龙门山断裂脆塑性转化带内花岗岩的流体特征与裂缝愈合的实验模拟研究
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摘要
汶川Mw7.9级大地震的发震断层具有高角度逆冲滑动特征。通过对高角度逆断层滑动的力学条件的分析表明，龙门山断裂深部可能存在高孔隙流体压力有利于断层的失稳滑动。利用现有的技术手段无法获得中地壳深度断层内的流体特征。龙门山断裂带是一条逆冲推覆的的构造带，这使得地质历史早期的龙门山断裂深部的彭灌杂岩体抬升到地表，并保留了当时的深部流体特征和变形特征。研究地表露头的变形花岗岩能够推断过去的龙门山地区的深部环境，从而了解过去该地区的深部强震孕育机理，这能够帮助理解现今龙门山地区类似汶川地震的强震的发生机理。
通过对汶川地震地表破裂带地质调查，在映秀-北川断裂南段和中段出露的韧性剪切带内采集了变形花岗岩样品，开展了石英的变形组构研究，确定断层脆塑性转化带岩石的变形温度，估算塑性流动应力。利用傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱仪(FTIR)，研究变形花岗岩中主要矿物的微量水的赋存类型、含量和分布；利用显微冷热台和激光拉曼探针，测试了石英中的流体包裹体的成分、冰点和均一温度，估算了深部流体的捕获深度和孔隙流体压力。在考虑存在流体压力的情况下，初步建立了龙门山地区地壳流变结构，并讨论了高孔隙流体压力对断层滑动的影响。采用Carrara大理岩，在熔融盐固体介质三轴高温高压实验系统中开展断层带微裂缝愈合的模拟实验，研究了动态重结晶作用、水和应变对方解石裂隙愈合的影响。结合野外样品研究结果和大理岩微裂隙愈合的模拟实验，讨论了脆塑性转化带内石英的动态重结晶作用对断层带内裂缝的愈合的影响。
研究结果表明，映秀-北川断裂深部存在非均匀塑性流动，韧性剪切带中石英和长石以中温位错蠕变为主，变形的温度约400-500℃，流动应力约15-80MPa。断层核部的石英因动态重结晶而强烈细粒化，其变形机制转变为扩散蠕变。石英和长石内的微量水以晶体缺陷水、颗粒边界水和流体包裹体水的型式存在，其中石英的水含量约0.001wt%-0.031wt%，长石的水含量约0.004wt%-0.103wt%，水含量随岩石的应变增加而升高，表明断层带中心流体含量相对较高，流体对断层带内的岩石变形和断层滑动具有弱化作用。
根据石英中的NaCl-H2O体系的流体包裹体研究，得到包裹体水的捕获温度约330-350℃，流体压力约110-420Mpa，这种流体可能形成于接近18-19km深度。由此估计的深部断层带内的流体压力系数约为0.15-0.9，局部存在接近静岩压力的高压流体。基于不同流体压力系数建立的龙门山地区地壳流变结构显示，高压流体能够显著弱化断层强度，增加脆塑性转化带深度，导致在静水压条件下处于脆塑性转化带顶部的断层，在高压流体作用下能够发生脆性滑动。
Carrara大理岩微裂隙愈合实验表明，在室温和高应变速率下样品脆性破裂产生微裂隙，在高温和低应变速率条件下通过方解石的动态重结晶作用而愈合，水和大应变能够促进微裂缝愈合。动态重结晶作用引起裂隙愈合的机制，在映秀-北川断裂南段的韧性剪切带中也存在，表明这可能是脆塑性转化域内断层裂隙愈合的主要机制之一。这种愈合作用有利于断层带内高压流体的形成。
The seismogenic fault of the Mw7.9Wenchuan earthquake showed a high-anglereverse slip. Based on the analysis of the mechanics for high-angle reverse slip, thehigh pore fluid pressure mightly exist in the deep fault, which is favorable for thesliding of the fault. The current technologies can not provide us the fluid status ofthe fault in the middle crust. The Longmenshan fault zone shows an overthrustfeature, and this made the Pengguan Complex lifted up to the surface, withsignatures of the status of deep fluid and deformation conditions in the earlygeological history. The deep environment in the early geological history can beexplored by studying the deformed granites at the outcrop in the surface to know thedeep seismogenic mechanism in the past, and this helps to understand the currentmechanism of the large earthquakes occurrence in the Longmenshan region, such asthe Mw7.9Wenchuan earthquake.
