我国医药制造业技术创新效率及其影响因素研究
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摘要
我国进入WTO以来,医药制造业成为发展最快的产业之一,但是我国医药制造业的国际竞争力却并未随规模扩大而有显著的提高,与国外医药制造业相比还存在相当大的差距。如何加快技术创新步伐,提升技术创新效率,逐步从医药生产大国转变为依托科技进步的创新强国,转变我国医药经济的增长模式,已成为当前需要研究的重要课题。
本文借鉴国内外产业技术创新理论及方法的最新研究成果,结合医药制造业技术创新的特点,运用非参数的分析框架从行业、区域两个维度研究医药制造业技术创新效率的差异及随时间变化的规律；在对效率进行评价的基础上,运用计量经济学方法实证研究我国医药制造业技术创新效率的影响因素；根据实证研究结论结合目前我国医药制造业技术创新存在的问题提出有针对性地改善措施。
本文的研究成果主要体现为以下几个方面：
1.对于医药制造业而言,新产品研发是其生存和发展的基础,医药制造业的竞争归根到底是创新药物的竞争,因此降低研发成本、提高创新效率是医药制造业的发展趋势。通过对美国、日本及印度医药制造业技术创新现状的分析,发现日本和印度的技术创新促进医药制造业发展的经验对我国医药制造业的发展具有借鉴意义,这些经验主要包括强化政府的支持与干预、发挥大学和科研院所在医药制造业创新中的重要作用、企业要成为创新的主体、按国际标准规范生产、走国际合作的路线等。
2.根据医药制造业技术创新的特点,修正了创新效率的评价指标体系。静态效率的测度结果显示,我国医药制造业技术创新效率存在区域差异,东部和西部表现出技术创新相对有效,而中部地区受纯技术效率和规模效率的共同影响导致技术无效,主要原因是R&D活动人员及非R&D技术经费出现投入冗余。动态效率的测度结果显示,我国医药制造业技术创新效率既存在区域差异也存在行业差异,1999-2007年技术创新效率年均提高了6.6%,其中技术进步贡献了10.6%；而技术效率出现负增长(-3.6%)减弱了技术进步的贡献,影响了创新效率的整体提高。
综合评价表明,技术进步是推动我国医药制造业技术创新效率提升的关键,但是效率的区域及行业差异又体现了在创新过程中资源合理配置的重要性,以及对创新产出中自主知识产权的关注程度。
3.从创新资源的配置、市场结构与制度环境三个维度提出了医药制造业技术创新效率影响因素的基本假设,并运用随机效应模型进行了影响因素的实证研究。影响因素的实证研究结果表明,R&D投资强度的增加、产业的快速成长、市场集中度的提高、对外开放程度和政府科技投入力度的加大对我国医药制造业技术创新效率的提高有促进作用；过度的人力资本投入、低的资产利用率对技术创新效率的提高有阻碍作用；医药制造业国有股权的比重对我国医药制造业技术创新效率的影响表现出双重性。
4.基于实证研究结果,结合当前我国新医改的形势,从加强创新资源投入的配置与管理、加快市场结构调整和产业结构升级、改善制度环境提高医药制造业技术创新能力三个方面,提出针对性的改善措施。这些研究结论对政府制定医药产业政策具有参考价值,对提升医药制造业技术创新效率有现实的指导意义。
Since China entries into WTO, our pharmaceutical industry has become one of the fastest growing industries, but Chinese pharmaceutical industry's international competitiveness is not improved significantly with scale. Compared with foreign pharmaceutical manufacturing, our technical innovation efficiency still has considerable gap. How to speed up the pace of technical innovation, improve efficiency, and gradually change from the large medical producing country into the technical innovation country based on the rapid development of high-tech, transform economic growth mode of pharmaceutical industry, has become the major subject to be solved.
This thesis uses inter-external industry efficiency theory and the latest achievements of method research results for reference, with the character of pharmaceutical manufacturing technical innovation, use nonparametric decomposition framework to test provinces and various sub-industries in pharmaceutical manufacturing about the differences in technical innovation efficiency and the rules that change with time. Based on the evaluation of technical innovation efficiency, this paper uses econometric methods to do empirical study on the main influence factors of pharmaceutical manufacturing technical innovation. According to the existing problems in our pharmaceutical manufacturing technical innovation efficiency based on the empirical research conclusions, this paper provides corresponding solutions.
