营业殊途同归，中国电信业，No．10
斋滕优著，关保儒泽(1986)，日本企业成长的技术战略，北京：科学技术文献出版社
斋藤优(1988)，技术开发论——日本的技术开发机制与政策，科学技术文献出版社，1996
詹姆士．奎恩、乔丹．巴洛奇、卡伦．兹恩，惠永正，靳晓明等泽(2000)，创新爆炸——通过智力和软件实现增长战略，吉林人民出版社
张春霖(1994)，企业组织与市场体制，上海三联书店，上海人民出版社
张纯蓓(1996)，新加坡、马来西亚的微电子工业，半导体技术，No．4-5
张纲、郭斌(1997)，技术、技术资源与技术能力，自然辩证法通讯，No．5，P37-43
张华胜、官建成(1998)，工业企业创新源实证研究，科研管理，Vol．19，No．5
张建华(2000)，创新、激励与经济发展，华中理工大学出版社
张锦(1999)，我国半导体产业发展存在的问题及政府行为初探，科研管理，No．3
张可喜(2001)，发达国家抢占高科技制高点，新闻周刊，No．33
张明玉(1999)，技术跨越战略与企业跨越式发展，中国软科学，No．12
张明玉(2000)，现代企业技术跨越的战略与策略，中国软科学，No．5
张明玉(2001)，技术跨越战略与管理，中国经济出版社
张维迎(1996)，博弈论与信息经济学，上海三联书店，上海人民出版社
张元智(2001)，产业集聚与区域竞争优势探讨，国际贸易问题，No．9
赵春明(1999)，虚拟企业运行中的规制结构与契约特征，外国经济与管理，No．7
赵红梅(2000)，从韩国半导体产业的腾飞看留学人员的作用，科学管理研究，No．3
赵文明、庞锦(1999)，解读风险投资，海南出版社
植草益(1991)，微观规制经济学，中国发展出版社，1992
中国科技发展研究报告研究组(1999)，中国科技发展研究报告(1999)，经济管理出版社
中国科学技术促进发展研究中心(1997)，促进企业技术进步的机构与政策研究，载《中国科学技术促进发展中心研究成果摘要1982—1997》，科学技术文献出版社
中国科学技术促进发展研究中心(1997)，国家“八五”科技攻关计划评估，载《中国科学技术促进发展中心研究成果摘要1982—1997》，科学技术文献出版社
中国科学技术促进发展研究中心(1997)，中国高技术发展计划(“863”计划)评估，载《中国科学技术促进发展中心研究成果摘要1982—1997》，科学技术文献出版社
中国科学技术国际竞争力的国际比较分析，科技日报，1998．12．26
中国科学技术政策指南(1997)，科学技术白皮书，1997
中国科学院(2000)，2000高技术发展报告，科学出版社
中国科学院计划财务局(1995)，我国集成电路研究、开发与产业化对策，载《科技发展战略研究报告汇编》
周二华、陈荣秋(1999)，技术开发的类型与创新模式选择的关系，科研管理，No．7
周寄中(1991)，美国科技大趋势——科技大国的决策走向，科学出版社
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