人力资本积累、动态比较优势与发展中国家经济增长
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摘要
本文旨在探讨动态比较优势是发展中国家经济增长的指导原则。一般而言,一个国家的经济增长的绩效主要决定于下列三个因素：(1)人力资本积累；(2)技术进步；(3)产业结构的升级(生产结构从低附加值的产业向高附加值的产业的升级)。在这三个因素中,最重要的是人力资本积累。基于此,整个分析按照动态比较优势展开。人力资本积累促使技术进步从而使发展中国家生产要素比较优势结构呈现动态变化的特征：一方面,经济发展从低级的资源型和劳动密集型技术向高级的资本和技术密集型技术升级,使发展中国家技术进步速度快于发达国家技术进步速度,从而使其经济增长速度快于发达国家；另一方面,产业结构是生产要素比较优势结构的表现,生产要素比较优势结构的动态演化促进产业结构从低级到高级的演变,使发展中国家产业结构升级朝着有利于自己的方向演变。
本文回答动态比较优势是发展中国家经济增长的指导原则的问题,从下列四个方面阐述：(1)动态比较优势为什么是发展中国家经济增长的指导原则?(2)动态比较优势为什么是发展中国家技术进步的指导原则?(3)动态比较优势为什么是发展中国家经济增长路径的指导原则?(4)动态比较优势为什么是发展中国家产业结构升级的指导原则?
对于第一个问题,本文把动态比较优势的演进、动态比较优势与竞争优势的统一和发展中国家动态比较优势的形成机制结合说明动态比较优势是发展中国家经济增长的指导原则。
对于第二个问题,本文认为动态比较优势是发展中国家技术进步的指导原则。对广大发展中国家而言,当人力资本积累的速度较快,其技术吸收和创新能力较强导致其技术进步的速度快于发达国家技术进步速度,这样能够充分有效地利用其生产要素比较优势结构,使其发挥动态比较优势且能满足市场需求进而提高其稳态经济增长率,即使与发达国家有较大的经济差距,也能有效地达到与发达国家经济收敛；否则,反之。这解释同样是实行开放经济政策的发展中国家为什么经济发展会出现截然不同的绩效。因此,动态比较优势是发展中国家技术进步的指导原则。
对于第三个问题,一方面,通过适宜技术的内生决定机制的阐释和适宜技术促进发展中国家经济快速增长的理论分析与经验分析,由此可知：健康的经济增长建立在遵循动态比较优势的经济增长路径之上。这样能够充分有效地利用其生产要素比较优势结构,使其发挥动态比较优势的效用进而提高其稳态经济增长率从而使得其经济逐渐与发达国家经济收敛。这说明动态比较优势的经济增长路径的实践是成功。这从正面说明动态比较优势是发展中国家经济增长路径的指导原则。另一方面,发展中国家政府违反动态比较优势的经济增长路径(赶超技术)的主观意图,是想突破技术水平低下对产业结构升级的制约,克服资本密集型产业(重工业)薄弱对经济发展产生的消极影响,使国民经济尽快增长,进而用最短的时间达到实现现代化强国的目标。通过扭曲产品和要素的相对价格,以动员资源和降低资本密集型产业发展的成本,并建立相应的资源计划配置体系和剥夺企业自主权以保证资源优先配置资本密集型产业。这样,经济增长路径建立在违反动态比较优势的经济增长路径之上。它不能充分有效地利用其生产要素比较优势结构从而无法发挥其动态比较优势又不能满足市场需求,导致经济增长水平的提高是缓慢的。这说明违反动态比较优势的经济增长路径的实践是失败的。这从反面说明动态比较优势是发展中国家经济增长路径的指导原则。正反两个角度验证动态比较优势是发展中国家经济增长路径的指导原则。
对于第四个问题,发展中国家要提升自己的产业结构必须加快人力资本积累,改进人力资本积累的效率,使本国人力资本积累以高于发达国家的速度增长。这样能够充分有效地利用其生产要素比较优势结构,使其发挥动态比较优势的效用,才有可能不断进入更新、更先进的产业,实现产业结构的升级,才能不断缩小与发达国家产业结构的差距,实现经济快速增长。因此,动态比较优势是发展中国家产业结构升级促进经济增长的指导原则。
本文最后得出结论：动态比较优势是发展中国家经济增长的指导原则。
This article aims to explore that dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of economic growth in developing countries. Generally speaking, a country's economic growth performance mainly depends on the following three factors:(1) human capital accumulation; (2) technological progress; (3) upgrading of the industrial structure (the industrial structure varies from low value-added industries to high value-added industries). Of all these three factors, the most important one is human capital accumulation. Based on this, the entire analysis starts in accordance with the dynamic comparative advantage. Human capital accumulation promotes technological progress so that factors of production comparative advantage of developing countries show dynamic features:on the one hand, economic development rises from low-level resources-intensive and labor-intensive technologies to advanced capital-intensive and technology-intensive technologies, so that the speed of technological progress in the developing countries is faster than that in the developed countries,making the velocity of the former economic growth than that of the latter;on the other hand, industrial structure is the embodiment of the structure of comparative advantage about production factors,and the dynamic evolution of the structure of comparative advantage about production factors brings about the change of industrial structure from lower to higher level,making it possiple for industrial structure in the developing countries to evolve towards their own beneficial direction.