The research results are mainly embodied in the following respects:
1. For pharmaceutical manufacturing, new product development is the foundation of their existence and development. Pharmaceutical manufacturing competition is the competition of new drugs. So lowering cost and improving the research efficiency is the trend of pharmaceutical manufacturing development. Through the current situation analysis of pharmaceutical manufacturing technology innovation in USA, Japan and India, this paper finds the experiences of Japan and India that the technology innovation can promote the development of pharmaceutical industry have significant reference for our pharmaceutical industry development. These experiences are as follows:strengthening the government support and intervention, playing the important role of medical college and academy in manufacturing innovation, making enterprises become the subject of innovation, acting according to the international standard production, walking the line of international cooperation and so on.
2. According to the characteristics of pharmaceutical manufacturing technology innovation, this paper fixes the innovation efficiency evaluation index system. The static measurement results show that:the technical innovation efficiency of Chinese pharmaceutical manufacturing has regional differences; the eastern and western show relatively effective in technical innovation; the central area is invalid due to the common influence of pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency. The main reason is the R&D activities and the R&D investment funds appear redundant. The dynamic efficiency measurement results show that: Chinese pharmaceutical manufacturing technical innovation efficiency has both regional differences and industry differences. During 1999 to 2007, annual increase of technical innovation efficiency is 6.6%, while technical progress contributes 10.6%.The negative growth of-3.6% in technical efficiency weakens the contribution of technology progress, and finally affects the overall improvement of innovation efficiency.
Comprehensive evaluation shows that technical progress is the key point to promote technical innovation efficiency of Chinese pharmaceutical manufacturing, but regional and industry differences in efficiency reflect the importance of reasonable allocation in the process of innovation and the attention degree of independent intellectual property rights in the creative output.
3. This paper puts forward basic hypotheses on the influence factors which affect the technical innovation efficiency in pharmaceutical manufacturing from three dimensions:the innovation resources allocation, market structure and system environment, at the same time uses the random effects model to do empirical research on those influence factors.The empirical research shows that:the incensement of R&D investment intensity, rapid growth of the industry, market concentration, opening degree and the incensement of government's investment in science and technology promote the technical innovation efficiency; excessive human capital investment and low assets utilization ratio hinder the enhancement of the technical innovation efficiency; in pharmaceutical enterprises, the proportion of state-owned shares has dual influence on pharmaceutical manufacturing technical innovation efficiency.
4. Based on the empirical study results, this paper combines the current situation of the new healthcare system reform to give suggestions. That is to strengthen the management of innovation resources allocation and investment, to accelerate the market structure adjustment and upgrade industrial structure, to improve system environment. Conclusions have reference value for our government to set the pharmaceutical industry policies and guiding significance to enhance pharmaceutical manufacturing technical innovation efficiency.
本文借鉴国内外产业技术创新理论及方法的最新研究成果,结合医药制造业技术创新的特点,运用非参数的分析框架从行业、区域两个维度研究医药制造业技术创新效率的差异及随时间变化的规律；在对效率进行评价的基础上,运用计量经济学方法实证研究我国医药制造业技术创新效率的影响因素；根据实证研究结论结合目前我国医药制造业技术创新存在的问题提出有针对性地改善措施。
本文的研究成果主要体现为以下几个方面：
1.对于医药制造业而言,新产品研发是其生存和发展的基础,医药制造业的竞争归根到底是创新药物的竞争,因此降低研发成本、提高创新效率是医药制造业的发展趋势。通过对美国、日本及印度医药制造业技术创新现状的分析,发现日本和印度的技术创新促进医药制造业发展的经验对我国医药制造业的发展具有借鉴意义,这些经验主要包括强化政府的支持与干预、发挥大学和科研院所在医药制造业创新中的重要作用、企业要成为创新的主体、按国际标准规范生产、走国际合作的路线等。
2.根据医药制造业技术创新的特点,修正了创新效率的评价指标体系。静态效率的测度结果显示,我国医药制造业技术创新效率存在区域差异,东部和西部表现出技术创新相对有效,而中部地区受纯技术效率和规模效率的共同影响导致技术无效,主要原因是R&D活动人员及非R&D技术经费出现投入冗余。动态效率的测度结果显示,我国医药制造业技术创新效率既存在区域差异也存在行业差异,1999-2007年技术创新效率年均提高了6.6%,其中技术进步贡献了10.6%；而技术效率出现负增长(-3.6%)减弱了技术进步的贡献,影响了创新效率的整体提高。
综合评价表明,技术进步是推动我国医药制造业技术创新效率提升的关键,但是效率的区域及行业差异又体现了在创新过程中资源合理配置的重要性,以及对创新产出中自主知识产权的关注程度。
3.从创新资源的配置、市场结构与制度环境三个维度提出了医药制造业技术创新效率影响因素的基本假设,并运用随机效应模型进行了影响因素的实证研究。影响因素的实证研究结果表明,R&D投资强度的增加、产业的快速成长、市场集中度的提高、对外开放程度和政府科技投入力度的加大对我国医药制造业技术创新效率的提高有促进作用；过度的人力资本投入、低的资产利用率对技术创新效率的提高有阻碍作用；医药制造业国有股权的比重对我国医药制造业技术创新效率的影响表现出双重性。
4.基于实证研究结果,结合当前我国新医改的形势,从加强创新资源投入的配置与管理、加快市场结构调整和产业结构升级、改善制度环境提高医药制造业技术创新能力三个方面,提出针对性的改善措施。这些研究结论对政府制定医药产业政策具有参考价值,对提升医药制造业技术创新效率有现实的指导意义。
Since China entries into WTO, our pharmaceutical industry has become one of the fastest growing industries, but Chinese pharmaceutical industry's international competitiveness is not improved significantly with scale. Compared with foreign pharmaceutical manufacturing, our technical innovation efficiency still has considerable gap. How to speed up the pace of technical innovation, improve efficiency, and gradually change from the large medical producing country into the technical innovation country based on the rapid development of high-tech, transform economic growth mode of pharmaceutical industry, has become the major subject to be solved.