Geological surveys were carried out along the surface ruptures of the Wenchuanearthquake. Deformed granites were collected in two ductile shear zone found in thesouthern section and middle section of the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault respectively. Thedeformation temperature and the flow stress were estimated by the deformationfabrics of quartz. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),the types ofwater, water contents and its distribution were measured. The fluid compositions, icemelting temperature and homogenization temperature in fluid inclusions weremeasured to calculate the depth of the fluid capture and the pore fluid pressure usingmicro-thermometer and Laser Raman microspectrometer. The rehological structuresof the Longmenshan region were constructed to discuss the role of the high porefluid pressure on the fault slip. The simulating experiments with the Carrara marblewere carried out using the3GPa molten salt medium triaxial apparatus. This studyfocused on the dynamic recrystallization and the effect of the water and strain on themicro-cracks healing. The experimental simulatation of micro-cracks healing usingCarrara marble with the similar mechanism to the samples in the deep crust could beused to discuss the fractures healing by the dynamic recrystallization of the quartz in the brittle-plastic transition zone.
The studies showed that inhomogeneous ductile deformation occurred in thedeep of the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault. The quartz and feldspar in the ductile shearzone were deformed by the subgrain rotation recrystallization, indicating thedeformation temperature is from400to500oC and the flow stress range from15to80MPa. The grain size of the quartz in the center of the fault is reduced by thedynamic recrystallization, which leads the deformation mechanism of thefine-grained quartz in the fault core to be the diffusion creep. The trace amountwater in quartz and feldspar include the hydroxyl in crystals, grain boundaries waterand fluid inclusions water. Water content of quartz is from0.001wt%to0.031wt%,and that of feldspar is in range of0.004wt%to0.103wt%, and water contentsincrease with the strain of rocks. Based on the study of fluid inclusions with thecomposition of NaCl-H2O, the temperature of fluid capture is from330to350℃,corresponding to the depth from18to19km in the Longmengshan fault zone, whichindicate the fluid pressure coefficient from0.15to0.9, implying sublithostatic porefluid pressure existed locally. High pore fluid pressure could weaken the faultsignificantly and increase the depth of the brittle-plastic transition zone according tothe rheological structures of the Longmenshan region which considering the porefluid pressure. All of these could help to trigger the brittle fault slip on the top of thebrittle-plastic transition zone.
The microcracks-healing simulating experiments with Carrara marble showedthat a lot of brittle micro-cracks were developed during the loading under roomtemperature and high strain rate. However, most of the micro-cracks were healed bythe dynamic recrystallization of the calcite under high temperature and low strainrate subsequently. Water and larger strain could enhance the mico-cracks healing.The micro-carcks healing by dynamic recrystallization of quartz was found in theductile shear zone in the southern section of the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault. Themechanism of cracks healing in field is similar with the simulation experiments,which indicates dynamic recrystallization is one of the major fault healingmechanisms in the brittle-plastic transition zone probably. The cracks healing process could help to form high pore fluid pressure in local fault zone.
通过对汶川地震地表破裂带地质调查，在映秀-北川断裂南段和中段出露的韧性剪切带内采集了变形花岗岩样品，开展了石英的变形组构研究，确定断层脆塑性转化带岩石的变形温度，估算塑性流动应力。利用傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱仪(FTIR)，研究变形花岗岩中主要矿物的微量水的赋存类型、含量和分布；利用显微冷热台和激光拉曼探针，测试了石英中的流体包裹体的成分、冰点和均一温度，估算了深部流体的捕获深度和孔隙流体压力。在考虑存在流体压力的情况下，初步建立了龙门山地区地壳流变结构，并讨论了高孔隙流体压力对断层滑动的影响。采用Carrara大理岩，在熔融盐固体介质三轴高温高压实验系统中开展断层带微裂缝愈合的模拟实验，研究了动态重结晶作用、水和应变对方解石裂隙愈合的影响。结合野外样品研究结果和大理岩微裂隙愈合的模拟实验，讨论了脆塑性转化带内石英的动态重结晶作用对断层带内裂缝的愈合的影响。
研究结果表明，映秀-北川断裂深部存在非均匀塑性流动，韧性剪切带中石英和长石以中温位错蠕变为主，变形的温度约400-500℃，流动应力约15-80MPa。断层核部的石英因动态重结晶而强烈细粒化，其变形机制转变为扩散蠕变。石英和长石内的微量水以晶体缺陷水、颗粒边界水和流体包裹体水的型式存在，其中石英的水含量约0.001wt%-0.031wt%，长石的水含量约0.004wt%-0.103wt%，水含量随岩石的应变增加而升高，表明断层带中心流体含量相对较高，流体对断层带内的岩石变形和断层滑动具有弱化作用。
根据石英中的NaCl-H2O体系的流体包裹体研究，得到包裹体水的捕获温度约330-350℃，流体压力约110-420Mpa，这种流体可能形成于接近18-19km深度。由此估计的深部断层带内的流体压力系数约为0.15-0.9，局部存在接近静岩压力的高压流体。基于不同流体压力系数建立的龙门山地区地壳流变结构显示，高压流体能够显著弱化断层强度，增加脆塑性转化带深度，导致在静水压条件下处于脆塑性转化带顶部的断层，在高压流体作用下能够发生脆性滑动。
Carrara大理岩微裂隙愈合实验表明，在室温和高应变速率下样品脆性破裂产生微裂隙，在高温和低应变速率条件下通过方解石的动态重结晶作用而愈合，水和大应变能够促进微裂缝愈合。动态重结晶作用引起裂隙愈合的机制，在映秀-北川断裂南段的韧性剪切带中也存在，表明这可能是脆塑性转化域内断层裂隙愈合的主要机制之一。这种愈合作用有利于断层带内高压流体的形成。