This dissertation tries to expound that the dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of economic growth in developing countries from the following four aspects:(1)Why the dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of the economic growth in developing countries? 2) Why the dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of technological progress in developing countries? (3) Why the dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of the path of economic growth in developing countries? (4) Why the dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of upgrading the industrial structure in developing countries?
For the first question, this paper illuminates that the dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of economic growth in developing countries by way of combination of the following sides:the evolution of dynamic comparative advantage,the unity of comparative advantage and competitive advantage,and the formation mechanism of dynamic comparative advantage in developing countries.
For the second question, this paper holds that the dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of technological progress in developing countries. For many developing countries, when their human capital accumulation is faster, and their ability to absorb technology and innovate technology is strong so that the speed of technological progress in the developing countries is better than that in developed countries,thus the developing countries can use fully and effectively the structure of comparative advantage about factors of production,and develop the dynamic comparative advantage,and meet the market demand and even increase their steady economic growth rate.So for the developing countries,even if there is a large economic gap which lags behind the developed countries,they can achieve effectively the economic convergence with the developed countries; otherwise, and vice versa. This explains why the economic development will show a completely different performance in the same implementation of open economic policies in the developing countries.
For the third question, on the one hand, through the interpretation of inherent decision-making mechanism of the appropriate technology and theoretical analysis and empirical analysis of appropriate technology to promote economic growth in the developing countries,we know that for a country,a healthy economic development is based on adhering to economic growth path of dynamic comparative advantage.Thus the'developing countries can use fully and effectively the stucture of comparative advantage about production factors,and make them develop the effectiveness of dynamic comparative advantages to enhance their steady economic growth rate,and make it a gradual economic convergence with the developed economies.This shows that the practice of the above-mentioned dynamic comparative advantage is successful.It is positive evident that the dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of economic growth path in developing countries. On the other hand, developing countries disobey the the guiding principle of economic growth of dynamic comparative advantage,want to break through the constraints of the low level of technology to upgrade the industrial structure and overcome the negative impact of the weak capital-intensive industries (heavy industry) to economic development,thus make national economy grow rapidly and reach the goal to realize the powerful and modern countries in the shortest possible time. Through the distorted product and factor in the relative prices, the developing countries can mobilize resources and reduce the capital-intensive industry development costs, and build a corresponding resource planning allocation system and deprive of the autonomy of enterprises to ensure that resource is prior to allocation of capital-intensive industries.Thus the economic growth path is built on the way of violating dynamic comparative advantage.Therefore they can not utilize fully and effectively the structure of comparative advantage about production factors and can not develop their dynamic comparative advantage and meet the market demand,which bring about the low level of economic growth. This shows that the practice of the violation of dynamic comparative advantage is a failure.It is a negative evident that dynamic comparative advantage is guiding principles of economic growth path in developing countries.Both positive and negative angles verify dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of economic growth path in the developing countries.