This thesis uses inter-external industry efficiency theory and the latest achievements of method research results for reference, with the character of pharmaceutical manufacturing technical innovation, use nonparametric decomposition framework to test provinces and various sub-industries in pharmaceutical manufacturing about the differences in technical innovation efficiency and the rules that change with time. Based on the evaluation of technical innovation efficiency, this paper uses econometric methods to do empirical study on the main influence factors of pharmaceutical manufacturing technical innovation. According to the existing problems in our pharmaceutical manufacturing technical innovation efficiency based on the empirical research conclusions, this paper provides corresponding solutions.
The research results are mainly embodied in the following respects:
1. For pharmaceutical manufacturing, new product development is the foundation of their existence and development. Pharmaceutical manufacturing competition is the competition of new drugs. So lowering cost and improving the research efficiency is the trend of pharmaceutical manufacturing development. Through the current situation analysis of pharmaceutical manufacturing technology innovation in USA, Japan and India, this paper finds the experiences of Japan and India that the technology innovation can promote the development of pharmaceutical industry have significant reference for our pharmaceutical industry development. These experiences are as follows:strengthening the government support and intervention, playing the important role of medical college and academy in manufacturing innovation, making enterprises become the subject of innovation, acting according to the international standard production, walking the line of international cooperation and so on.
2. According to the characteristics of pharmaceutical manufacturing technology innovation, this paper fixes the innovation efficiency evaluation index system. The static measurement results show that:the technical innovation efficiency of Chinese pharmaceutical manufacturing has regional differences; the eastern and western show relatively effective in technical innovation; the central area is invalid due to the common influence of pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency. The main reason is the R&D activities and the R&D investment funds appear redundant. The dynamic efficiency measurement results show that: Chinese pharmaceutical manufacturing technical innovation efficiency has both regional differences and industry differences. During 1999 to 2007, annual increase of technical innovation efficiency is 6.6%, while technical progress contributes 10.6%.The negative growth of-3.6% in technical efficiency weakens the contribution of technology progress, and finally affects the overall improvement of innovation efficiency.
Comprehensive evaluation shows that technical progress is the key point to promote technical innovation efficiency of Chinese pharmaceutical manufacturing, but regional and industry differences in efficiency reflect the importance of reasonable allocation in the process of innovation and the attention degree of independent intellectual property rights in the creative output.
3. This paper puts forward basic hypotheses on the influence factors which affect the technical innovation efficiency in pharmaceutical manufacturing from three dimensions:the innovation resources allocation, market structure and system environment, at the same time uses the random effects model to do empirical research on those influence factors.The empirical research shows that:the incensement of R&D investment intensity, rapid growth of the industry, market concentration, opening degree and the incensement of government's investment in science and technology promote the technical innovation efficiency; excessive human capital investment and low assets utilization ratio hinder the enhancement of the technical innovation efficiency; in pharmaceutical enterprises, the proportion of state-owned shares has dual influence on pharmaceutical manufacturing technical innovation efficiency.
4. Based on the empirical study results, this paper combines the current situation of the new healthcare system reform to give suggestions. That is to strengthen the management of innovation resources allocation and investment, to accelerate the market structure adjustment and upgrade industrial structure, to improve system environment. Conclusions have reference value for our government to set the pharmaceutical industry policies and guiding significance to enhance pharmaceutical manufacturing technical innovation efficiency.
引文
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