现实主义法学法官中心论之思考
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摘要
现实主义法学是兴起于20世纪初的著名法学流派,它的出现极大的颠覆了传统的法律思维范式,对美国乃至世界法学观念和法律制度的变革都产生了深远的影响。尤其是它对法官和法官与司法之间关系方面进行了非常新颖、深刻的研究,提出了以法官为司法中心的法律理论,深入的剖析了法律的不确定性、法官在司法中的地位、法官的自由裁量权和法官的个性对司法的影响等一系列具有丰富理论和实践意义的问题。
目前,法官中心论在我国还是一个比较新的理论课题。现实主义法学对它的概念、构成要素、外在形式、内在核心等内容进行了详细的介绍和细致的剖析,通过对法官中心论的阐释,使我们清晰地了解了法官在司法、审判中的地位和作用、法官自由裁量权的行使和控制、法官个性因素对司法的影响及其控制机制的构建等问题。明确了提高法官在司法中的地位对我国法治建设的进步、依法治国方略的实现、建设社会主义法治文化等方面的重要地位,突出了我国加强对法官工作重视程度的重要性和紧迫感。
当前我国法律观念和法官制度方面还存在这很多问题和缺陷:法官地位尴尬、对法官在司法中的作用不够重视;对法官个性与法官司法之间关系的认识不清晰;法官的法律素质有待提高,法官遴选制度还不够完善;法官制度改革进展缓慢等等。对此,我们要以社会主义法治理念为导向、以社会主义核心价值体系为引领,坚持古为今用、创新发展、立足本土、兼收并蓄的基本原则,采取改革司法审级制度、建立先进的法官遴选机制、建立自由裁量权规制机制、构建法官职业共同体、加强法官职业道德建设等方式对我国法官制度进行改革。以期建立更合理高效的法官制度,能够对我国的司法改革和现代司法体制的完善有所脾益。
Legal Realism was a famous legal faction which emerged in the early 20th century. Its appearance broke the traditional legal concepts and impacted the legal system of America even the world. Especially it did a new and profound research in judges and the relationship between judges and judicial. And then, it put forward a series of problems in theory and practice, including a judge for the judicial center of legal theory, the legal uncertainty, the judge in the judicial position, the judge’s discretion and the judge’s personality on the justice.
At present, the center of the judges in our country is still a relatively new theoretical issues. This article has a detailed description and analysis for its concept, elements, external form and internal core elements. Through the interpretation of the center of the judge, we clearly understand the status and role of the judges in judicial, the exercise and control of the judge’s discretion, the impaction of the judge personality factors to the administration of justice, the control mechanism of the building, and so on. It clearly points that improving the status of judges in the judicial has an important strategic position on the progress of the rule of law, the achievement of the rule of law and building a socialist rule of law and culture. It stresses the importance and urgency of highlighting the importance of judges.
This text analyzes and summarizes the main problems and shortcomings of the current concepts of our legal systems and judges. The problems and shortcomings includes embarrassing the status of judges, on the role of judges in the judicial insufficient attention, the relationship between the judge personality and judicial being understanding, judge’s quality needing to be improved, the judge selection being not perfect, the slowing progress of institution reform, and so on. In this regard, I propose we should reform the judicial system in our country. We should guide as the socialist concept of law, lead as the socialist core value system, adhere to the historical, innovation and development, base on local, reform the judicial instance system, establish an advanced mechanism for the selection of judges and for the regulation of discretion, construct the judge member professional community and enhance professional ethics of judges. I hope establish a more rational and efficient judge system and in this way, it can benefit for the judicial reform and the construction of the modern judicial system. All of these are the value of this writing.
目前,法官中心论在我国还是一个比较新的理论课题。现实主义法学对它的概念、构成要素、外在形式、内在核心等内容进行了详细的介绍和细致的剖析,通过对法官中心论的阐释,使我们清晰地了解了法官在司法、审判中的地位和作用、法官自由裁量权的行使和控制、法官个性因素对司法的影响及其控制机制的构建等问题。明确了提高法官在司法中的地位对我国法治建设的进步、依法治国方略的实现、建设社会主义法治文化等方面的重要地位,突出了我国加强对法官工作重视程度的重要性和紧迫感。
当前我国法律观念和法官制度方面还存在这很多问题和缺陷:法官地位尴尬、对法官在司法中的作用不够重视;对法官个性与法官司法之间关系的认识不清晰;法官的法律素质有待提高,法官遴选制度还不够完善;法官制度改革进展缓慢等等。对此,我们要以社会主义法治理念为导向、以社会主义核心价值体系为引领,坚持古为今用、创新发展、立足本土、兼收并蓄的基本原则,采取改革司法审级制度、建立先进的法官遴选机制、建立自由裁量权规制机制、构建法官职业共同体、加强法官职业道德建设等方式对我国法官制度进行改革。以期建立更合理高效的法官制度,能够对我国的司法改革和现代司法体制的完善有所脾益。
Legal Realism was a famous legal faction which emerged in the early 20th century. Its appearance broke the traditional legal concepts and impacted the legal system of America even the world. Especially it did a new and profound research in judges and the relationship between judges and judicial. And then, it put forward a series of problems in theory and practice, including a judge for the judicial center of legal theory, the legal uncertainty, the judge in the judicial position, the judge’s discretion and the judge’s personality on the justice.
