脂肪基质干细胞移植治疗急性心肌梗死的实验研究
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摘要
第一部分脂肪来源与骨髓来源的基质干细胞的比较
目的比较脂肪来源基质干细胞(ASCs)与骨髓来源的基质干细胞(MSCs)分离效率、表面抗原及免疫原性特点,为ASCs的细胞移植治疗提供实验依据。方法人脂肪组织用胶原蛋白酶Ⅰ消化,对消化后分离的有核细胞贴壁法培养获得ASCs。骨髓组织用密度梯度离心,获得单个核细胞,贴壁法培养获得MSCs,对培养前后的细胞计数并进行比较,流式细胞仪测定两种培养后细胞的CD13、CD29、CD31、CD34、CD44、CD45、CD49d、CD105、CD106、HLA-DR等表面抗原表达。分别以不同数量细胞加入到外周血混合淋巴细胞培养体系和植物血凝素(PHA)刺激的外周血淋巴细胞转化体系中,用MTT还原法测定细胞增殖,分别观察ASCs和MSCs对混合淋巴细胞反应和淋巴细胞转化的影响,比较两种细胞的免疫特性。同时用乳鼠心肌细胞裂解液诱导ASCs分化为类心肌细胞,并对诱导后的细胞运用免疫组化、RT-PCR方法鉴定,以进一步确定ASCs的干细胞身份。
结果从骨髓中刚分离出的有核细胞明显多于来源于脂肪者(P<0.001),但培养后获得的基质干细胞数差别无显著性意义(P>0.05)。两种细胞都表达CD13、CD29、CD44、CD105,均不表达CD31、CD34、CD45、HLA-DR。而在CD49d、CD106的表达上存在差异。相同数量的ASCs和MSCs在混合淋巴细胞反应、淋巴细胞转化实验中对淋巴细胞的抑制作用相当(P>0.05)。诱导培养后的ASCs细胞表达心脏特异性肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)、结蛋白(desmin),同时也表达心脏特异性基因cTnT、ANP、αMHC。
结论ASCs和MSCs在细胞形态上无明显差别,相同重量的脂肪组织和骨髓组织分离获得的干细胞数量相当。两种细胞表面抗原、免疫原性等方面相似。ASCs可以在体外诱导分化成类心肌细胞。因而人体脂肪可以作为一种充足的干细胞来源加以利用。本研究为进一步利用ASCs进行细胞移植治疗疾病的研究奠定了基础。
第二部分脂肪基质干细胞分泌细胞因子及其对内皮细胞的作用
目的分离培养脂肪基质干细胞(ASCs),探讨其分泌的细胞因子及其对内皮细胞增殖及凋亡影响的生物活性作用。
方法人脂肪组织用胶原蛋白酶Ⅰ消化后贴壁法培养获得ASCs,流式细胞术鉴定其表面抗原CD31、CD44、CD45、CD105的表达情况。ELISA法测定ASCs分泌的细胞因子:血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)、肝细胞生长因子(HGF)、基质细胞衍生因子1α(SDF-1α)等,RT-PCR法测定相应mRNA表达。从人脐静脉分离并培养内皮细胞后,加入含ASCs上清液的培养液(实验组)或常规培养液(对照组)继续培养3天后,细胞计数测定内皮细胞的增殖。另有实验组及对照组加入肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)诱导内皮细胞凋亡后,将内皮细胞行PI与annexin V双染色后流式细胞仪测其凋亡率。并半定量RT-PCR法测定并比较两组ASCs中Bcl-2 mRNA表达情况。
结果培养获得ASCs,表型为CD34+CD105+CD31-CD45-,细胞培养上清中测得各细胞因子的含量为:VEGF ,(75±16) pg/ml; HGF ,(637±157) pg/ml;SDF-1α,(482±113) pg/ml。RT-PCR法测得ASCs表达VEGF、HGF、SDF-1α的mRNA。含ASCs上清培养液的实验组内皮细胞数为(134±19)%,显著高于对照组(97±12)%(P<0.05),证明ASCs上清能促进内皮细胞的增殖。TNF-α诱导凋亡24小时后,对照组内皮细胞凋亡率(6.9±1.7)%高于实验组(3.1±1.2)%,(P<0.05)。进一步测定发现,实验组bcl-2的mRNA表达明显上调(P<0.05)。
结论ASCs能分泌VEGF、HGF、SDF-1α等细胞因子,并因此促进内皮细胞的增殖,抑制内皮细胞的凋亡。其抑制凋亡作用和上调细胞的bcl-2 mRNA表达有关。
第三部分脂肪基质干细胞移植治疗大鼠急性心肌梗死
目的探讨大鼠脂肪基质干细胞(ASCs)移植于大鼠梗死心肌后的增殖分化情况及对心功能的影响。
方法Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠脂肪组织用胶原蛋白酶Ⅰ消化,贴壁法培养获得ASCs,流式细胞术鉴定其表面抗原CD31、CD44、CD45、CD90的表达情况。将SD大鼠左前降支结扎制造急性心肌梗死模型后,在梗死心肌处植入DAPI标记ASCs(实验组)或DMEM培养液(对照组)。移植后1wk及4wk,超声多谱勒检查并计算左室短轴缩短率(FS)、左室射血分数(LVEF)等以评价心功能。并取梗死区心肌组织行冰冻切片,应用免疫组织化学的方法进行移植细胞形态学检查,观察移植ASCs向内皮细胞、心肌细胞的分化情况并进行毛细血管密度测定。RT-PCR、ELISA法测梗死区VEGF的mRNA及蛋白表达情况。
