远距离非合作目标激光测高仪性能验证研究
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摘要
激光测距技术是人类最早的激光应用技术之一。由于测程远、大气衰减、被测目标物等不确定性因素，建立一种稳定可靠的激光高度计性能指标验证装置和方法，是一项重要的、必须解决的技术难点。
最大测程是激光高度计的一个重要性能指标。中科院知识创新重大方向—月球资源探测卫星激光高度计，要求实现200km的对月测距能力，本文以地面验证激光高度计最大测程指标为目标，提出并建立一种激光高度计性能验证方法—非合作目标可调衰减法和装置。
激光测距方程是激光测距技术的理论基础，通过研究适用于不同目标特性的激光测距方程，并结合目标物月球表面特性，推导出激光对月测距方程。在传统的消光系数法基础上，根据对月测距方程各系数的影响权重分析，提出了非合作目标可调衰减法，即：通过对漫反射模拟目标，衰减出射激光功率，在一定的漏警概率条件下测量激光高度计的最小可探测功率。将最小可探测功率、模拟目标距离、目标物反射率、光学效率等参数代入最大测程推算方程，得出激光高度计最大测程指标。
根据月球探测激光高度计实现200km所需的最小可探测功率，各影响因子与最大测程关系的分析，确定非合作目标可调衰减法装置的技术指标。结合激光高度计原理样机，设计并建立了非合作目标可调衰减法模块，该模块包括角度测量装置、分束片、能量计、衰减器以及模拟目标物。
不同目标特性、不同大气条件下的地面性能验证实验数据和精度理论分析结果均表明，非合作目标可调衰减法可以实现对激光高度计最大测程的定量化验证。在大气条件较好的条件下，可以实现优于±10％的精度。使用本方法及装置，得到月球探测激光高度计原理样机测距能力为100km。根据影响测距能力的因素，分析了激光高度计未达到200km测距能力的原因。
Laser ranging was one of the first applications of laser technology. Due to the uncertainty of factors such as far- range, atmospheric attenuation and operated target, a steady and reliable method and setting to characterize laser altimeter's performance is an important and difficult technology.
The maximum range is the most important specification for a laser altimeter and 200km is the required level for the spaceborne laser altimeter in the lunar resources survey. In the paper, one kind of method and setting characterizing the laser altimeter's performance aiming at the specification of maximum range -noncooperative regulable attenuation was put forward and founded.
Range-finding equations are the theoretical base for laser ranging. On the basis of the range-finding equations for target with different property, including cooperative and noncooperative object, and the properties of lunar surface, the equation for moon-ranging from satellite was deduced. Based on the analysis of the effect on the maximum range of the equation's each parameter and the traditional method of extinction ratio, the noncooperative regulable attenuation-measure the minimum detectable power of laser altimeter on the condition of constant miss probability by attenuating the laser power transmitting to the diffuse reflected simulant target-was put forward. According to the parameters such as minimum detectable power, range and reflectivity of simulant target, meteorological visibility and optical efficiency, the maximum range of laser altimeter was figured out by the range-finding equation.
According to the minimum detectable power required by the spaceborne laser altimeter for 200km maximum range and the analysis result of the effect between the maximum range and the equation's each parameter, the specifications for noncooperative regulable attenuation setting were fixed on. Based on the model of resource survey spaceborne laser altimeter, the noncooperative regulable attenuation module, including angular measure setting, beam splitter, energy meter, attenuator and simulant target, was designed and founded.
The analysis of data and uncertainty of the test upon different simulant target properties and atmospheric condition has proved that noncooperative regulable attenuation method and setting described in the paper can achieve a quantitative output. The accuracy can be better than ?0% with relative fine atmospheric condition. The method and setting has been adopted by the spaceborne laser altimeter for 200km maximum range and the result is about 100km. Based on the analysis of each parameter's effect, the reason for the altimeter's not satisfying the requirement was analyzed.