For the fourth question, in order to advance the industrial structure, the developing countries must upgrade their human capital accumulation and improve efficiency of human capital accumulation so that their human capital accumulation growing at a higher rate than that in developed countries.This can use fully and effectively their structure of comparative advantage about factors of production,so that they can develop the effectiveness of dynamic comparative advantage and they are possible to continue to enter the newer, more advanced industries, and upgrade the industrial structure in order to continue to narrow the gap of the industrial structure with the developed countries,and achieve rapid economic growth. Therefore, the dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle to upgrade the industrial structure and to promote economic growth in developing countries.
Finally, this paper concludes that dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of economic growth in developing countries.
本文回答动态比较优势是发展中国家经济增长的指导原则的问题,从下列四个方面阐述：(1)动态比较优势为什么是发展中国家经济增长的指导原则?(2)动态比较优势为什么是发展中国家技术进步的指导原则?(3)动态比较优势为什么是发展中国家经济增长路径的指导原则?(4)动态比较优势为什么是发展中国家产业结构升级的指导原则?
对于第一个问题,本文把动态比较优势的演进、动态比较优势与竞争优势的统一和发展中国家动态比较优势的形成机制结合说明动态比较优势是发展中国家经济增长的指导原则。
对于第二个问题,本文认为动态比较优势是发展中国家技术进步的指导原则。对广大发展中国家而言,当人力资本积累的速度较快,其技术吸收和创新能力较强导致其技术进步的速度快于发达国家技术进步速度,这样能够充分有效地利用其生产要素比较优势结构,使其发挥动态比较优势且能满足市场需求进而提高其稳态经济增长率,即使与发达国家有较大的经济差距,也能有效地达到与发达国家经济收敛；否则,反之。这解释同样是实行开放经济政策的发展中国家为什么经济发展会出现截然不同的绩效。因此,动态比较优势是发展中国家技术进步的指导原则。
对于第三个问题,一方面,通过适宜技术的内生决定机制的阐释和适宜技术促进发展中国家经济快速增长的理论分析与经验分析,由此可知：健康的经济增长建立在遵循动态比较优势的经济增长路径之上。这样能够充分有效地利用其生产要素比较优势结构,使其发挥动态比较优势的效用进而提高其稳态经济增长率从而使得其经济逐渐与发达国家经济收敛。这说明动态比较优势的经济增长路径的实践是成功。这从正面说明动态比较优势是发展中国家经济增长路径的指导原则。另一方面,发展中国家政府违反动态比较优势的经济增长路径(赶超技术)的主观意图,是想突破技术水平低下对产业结构升级的制约,克服资本密集型产业(重工业)薄弱对经济发展产生的消极影响,使国民经济尽快增长,进而用最短的时间达到实现现代化强国的目标。通过扭曲产品和要素的相对价格,以动员资源和降低资本密集型产业发展的成本,并建立相应的资源计划配置体系和剥夺企业自主权以保证资源优先配置资本密集型产业。这样,经济增长路径建立在违反动态比较优势的经济增长路径之上。它不能充分有效地利用其生产要素比较优势结构从而无法发挥其动态比较优势又不能满足市场需求,导致经济增长水平的提高是缓慢的。这说明违反动态比较优势的经济增长路径的实践是失败的。这从反面说明动态比较优势是发展中国家经济增长路径的指导原则。正反两个角度验证动态比较优势是发展中国家经济增长路径的指导原则。
对于第四个问题,发展中国家要提升自己的产业结构必须加快人力资本积累,改进人力资本积累的效率,使本国人力资本积累以高于发达国家的速度增长。这样能够充分有效地利用其生产要素比较优势结构,使其发挥动态比较优势的效用,才有可能不断进入更新、更先进的产业,实现产业结构的升级,才能不断缩小与发达国家产业结构的差距,实现经济快速增长。因此,动态比较优势是发展中国家产业结构升级促进经济增长的指导原则。
本文最后得出结论：动态比较优势是发展中国家经济增长的指导原则。
This article aims to explore that dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of economic growth in developing countries. Generally speaking, a country's economic growth performance mainly depends on the following three factors:(1) human capital accumulation; (2) technological progress; (3) upgrading of the industrial structure (the industrial structure varies from low value-added industries to high value-added industries). Of all these three factors, the most important one is human capital accumulation. Based on this, the entire analysis starts in accordance with the dynamic comparative advantage. Human capital accumulation promotes technological progress so that factors of production comparative advantage of developing countries show dynamic features:on the one hand, economic development rises from low-level resources-intensive and labor-intensive technologies to advanced capital-intensive and technology-intensive technologies, so that the speed of technological progress in the developing countries is faster than that in the developed countries,making the velocity of the former economic growth than that of the latter;on the other hand, industrial structure is the embodiment of the structure of comparative advantage about production factors,and the dynamic evolution of the structure of comparative advantage about production factors brings about the change of industrial structure from lower to higher level,making it possiple for industrial structure in the developing countries to evolve towards their own beneficial direction.
