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村庄民主化治理与农村公共品供给研究
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摘要
理论和经验均表明,农村公共投资对促进农村发展和扶贫具有非常重要的作用。但公共品供给并不是一个单纯的技术与资金问题,它与政治建设紧密相关。国外相关研究中发现,民主化治理可以增加政府对选民的回应,从而会对当地公共品供给产生影响。对于我国农村的基层民主而言,是否能够得到类似的结论,还有待于进一步验证。我国仍然有大量人口居住在农村,而且农村基础设施和社会事业发展仍处于较低水平。所以,对影响农村公共品供给的因素做进一步探讨,具有十分重要的现实意义。
     因此本文的研究目标定位于,在我国以村民自治为主要表征的村庄民主化治理不断完善的时代背景下,厘清现阶段村庄治理对农村公共品供给的影响,并在此基础上提出改善农村公共品供给的对策建议。
     围绕上述研究目标,本文利用江苏省4个县市的实地调研数据,在分析了我国农村村民自治与公共品供给情况的基础上,以公共品理论、公共选择理论等为依据,进一步实证分析了目前我国村庄的民主化治理对村级公共品供给的影响。
     研究内容一:村庄民主化治理对公共品供给数量的影响
     国内关于村庄民主化治理与公共品供给数量关系的研究较少。已有研究也存在一些不足,比如研究中使用村庄公共投资的项目总数(或总额)这一指标作为因变量,实际上它并不能准确代表村庄民主化治理的效果,因为这其中还有较大比例的公共项目是上级政府强制要求进行的。也即研究中农村公共品的供给主体与民主化治理的主体并不一致。
     在对已有研究的不足做出修正后,计量分析发现,在目前的农村,选举中投票程序的规范性对公共品供给数量不存在明显影响。这和以往的研究结论有所不同。本研究发现,只有在村庄集体经济水平不断提高的前提下,选举投票的规范性与公共品供给数量之间才呈现出明显的正向相关关系。也即农村民主制度效应的发挥是有条件的,选举制度本身的完善还不足以带来更好的治理效果。
     对于村庄内公共品供给来说,选举并非竞争越激烈其效果越好,就目前来看,农村选举的竞争程度与村庄公共品供给数量之间具有倒U型关系。这一结果与村级民主制度实施时间较短、相关配套制度不完善、以及选举竞争发生在一个群体规模较小的熟人社会中等因素紧密相关。更重要的是,选举能够促进村庄公共品供给的实质是选举强化了辖区竞争效应,这并不能增加(改变)整个农村地区公共品供给的总量。
     研究同时发现,民主监督、民主管理、村干部个人特征、村庄政治关系网络等对公共品供给数量的影响不显著。村干部是否连任和公共品供给数量的多少之间不存在相关关系。
     研究内容二:村庄民主化治理对公共品供给效率的影响
     公共品数量的增加并不能完全代表民主化治理的效果。因为掌握资源的官员,可能正是通过扩大公共支出的机会以实现私人目的,而这往往又会影响到投资项目的实际效果,所以对公共品的供给效率及其影响因素进行考察成为题中之义。
     研究中以村庄道路为研究对象,使用成本收益分析法来计算公共品的供给效率。其中使用基于消费者剩余的消费者支付意愿代表公共品的收益,项目的实际投资额代表公共品的成本,利用多元回归方法对公共品供给效率的影响因素进行了实证分析。
     研究发现,目前农村中投票选举程序的规范性对公共品供给效率的影响并不显著,而选举的竞争性与公共品供给效率之间存在较为明显的倒U型关系,即适度竞争有利于实现公共品供给的较高效率,竞争过于激烈反而会产生负向影响。
     民主决策对公共品供给效率存在正向影响。分析发现,在项目决策过程中,完全由上级政府指定施工方对公共品的供给效率有负向影响,而村民(代表)参与决策有利于公共品供给效率的提高。研究中同时发现,项目资金来源上的差异,对公共品的供给效率不存在明显影响。村干部是否连任和公共品供给效率的高低之间也不存在相关关系。
     研究内容三:公共品供给视角下基层民主制度的优化
     前述研究皆表明,目前农村中的选举竞争如果过于激烈,会对村内公共品供给产生负向影响,这与民主制度实行时间较短、配套制度不完善等因素紧密相关。现实中基层民主制度存在的一些不足,可能会对农村公共品的供给产生负面影响。
     通过案例分析,研究指出:因对农民个体权利的保护不足,有时民主决策反而会变成“多数暴政”;因缺乏相应的约束措施,民主化治理对村干部的激励过犹不及;村庄治理主体趋于单一化,而民间组织的发育有利于形成利益制衡、促进村庄融资。
     根据上述研究结果,本文提出了相关的政策建议。并结合研究中存在的不足,提出了将来进一步的研究方向。
Supply of public goods is not a mere technical and financial problem, and it is closely related to the political construction. Overseas studies found that the democratic governance can increase the Government's response to the voters, and then would have some impact on the number of local public goods supply. But for China's rural grass-roots democracy, whether a similar conclusion will be acquired needs further verification. China still has large numbers of people living in rural areas, rural infrastructure and social development are still at a low level. Theory and experience show that public investment in rural areas has a very important role in promoting rural development and poverty reduction. Therefore, further exploring the factors affecting the supply of public goods are extremely practically significant.