最大测程是激光高度计的一个重要性能指标。中科院知识创新重大方向—月球资源探测卫星激光高度计，要求实现200km的对月测距能力，本文以地面验证激光高度计最大测程指标为目标，提出并建立一种激光高度计性能验证方法—非合作目标可调衰减法和装置。
激光测距方程是激光测距技术的理论基础，通过研究适用于不同目标特性的激光测距方程，并结合目标物月球表面特性，推导出激光对月测距方程。在传统的消光系数法基础上，根据对月测距方程各系数的影响权重分析，提出了非合作目标可调衰减法，即：通过对漫反射模拟目标，衰减出射激光功率，在一定的漏警概率条件下测量激光高度计的最小可探测功率。将最小可探测功率、模拟目标距离、目标物反射率、光学效率等参数代入最大测程推算方程，得出激光高度计最大测程指标。
根据月球探测激光高度计实现200km所需的最小可探测功率，各影响因子与最大测程关系的分析，确定非合作目标可调衰减法装置的技术指标。结合激光高度计原理样机，设计并建立了非合作目标可调衰减法模块，该模块包括角度测量装置、分束片、能量计、衰减器以及模拟目标物。
不同目标特性、不同大气条件下的地面性能验证实验数据和精度理论分析结果均表明，非合作目标可调衰减法可以实现对激光高度计最大测程的定量化验证。在大气条件较好的条件下，可以实现优于±10％的精度。使用本方法及装置，得到月球探测激光高度计原理样机测距能力为100km。根据影响测距能力的因素，分析了激光高度计未达到200km测距能力的原因。
Laser ranging was one of the first applications of laser technology. Due to the uncertainty of factors such as far- range, atmospheric attenuation and operated target, a steady and reliable method and setting to characterize laser altimeter's performance is an important and difficult technology.
The maximum range is the most important specification for a laser altimeter and 200km is the required level for the spaceborne laser altimeter in the lunar resources survey. In the paper, one kind of method and setting characterizing the laser altimeter's performance aiming at the specification of maximum range -noncooperative regulable attenuation was put forward and founded.
Range-finding equations are the theoretical base for laser ranging. On the basis of the range-finding equations for target with different property, including cooperative and noncooperative object, and the properties of lunar surface, the equation for moon-ranging from satellite was deduced. Based on the analysis of the effect on the maximum range of the equation's each parameter and the traditional method of extinction ratio, the noncooperative regulable attenuation-measure the minimum detectable power of laser altimeter on the condition of constant miss probability by attenuating the laser power transmitting to the diffuse reflected simulant target-was put forward. According to the parameters such as minimum detectable power, range and reflectivity of simulant target, meteorological visibility and optical efficiency, the maximum range of laser altimeter was figured out by the range-finding equation.
According to the minimum detectable power required by the spaceborne laser altimeter for 200km maximum range and the analysis result of the effect between the maximum range and the equation's each parameter, the specifications for noncooperative regulable attenuation setting were fixed on. Based on the model of resource survey spaceborne laser altimeter, the noncooperative regulable attenuation module, including angular measure setting, beam splitter, energy meter, attenuator and simulant target, was designed and founded.
The analysis of data and uncertainty of the test upon different simulant target properties and atmospheric condition has proved that noncooperative regulable attenuation method and setting described in the paper can achieve a quantitative output. The accuracy can be better than ?0% with relative fine atmospheric condition. The method and setting has been adopted by the spaceborne laser altimeter for 200km maximum range and the result is about 100km. Based on the analysis of each parameter's effect, the reason for the altimeter's not satisfying the requirement was analyzed.
引文
1. Spaceborne Laser Altimetry, http://home.taegn.net/~ibank/lecture/rs180.htm
2. Altimeter, http://ois.xwu.edu.cn/619web/knowlege/Altimeter.htm
3．王之江主编，光学技术手册下册，机械工业出版社，1994年8月，1212～1213。
4．金国藩、李景镇主编，激光测量学，科学出版社，1998年8月。
5. First Global 3-D View of Mars Reveals Deep Basin and Pathways for Water Flow,www.gsfc.nasa.gov.spacesci/pictures/mola/mars3d.htm
6. Optical System Design of the Mars Observer Laser Altimeter,http://lptwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/eib/projects/space lidar/mola/ramos buflon.pdf
7. NEAR Laser Rangefinder,http://near.space-explorers.com/about-near/NLR.pdf
8. Boies. M.T, etc., Optical System Development and Performance Testing of the NEAR Laser Rangefinder, SPIE, 1996, 2811, 169-84.
9. Chang. A.F., etc., In-flight Calibration of the NEAR Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Laser Rangefinder, Icarus, Dec. 2000, 148(2):572-86.
10. Schutz, B. (1998). Spaceborne Laser Altimeter: 2001 and Beyond. Proceedings of WEGENER-98, Norwegian Mapping Authority, Honefoss, Norway.
11. J. Bryan Blair, etc., The Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor: a medium-altitude, digitisation-only, airborne laser altimeter for mapping vegetation and topography,ISPRS Journal of photogrammetry & Remote Sensing 54(1999), 155-122.