At present, the center of the judges in our country is still a relatively new theoretical issues. This article has a detailed description and analysis for its concept, elements, external form and internal core elements. Through the interpretation of the center of the judge, we clearly understand the status and role of the judges in judicial, the exercise and control of the judge’s discretion, the impaction of the judge personality factors to the administration of justice, the control mechanism of the building, and so on. It clearly points that improving the status of judges in the judicial has an important strategic position on the progress of the rule of law, the achievement of the rule of law and building a socialist rule of law and culture. It stresses the importance and urgency of highlighting the importance of judges.
This text analyzes and summarizes the main problems and shortcomings of the current concepts of our legal systems and judges. The problems and shortcomings includes embarrassing the status of judges, on the role of judges in the judicial insufficient attention, the relationship between the judge personality and judicial being understanding, judge’s quality needing to be improved, the judge selection being not perfect, the slowing progress of institution reform, and so on. In this regard, I propose we should reform the judicial system in our country. We should guide as the socialist concept of law, lead as the socialist core value system, adhere to the historical, innovation and development, base on local, reform the judicial instance system, establish an advanced mechanism for the selection of judges and for the regulation of discretion, construct the judge member professional community and enhance professional ethics of judges. I hope establish a more rational and efficient judge system and in this way, it can benefit for the judicial reform and the construction of the modern judicial system. All of these are the value of this writing.
引文
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[3]李荣.影响刑事判决的法官情感因素及其制约.河北法学, 2008, (4)
[4]马聪.实用主义视野下的法律观.北方法学, 2009, (5)
[5] Karl·Llewellyn, The Bramble Bush, Oceana Publications Inc, 1960, 12
[6] F·Cohen, Transcendental Nonsense and the Functional Approach, 35 Col, L. Rev, 1935, 840
[7] H·Oliphant, A Return to Stare Decisis, 14 A.B.A.J, 1928, 161
[8]马聪.霍姆斯的法学观.国家检察官学院学报, 2008,(3): 57-58
[9] [美]波斯纳.法理学问题.苏力.北京:中国政法大学出版社, 2002, 20-21
[10] Brian Leiter. Rethinking Legal Realism: Toward A N aturalized Jurisprudence. L. Rev, 1997, 76
[11] [德]伯恩·魏德士.法理学.吴越.北京:法律出版社, 2003, 209
[12] [英]哈特.法律的概念.张文显等.北京:中国大百科全书出版社, 1996, 135
[13] James·E·Herget. Contemporary Germanle philosophy. University of Pennsylvania, 1996, 115
[14] W·Cook. Scientific Method and the Law, 13 A.B.A.J, 1927, 308
[15] Oliver Wendell Holmes. The Path of the Law. Harward Law Review, 1997,991
[16] Cardozo. The Nature of the Judicial Process, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1921, 69
[17] J·Gray. The Nature and Sources of the Law, edited by D·Campbell and P·Thomas, Aldershot: Ashgate & Dartmouth, 1997, 65
[18] Roscoe Pound. Law in Book and Law in Action. The American Law Review, edited by William W·Fisher III, Morton J·Horwitz, Thormas·A·Reed. Oxford University Press, 1993, 41
[19] [奥]凯尔森.法与国家的一般理论.沈宗灵.北京:中国大百科全书出版社, 1996, 163- 171
[20]戴津伟.试论弗兰克的“事实怀疑论”.新西部, 2008, (5)
[21] G·Aichele. Legal Realism and Twentieth - century American Jurisprudence: the Changing Consensus, New York: Garland Publishing Inc, 1990, 76-77
[22]熊鹰,杨亚丽.论司法过程中法律不确定性的补救途径.经济师, 2009, (6)
[23] [爱尔兰]J·M凯利.西方法律思想简史.王笑红.北京:法律出版社, 2002, 14-15
[24]田涛,李益明.直觉在审查起诉环节证据运用中的作用.唯实, 2008, (10)
[25] Jerome Frank. Law and the Modem Mind. New York: Brentano’s ,1930,109
[26]张静.事实与方法.中国社会科学文摘, 2001, (4)
[27]孙新强.卢埃林的现实主义法理学思想.法制与社会发展, 2009, (4)
[28] Karl Llewellyn. The Bramble Bush: On Our Law and Its Study. Oceana Publications, 1930, 13
[29]曹刚.法律的道德批判.南昌:江西人民出版社, 2001, 113
[30] [美]博登海默.法理学法律哲学与法律方法.邓正来.北京:中国政法大学出版社, 2004, 13-14
[31]马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯全集.北京:人民出版社, 1956, 71
[32] [奥]维特根斯坦.哲学研究.韩林合.北京:商务印书馆, 1992, 43
[33]王洪著.司法判决与法律.北京:时事出版社, 2003, 33
[34]王晨光.从“错案追究制”谈法律运行中的不确定性.法律解释问题.北京:法律出版社, 1998, 264
[35]周汉华.论建立独立、开放与能动的司法制度.法学研究, 1999, (5)
[36]刘星.法律的不确定性——美国现实主义法学述评.中山大学学报, 1996, 199
[37]朱景文.“对西方法律传统的挑战——评美国批判法律研究运动”.中国法学, 1995, (4): 116
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