结果培养获得ASCs,表型为CD44+CD90+CD31-CD45-。植入梗死区的ASCs可以分化为血管内皮细胞,实验组梗死心肌处血管密度在移植后1wk及4wk较对照组均明显增高(P <0.01),并且VEGF基因及蛋白水平在移植后1wk及4wk均较对照组明显增高(P <0.01)。移植后4wk,实验组大鼠LVEF及FS较对照组明显提高(P <0.01)。结论ASCs移植可以促进大鼠梗死后心肌血管新生,改善心功能。
PartⅠComparison of mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue and bone marrowbonearrow
Objective To compare adipose stromal cells (ASCs) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and make a foundation for cell therapy basing on ASCs. Methods Human adipose tissue was digested with collagenase typeⅠsolution and ASCs were derived by culture. At the same time, Mononuclear cells were isolated from human bone marrow and MSCs were derived by culture. Cells number was compared before and after culture. Two population of cells surface phenotype (CD13, CD29, CD31, CD34, CD44, CD45, CD49d, CD105, CD106 and HLA-DR) was examined by flow cytometry. These two kinds of cells were added to mixed lymocyte cultrures and PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation cultures with various concentratons. The proliferation of lymphocyte was messured by MTT method, effect of ASCs and MSCs on mixed lymphocyte response and PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation were investigated. At the same time, ASCs were cultured under the induction myocardial cell lysate, the expression of myocardium specific protein and genes after induction were tested by immunofluorescence method or RT-PCR.
Result ASCs were isolated and cultured from human adipose tissue. The cultured ASCs displayed a fibroblast-like morphology and were similar to MSCs. Even the number of nucleated cells isolated from bone marrow was significantly higher than from adipose tissue(P<0.001), No significant differences were observed for yield of adherent stromal cells (P>0.05). Both cells expressed CD13, CD29, CD44, CD105 and both cells were negative for CD31, CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR. Difference in expression were noted for CD49d and CD106. The same number of ASCs and MSCs showed comparatively negative immunomodulatory functions by inhibited the mixed lymphocyte response and induction of transformation (P>0.05). After 2 weeks of culture under the induction of myocardial cell lysate, cells expressed cTnT and desmin as well as the myocardium specific genes cTnT, ANP andαMHC.