The seismogenic fault of the Mw7.9Wenchuan earthquake showed a high-anglereverse slip. Based on the analysis of the mechanics for high-angle reverse slip, thehigh pore fluid pressure mightly exist in the deep fault, which is favorable for thesliding of the fault. The current technologies can not provide us the fluid status ofthe fault in the middle crust. The Longmenshan fault zone shows an overthrustfeature, and this made the Pengguan Complex lifted up to the surface, withsignatures of the status of deep fluid and deformation conditions in the earlygeological history. The deep environment in the early geological history can beexplored by studying the deformed granites at the outcrop in the surface to know thedeep seismogenic mechanism in the past, and this helps to understand the currentmechanism of the large earthquakes occurrence in the Longmenshan region, such asthe Mw7.9Wenchuan earthquake.
Geological surveys were carried out along the surface ruptures of the Wenchuanearthquake. Deformed granites were collected in two ductile shear zone found in thesouthern section and middle section of the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault respectively. Thedeformation temperature and the flow stress were estimated by the deformationfabrics of quartz. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),the types ofwater, water contents and its distribution were measured. The fluid compositions, icemelting temperature and homogenization temperature in fluid inclusions weremeasured to calculate the depth of the fluid capture and the pore fluid pressure usingmicro-thermometer and Laser Raman microspectrometer. The rehological structuresof the Longmenshan region were constructed to discuss the role of the high porefluid pressure on the fault slip. The simulating experiments with the Carrara marblewere carried out using the3GPa molten salt medium triaxial apparatus. This studyfocused on the dynamic recrystallization and the effect of the water and strain on themicro-cracks healing. The experimental simulatation of micro-cracks healing usingCarrara marble with the similar mechanism to the samples in the deep crust could beused to discuss the fractures healing by the dynamic recrystallization of the quartz in the brittle-plastic transition zone.
The studies showed that inhomogeneous ductile deformation occurred in thedeep of the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault. The quartz and feldspar in the ductile shearzone were deformed by the subgrain rotation recrystallization, indicating thedeformation temperature is from400to500oC and the flow stress range from15to80MPa. The grain size of the quartz in the center of the fault is reduced by thedynamic recrystallization, which leads the deformation mechanism of thefine-grained quartz in the fault core to be the diffusion creep. The trace amountwater in quartz and feldspar include the hydroxyl in crystals, grain boundaries waterand fluid inclusions water. Water content of quartz is from0.001wt%to0.031wt%,and that of feldspar is in range of0.004wt%to0.103wt%, and water contentsincrease with the strain of rocks. Based on the study of fluid inclusions with thecomposition of NaCl-H2O, the temperature of fluid capture is from330to350℃,corresponding to the depth from18to19km in the Longmengshan fault zone, whichindicate the fluid pressure coefficient from0.15to0.9, implying sublithostatic porefluid pressure existed locally. High pore fluid pressure could weaken the faultsignificantly and increase the depth of the brittle-plastic transition zone according tothe rheological structures of the Longmenshan region which considering the porefluid pressure. All of these could help to trigger the brittle fault slip on the top of thebrittle-plastic transition zone.
The microcracks-healing simulating experiments with Carrara marble showedthat a lot of brittle micro-cracks were developed during the loading under roomtemperature and high strain rate. However, most of the micro-cracks were healed bythe dynamic recrystallization of the calcite under high temperature and low strainrate subsequently. Water and larger strain could enhance the mico-cracks healing.The micro-carcks healing by dynamic recrystallization of quartz was found in theductile shear zone in the southern section of the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault. Themechanism of cracks healing in field is similar with the simulation experiments,which indicates dynamic recrystallization is one of the major fault healingmechanisms in the brittle-plastic transition zone probably. The cracks healing process could help to form high pore fluid pressure in local fault zone.
引文
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