     The research objectives of this article located in clarifying the impact of village governance on the supply of public goods in rural areas at this stage and improving the rural public Suggestions of products supply on this basis historical background of the continual improvement of China's rural democratization of governance with the main features of villagers' autonomy.
     Around the goal of this study, by using field survey data of the four counties in Jiangsu Province, this study additional analyses the impact of our current democratization of governance of the village on the village public goods supply based on the analysis of rural villagers' autonomy, the situation of supply of public goods, the public goods theory and the public choice theory.
     Research I:village democratization of governance on the number of public goods
     Domestic research on the relationship between the democratization of governance and the number of public goods supply is rare. Existing researches also have some shortcomings, for example the indicator of the total public investment projects in villages (or total) in the study can't represent the governance role of villagers' autonomy, because a large proportion of the construction project is carried out with the mandatory requirements of higher levels of government. That is the main body in rural public goods supply and that of the democratization of governance is not consistent.
     After making amendments to the existing research, the analysis found that the specification of the voting procedures of the current election in rural areas does not exhibit a significant effect on the number of public goods supply, which is different with the conclusions of previous researches. This study found that the normative of the election and the number of public goods supply will show a significant positive relationship only under the premise of continuous improvement in the village collective economic level. That the progress of rural democracy is conditional, the improvement of the electoral system itself cannot bring about good governance. The essence of village elections promoting the supply of public goods is that the elections have strengthened the effects of area competition. For the supply of public goods in rural areas, the competition of election is not more intense is the better. The degree of electoral competition and the quantity of the supply of public goods exhibit an inverted U-shaped relationship.
     The study also found that, democratic supervision, democratic management, personal characteristics of the village cadres and village political relations network had no meaningful effect on the number of public goods supply. However, villages political relations network only include the number of social resources, without including the level of quality. The study also found that the correlation between the number of re-election of village cadres and the supply of public goods does not exist.
     Research Ⅱ:village democratization of governance on the efficiency of the supply of public goods
     The increase in the number of public goods cannot be entirely representative of the effect of the democratization of governance. Officials in control over resources are possible that by expanding the opportunities for public spending in order to achieve the purpose of private corruption, and this would affect the actual effect of the investment projects, which have has been confirmed by existing studies at home and abroad.
     In this study, the efficiency of the supply of public goods will be calculated by the benefit cost method. The consumers'willingness to pay based on consumer surplus on behalf of the benefit of proceeds of public goods and the actual amount of investment of the project on behalf of the cost of public goods. The factors influencing the efficiency of the public goods supply in rustic will be analyzed by using the multiple regression method.
     The study found that the influence of normative of the rural vote in the electoral process on the efficiency of the supply of public goods is not noteworthy and electoral competition and public goods supply efficiency exhibit an obvious inverted U-shaped relationship, that is, moderate competition which helps to ensure higher efficiency of the public investment. This result is closely related to the short time of the implementation of the democratic system and the imperfection of the other backup system.
     Autonomous decision-making has a positive impact on the efficiency of the supply of public goods. The analysis found that the specification of projects construction side by the higher levels of government have a negative influence on the efficiency of the supply of public goods. The participation of villagers in the project decision-making process (representatives) will improve the efficiency of public goods supply. The study also found there is no discernible impact of differences in the project funding sources on the efficiency of the supply of public goods.
     Research III:optimization of the grassroots democratic system on the perspective of public goods supply
     The aforementioned studies have shown that many democratization of governance measures have a positive impact on the supply of public goods in rural areas. However, In practice, grass-roots democratic system still has some shortcomings and may have a negative impact on the supply of public goods in rural areas.
     This study pointed out that the lack protection of the rights of individual farmers and incentives for village cadres and other issues by the current egalitarian system in rural areas through case studies and also pointed out that the development of civil society organizations in the village will generates a balance of interests and promote the financing of the village based on the historical background of village governance body tends to be unitary.
     Based on these results, this paper presents the relevant policy recommendations. Then, the future directions of extra study combined with shortcomings in the research are proposed.
引文
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