12. Vegetation Canopy Lidar,http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/library/vcl/VCL-2.html
13．周天文，介绍脉冲激光测距仪最大测程的一种模拟测量法—消光试验法，兵器激光，1985年第五期，41-43。
14. French, et.al., Optical Range Simulator Devices. US 4627723,http://ep.espacenet.com
15. French, et.al., Optical Range Simulator Devices. http://www.usoto.gov
16．张晓舟、杜高社、刘训章，脉冲激光测距机检定测试设备，应用光学，Vol．19，No．6，1998，12-16。
17．羊毅、倪旭翔、陆祖康、邹盛怀，脉冲激光模拟器，Vol．27，No．6，Dec，2002，43-47。
18. Module 6: Laser Distance Measurement.http://www.dewtronics.com/tutorials/lasers/leot/module6/module6.html
19．戴永江编着，激光雷达原理，国防工业出版社，2002，6～10。
20. Surface Properties of the Moon, http://csep10.phvs.utk. edu/astr 161/hect/moon/moon-surface/html
21. T.D.Cole, etc., Performance Evaluation of the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) Laser Rangefinder, SPIE, 2811:156～168, 1996.
22. M.T. Boies, etc., Optical System Development and performance testing of the
NEAR Laser Rangefinder, SPIE, 2811:169～184, 1996.
23. Hu Jixian, The Index and Testing of Extinction Ratio for Pulsed Laser Rangefinder, SPIE Vol. 1230 International Conference on Optoelectronie Science and Engineering'90:173～174.
24．梁铨廷，物理光学，机械工业出版社，1987年第二版，30～33。
25．宋明顺主编，测量不确定度评定与数据处理，中国计量出版社，2000，24～75。
2. Altimeter, http://ois.xwu.edu.cn/619web/knowlege/Altimeter.htm
3．王之江主编，光学技术手册下册，机械工业出版社，1994年8月，1212～1213。
4．金国藩、李景镇主编，激光测量学，科学出版社，1998年8月。
5. First Global 3-D View of Mars Reveals Deep Basin and Pathways for Water Flow,www.gsfc.nasa.gov.spacesci/pictures/mola/mars3d.htm
6. Optical System Design of the Mars Observer Laser Altimeter,http://lptwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/eib/projects/space lidar/mola/ramos buflon.pdf
7. NEAR Laser Rangefinder,http://near.space-explorers.com/about-near/NLR.pdf
8. Boies. M.T, etc., Optical System Development and Performance Testing of the NEAR Laser Rangefinder, SPIE, 1996, 2811, 169-84.
9. Chang. A.F., etc., In-flight Calibration of the NEAR Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Laser Rangefinder, Icarus, Dec. 2000, 148(2):572-86.
10. Schutz, B. (1998). Spaceborne Laser Altimeter: 2001 and Beyond. Proceedings of WEGENER-98, Norwegian Mapping Authority, Honefoss, Norway.
11. J. Bryan Blair, etc., The Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor: a medium-altitude, digitisation-only, airborne laser altimeter for mapping vegetation and topography,ISPRS Journal of photogrammetry & Remote Sensing 54(1999), 155-122.
12. Vegetation Canopy Lidar,http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/library/vcl/VCL-2.html
13．周天文，介绍脉冲激光测距仪最大测程的一种模拟测量法—消光试验法，兵器激光，1985年第五期，41-43。
14. French, et.al., Optical Range Simulator Devices. US 4627723,http://ep.espacenet.com
15. French, et.al., Optical Range Simulator Devices. http://www.usoto.gov
16．张晓舟、杜高社、刘训章，脉冲激光测距机检定测试设备，应用光学，Vol．19，No．6，1998，12-16。
17．羊毅、倪旭翔、陆祖康、邹盛怀，脉冲激光模拟器，Vol．27，No．6，Dec，2002，43-47。
18. Module 6: Laser Distance Measurement.http://www.dewtronics.com/tutorials/lasers/leot/module6/module6.html
19．戴永江编着，激光雷达原理，国防工业出版社，2002，6～10。
20. Surface Properties of the Moon, http://csep10.phvs.utk. edu/astr 161/hect/moon/moon-surface/html
21. T.D.Cole, etc., Performance Evaluation of the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) Laser Rangefinder, SPIE, 2811:156～168, 1996.
22. M.T. Boies, etc., Optical System Development and performance testing of the
NEAR Laser Rangefinder, SPIE, 2811:169～184, 1996.
23. Hu Jixian, The Index and Testing of Extinction Ratio for Pulsed Laser Rangefinder, SPIE Vol. 1230 International Conference on Optoelectronie Science and Engineering'90:173～174.
24．梁铨廷，物理光学，机械工业出版社，1987年第二版，30～33。
25．宋明顺主编，测量不确定度评定与数据处理，中国计量出版社，2000，24～75。
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