Conclusion Like MSCs, ASCs displayed the similar fibroblast-like morphology. Yield of adherent stromal cells per gram of tissue was similar between bone marrow and adipose tissue. ASCs were similar to MSCs in the features of CD markers and immunosuppressive properties. ASCs could be differentiated into myocardial like cells induced by myocardial cell lysate. So human adipose tissue is an abundant and accessible source of adult stem cells. and this may make a foundation for the study of cell therapy basing on ASCs.
PartⅡEffect of cytokines secreted by human adipose stromal cells on endothelial cells
Objective To isolate and culture adipose stromal cells (ASCs), and study the angiogenic or antiapoptotic effect of cytokines secreted by ASCs on endothelial cells.
Methods Human adipose tissue was digested with collagenase typeⅠsolution and ASCs was derived by culture. The cultured cells surface phenotype (CD31, CD44, CD45 and CD105) was examined by flow cytometry. ELISA was used to detect the secretion level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and stromal cell derived factor-1α(SDF-1α) and RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of their mRNA. Ehdothelial cells were isolated from human umbilical vein and cultured. Then the ASCs medium was used to culture human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Endothelial cells counting by hemacytometer to determined the proliferation. Endothelial cells were also incubated with 10ng/ml TNF-αin the presence or absence of ASC-conditioned medium. To assess cell viability, endothelial cells were harvested 24 hours later, stained with annexin V-FITC /propidium iodide (PI) and then subjected to analytic flow cytometry to assess the apoptois of endothelial cells. RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA in the endothelial cells.
Result ASCs was isolated from adipose tissue and derived by culture. Examined by flow cytometry, ASCs expressed CD44 and CD105 while did not expressed CD31 or CD45. Significiant amounts of cytokines were measured in the supernentant by ELISA. The levels of VEGF were (75±16) pg/ml, HGF were (637±157) pg/ml, SDF-1αwere (482±113) pg/ml. The mRNA of VEGF, HGF and SDF-1αwere significantly expressed in ASCs. Endothelial cells were cultured with or without ASCs medium. 3 days later the number of endothelial cells in ASC-conditioned medium (125±19)% was significantly higher than that of controls (97±12)%(P<0.05). After cocultured with TNF-α24 hours, the apoptosis rates of endothelial cells in ASC-conditioned medium (3.1±1.2)% was significantly lower than those of controls (6.9±1.7)%. (P<0.05). Conclusion ASCs can secrete cytokines and have significantly effect on the endothelial cells proliferation and apoptosis.
PartⅢAdipose tissue stromal cells transplantation in rats of acute myocardial infarction
Objective The present study was to investigate the proliferation and differentiation of rat adipose stromal cells (ASCs) when implanted into ischemic myocardium and the improvement of heart function.
Methods Sprague-Dawley rat adipose tissue was digested with collagenase typeⅠsolution and ASCs were derived by culture. The cells surface phenotype (CD31, CD44, CD45 and CD90) was examined by flow cytometry. ASCs labeled with 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, ASCs group) or Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM, control group) was transplanted into the ischemic myocardium, which was produced by ligation of left descending branch of coronary artery. At 1 and 4 weeks after transplantation, specimens were acquired from infracted area and also, echocardiography was done to detect the effects on heart function. Then cell morphology and capillary density were measured, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression levels were assayed by RT- PCR and ELISA.
Result ASCs derived by culture expressed CD44 and CD90 while did not expressed CD31 or CD45. ASCs were alive at 1 and 4 weeks after transplantation and had a trend toward differentiation into vascular endothelial cells. The number of capillary vessels in peri-infarct area in ASCs group increased significantly compared with control group (P <0.01). The levels of VEGF mRNA and protein expression at 1 week increased significantly in ASCs group compared with control group (P < 0.01). Left ventricular function, including ejection fraction, fractional shortening were higher in ASCs group when compared with control group at 4 weeks (P <0.01).