This dissertation tries to expound that the dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of economic growth in developing countries from the following four aspects:(1)Why the dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of the economic growth in developing countries? 2) Why the dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of technological progress in developing countries? (3) Why the dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of the path of economic growth in developing countries? (4) Why the dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of upgrading the industrial structure in developing countries?
For the first question, this paper illuminates that the dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of economic growth in developing countries by way of combination of the following sides:the evolution of dynamic comparative advantage,the unity of comparative advantage and competitive advantage,and the formation mechanism of dynamic comparative advantage in developing countries.
For the second question, this paper holds that the dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of technological progress in developing countries. For many developing countries, when their human capital accumulation is faster, and their ability to absorb technology and innovate technology is strong so that the speed of technological progress in the developing countries is better than that in developed countries,thus the developing countries can use fully and effectively the structure of comparative advantage about factors of production,and develop the dynamic comparative advantage,and meet the market demand and even increase their steady economic growth rate.So for the developing countries,even if there is a large economic gap which lags behind the developed countries,they can achieve effectively the economic convergence with the developed countries; otherwise, and vice versa. This explains why the economic development will show a completely different performance in the same implementation of open economic policies in the developing countries.
For the third question, on the one hand, through the interpretation of inherent decision-making mechanism of the appropriate technology and theoretical analysis and empirical analysis of appropriate technology to promote economic growth in the developing countries,we know that for a country,a healthy economic development is based on adhering to economic growth path of dynamic comparative advantage.Thus the'developing countries can use fully and effectively the stucture of comparative advantage about production factors,and make them develop the effectiveness of dynamic comparative advantages to enhance their steady economic growth rate,and make it a gradual economic convergence with the developed economies.This shows that the practice of the above-mentioned dynamic comparative advantage is successful.It is positive evident that the dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of economic growth path in developing countries. On the other hand, developing countries disobey the the guiding principle of economic growth of dynamic comparative advantage,want to break through the constraints of the low level of technology to upgrade the industrial structure and overcome the negative impact of the weak capital-intensive industries (heavy industry) to economic development,thus make national economy grow rapidly and reach the goal to realize the powerful and modern countries in the shortest possible time. Through the distorted product and factor in the relative prices, the developing countries can mobilize resources and reduce the capital-intensive industry development costs, and build a corresponding resource planning allocation system and deprive of the autonomy of enterprises to ensure that resource is prior to allocation of capital-intensive industries.Thus the economic growth path is built on the way of violating dynamic comparative advantage.Therefore they can not utilize fully and effectively the structure of comparative advantage about production factors and can not develop their dynamic comparative advantage and meet the market demand,which bring about the low level of economic growth. This shows that the practice of the violation of dynamic comparative advantage is a failure.It is a negative evident that dynamic comparative advantage is guiding principles of economic growth path in developing countries.Both positive and negative angles verify dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of economic growth path in the developing countries.
For the fourth question, in order to advance the industrial structure, the developing countries must upgrade their human capital accumulation and improve efficiency of human capital accumulation so that their human capital accumulation growing at a higher rate than that in developed countries.This can use fully and effectively their structure of comparative advantage about factors of production,so that they can develop the effectiveness of dynamic comparative advantage and they are possible to continue to enter the newer, more advanced industries, and upgrade the industrial structure in order to continue to narrow the gap of the industrial structure with the developed countries,and achieve rapid economic growth. Therefore, the dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle to upgrade the industrial structure and to promote economic growth in developing countries.
Finally, this paper concludes that dynamic comparative advantage is the guiding principle of economic growth in developing countries.
引文
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