Conclusion ASCs transplantation can accelerate angiogenesis in infarcted area after rat myocardial infarction and improve heart function.
目的比较脂肪来源基质干细胞(ASCs)与骨髓来源的基质干细胞(MSCs)分离效率、表面抗原及免疫原性特点,为ASCs的细胞移植治疗提供实验依据。方法人脂肪组织用胶原蛋白酶Ⅰ消化,对消化后分离的有核细胞贴壁法培养获得ASCs。骨髓组织用密度梯度离心,获得单个核细胞,贴壁法培养获得MSCs,对培养前后的细胞计数并进行比较,流式细胞仪测定两种培养后细胞的CD13、CD29、CD31、CD34、CD44、CD45、CD49d、CD105、CD106、HLA-DR等表面抗原表达。分别以不同数量细胞加入到外周血混合淋巴细胞培养体系和植物血凝素(PHA)刺激的外周血淋巴细胞转化体系中,用MTT还原法测定细胞增殖,分别观察ASCs和MSCs对混合淋巴细胞反应和淋巴细胞转化的影响,比较两种细胞的免疫特性。同时用乳鼠心肌细胞裂解液诱导ASCs分化为类心肌细胞,并对诱导后的细胞运用免疫组化、RT-PCR方法鉴定,以进一步确定ASCs的干细胞身份。
结果从骨髓中刚分离出的有核细胞明显多于来源于脂肪者(P<0.001),但培养后获得的基质干细胞数差别无显著性意义(P>0.05)。两种细胞都表达CD13、CD29、CD44、CD105,均不表达CD31、CD34、CD45、HLA-DR。而在CD49d、CD106的表达上存在差异。相同数量的ASCs和MSCs在混合淋巴细胞反应、淋巴细胞转化实验中对淋巴细胞的抑制作用相当(P>0.05)。诱导培养后的ASCs细胞表达心脏特异性肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)、结蛋白(desmin),同时也表达心脏特异性基因cTnT、ANP、αMHC。
结论ASCs和MSCs在细胞形态上无明显差别,相同重量的脂肪组织和骨髓组织分离获得的干细胞数量相当。两种细胞表面抗原、免疫原性等方面相似。ASCs可以在体外诱导分化成类心肌细胞。因而人体脂肪可以作为一种充足的干细胞来源加以利用。本研究为进一步利用ASCs进行细胞移植治疗疾病的研究奠定了基础。
第二部分脂肪基质干细胞分泌细胞因子及其对内皮细胞的作用
目的分离培养脂肪基质干细胞(ASCs),探讨其分泌的细胞因子及其对内皮细胞增殖及凋亡影响的生物活性作用。
方法人脂肪组织用胶原蛋白酶Ⅰ消化后贴壁法培养获得ASCs,流式细胞术鉴定其表面抗原CD31、CD44、CD45、CD105的表达情况。ELISA法测定ASCs分泌的细胞因子:血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)、肝细胞生长因子(HGF)、基质细胞衍生因子1α(SDF-1α)等,RT-PCR法测定相应mRNA表达。从人脐静脉分离并培养内皮细胞后,加入含ASCs上清液的培养液(实验组)或常规培养液(对照组)继续培养3天后,细胞计数测定内皮细胞的增殖。另有实验组及对照组加入肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)诱导内皮细胞凋亡后,将内皮细胞行PI与annexin V双染色后流式细胞仪测其凋亡率。并半定量RT-PCR法测定并比较两组ASCs中Bcl-2 mRNA表达情况。
结果培养获得ASCs,表型为CD34+CD105+CD31-CD45-,细胞培养上清中测得各细胞因子的含量为:VEGF ,(75±16) pg/ml; HGF ,(637±157) pg/ml;SDF-1α,(482±113) pg/ml。RT-PCR法测得ASCs表达VEGF、HGF、SDF-1α的mRNA。含ASCs上清培养液的实验组内皮细胞数为(134±19)%,显著高于对照组(97±12)%(P<0.05),证明ASCs上清能促进内皮细胞的增殖。TNF-α诱导凋亡24小时后,对照组内皮细胞凋亡率(6.9±1.7)%高于实验组(3.1±1.2)%,(P<0.05)。进一步测定发现,实验组bcl-2的mRNA表达明显上调(P<0.05)。
结论ASCs能分泌VEGF、HGF、SDF-1α等细胞因子,并因此促进内皮细胞的增殖,抑制内皮细胞的凋亡。其抑制凋亡作用和上调细胞的bcl-2 mRNA表达有关。
第三部分脂肪基质干细胞移植治疗大鼠急性心肌梗死
目的探讨大鼠脂肪基质干细胞(ASCs)移植于大鼠梗死心肌后的增殖分化情况及对心功能的影响。
方法Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠脂肪组织用胶原蛋白酶Ⅰ消化,贴壁法培养获得ASCs,流式细胞术鉴定其表面抗原CD31、CD44、CD45、CD90的表达情况。将SD大鼠左前降支结扎制造急性心肌梗死模型后,在梗死心肌处植入DAPI标记ASCs(实验组)或DMEM培养液(对照组)。移植后1wk及4wk,超声多谱勒检查并计算左室短轴缩短率(FS)、左室射血分数(LVEF)等以评价心功能。并取梗死区心肌组织行冰冻切片,应用免疫组织化学的方法进行移植细胞形态学检查,观察移植ASCs向内皮细胞、心肌细胞的分化情况并进行毛细血管密度测定。RT-PCR、ELISA法测梗死区VEGF的mRNA及蛋白表达情况。
结果培养获得ASCs,表型为CD44+CD90+CD31-CD45-。植入梗死区的ASCs可以分化为血管内皮细胞,实验组梗死心肌处血管密度在移植后1wk及4wk较对照组均明显增高(P <0.01),并且VEGF基因及蛋白水平在移植后1wk及4wk均较对照组明显增高(P <0.01)。移植后4wk,实验组大鼠LVEF及FS较对照组明显提高(P <0.01)。结论ASCs移植可以促进大鼠梗死后心肌血管新生,改善心功能。
PartⅠComparison of mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue and bone marrowbonearrow
Objective To compare adipose stromal cells (ASCs) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and make a foundation for cell therapy basing on ASCs. Methods Human adipose tissue was digested with collagenase typeⅠsolution and ASCs were derived by culture. At the same time, Mononuclear cells were isolated from human bone marrow and MSCs were derived by culture. Cells number was compared before and after culture. Two population of cells surface phenotype (CD13, CD29, CD31, CD34, CD44, CD45, CD49d, CD105, CD106 and HLA-DR) was examined by flow cytometry. These two kinds of cells were added to mixed lymocyte cultrures and PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation cultures with various concentratons. The proliferation of lymphocyte was messured by MTT method, effect of ASCs and MSCs on mixed lymphocyte response and PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation were investigated. At the same time, ASCs were cultured under the induction myocardial cell lysate, the expression of myocardium specific protein and genes after induction were tested by immunofluorescence method or RT-PCR.
Result ASCs were isolated and cultured from human adipose tissue. The cultured ASCs displayed a fibroblast-like morphology and were similar to MSCs. Even the number of nucleated cells isolated from bone marrow was significantly higher than from adipose tissue(P<0.001), No significant differences were observed for yield of adherent stromal cells (P>0.05). Both cells expressed CD13, CD29, CD44, CD105 and both cells were negative for CD31, CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR. Difference in expression were noted for CD49d and CD106. The same number of ASCs and MSCs showed comparatively negative immunomodulatory functions by inhibited the mixed lymphocyte response and induction of transformation (P>0.05). After 2 weeks of culture under the induction of myocardial cell lysate, cells expressed cTnT and desmin as well as the myocardium specific genes cTnT, ANP andαMHC.
Conclusion Like MSCs, ASCs displayed the similar fibroblast-like morphology. Yield of adherent stromal cells per gram of tissue was similar between bone marrow and adipose tissue. ASCs were similar to MSCs in the features of CD markers and immunosuppressive properties. ASCs could be differentiated into myocardial like cells induced by myocardial cell lysate. So human adipose tissue is an abundant and accessible source of adult stem cells. and this may make a foundation for the study of cell therapy basing on ASCs.
PartⅡEffect of cytokines secreted by human adipose stromal cells on endothelial cells
Objective To isolate and culture adipose stromal cells (ASCs), and study the angiogenic or antiapoptotic effect of cytokines secreted by ASCs on endothelial cells.
Methods Human adipose tissue was digested with collagenase typeⅠsolution and ASCs was derived by culture. The cultured cells surface phenotype (CD31, CD44, CD45 and CD105) was examined by flow cytometry. ELISA was used to detect the secretion level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and stromal cell derived factor-1α(SDF-1α) and RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of their mRNA. Ehdothelial cells were isolated from human umbilical vein and cultured. Then the ASCs medium was used to culture human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Endothelial cells counting by hemacytometer to determined the proliferation. Endothelial cells were also incubated with 10ng/ml TNF-αin the presence or absence of ASC-conditioned medium. To assess cell viability, endothelial cells were harvested 24 hours later, stained with annexin V-FITC /propidium iodide (PI) and then subjected to analytic flow cytometry to assess the apoptois of endothelial cells. RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA in the endothelial cells.
Result ASCs was isolated from adipose tissue and derived by culture. Examined by flow cytometry, ASCs expressed CD44 and CD105 while did not expressed CD31 or CD45. Significiant amounts of cytokines were measured in the supernentant by ELISA. The levels of VEGF were (75±16) pg/ml, HGF were (637±157) pg/ml, SDF-1αwere (482±113) pg/ml. The mRNA of VEGF, HGF and SDF-1αwere significantly expressed in ASCs. Endothelial cells were cultured with or without ASCs medium. 3 days later the number of endothelial cells in ASC-conditioned medium (125±19)% was significantly higher than that of controls (97±12)%(P<0.05). After cocultured with TNF-α24 hours, the apoptosis rates of endothelial cells in ASC-conditioned medium (3.1±1.2)% was significantly lower than those of controls (6.9±1.7)%. (P<0.05). Conclusion ASCs can secrete cytokines and have significantly effect on the endothelial cells proliferation and apoptosis.
PartⅢAdipose tissue stromal cells transplantation in rats of acute myocardial infarction
Objective The present study was to investigate the proliferation and differentiation of rat adipose stromal cells (ASCs) when implanted into ischemic myocardium and the improvement of heart function.
Methods Sprague-Dawley rat adipose tissue was digested with collagenase typeⅠsolution and ASCs were derived by culture. The cells surface phenotype (CD31, CD44, CD45 and CD90) was examined by flow cytometry. ASCs labeled with 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, ASCs group) or Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM, control group) was transplanted into the ischemic myocardium, which was produced by ligation of left descending branch of coronary artery. At 1 and 4 weeks after transplantation, specimens were acquired from infracted area and also, echocardiography was done to detect the effects on heart function. Then cell morphology and capillary density were measured, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression levels were assayed by RT- PCR and ELISA.
Result ASCs derived by culture expressed CD44 and CD90 while did not expressed CD31 or CD45. ASCs were alive at 1 and 4 weeks after transplantation and had a trend toward differentiation into vascular endothelial cells. The number of capillary vessels in peri-infarct area in ASCs group increased significantly compared with control group (P <0.01). The levels of VEGF mRNA and protein expression at 1 week increased significantly in ASCs group compared with control group (P < 0.01). Left ventricular function, including ejection fraction, fractional shortening were higher in ASCs group when compared with control group at 4 weeks (P <0.01).
Conclusion ASCs transplantation can accelerate angiogenesis in infarcted area after rat myocardial infarction and improve heart function.
引文
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