青少年情绪弹性及其对认知的影响
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摘要
情绪弹性是指个体产生积极情绪以及从消极情绪体验中快速恢复的能力。作为日常生活中普遍存在的一种情绪能力,情绪弹性对个体能否有效地应对负性情绪刺激以提高对环境的适应性具有重要作用。青少年由于生理、心理和社会性发展上的不平衡,会出现各种矛盾和冲突,导致他们在面对负性情绪刺激时更容易产生消极情绪,进而影响到他们对信息的认知加工和对环境的适应。因而研究青少年的情绪弹性就显得特别重要。同时,由于当前国内外关于青少年情绪弹性的理论研究尚处于零星探索阶段,系统的实证研究则处于空白状态,因此,青少年情绪弹性的研究还具有重要的理论价值和实践意义,将对丰富情绪心理学理论提供重要参考,对深入了解情绪与认知之间的关系、探讨情绪能力在情绪信息加工过程中的调节作用提供重要信息,也将为青少年情绪能力的教学训练提供可资借鉴的思路。
本文旨在构建情绪弹性理论框架的基础上,自编《青少年情绪弹性问卷》,并以此为工具,考察青少年情绪弹性的一般现状及其主要影响因素;运用问卷调查、实验室实验和投射测验等多种研究方法揭示情绪弹性对青少年加工负性情绪信息的影响;运用团体干预实验探讨提升青少年情绪弹性的可行性与有效性。围绕上述内容,本文进行了三个方面具体的实证研究。
第一方面的实证研究主要围绕青少年情绪弹性的结构、现状及其影响因素展开调查研究。具体包括:在分析情绪弹性结构的基础上编制了《青少年情绪弹性问卷》;运用自编问卷考察了青少年情绪弹性的性别特点和发展特征以及二者之间的交互作用;运用自编问卷考察了青少年情绪弹性与人格特质、自我效能、心理弹性和负性情绪调节能力之间的关系,并分析了这些心理因素对青少年情绪弹性的预测作用。
第二方面的实证研究主要围绕情绪弹性与负性情绪信息加工之间的关系展开实验研究。具体包括:通过实验室实验考察了负性情绪图片刺激下不同情绪弹性青少年的情绪体验差异,并进一步通过注意偏向实验和记忆偏向实验分析了不同情绪弹性青少年加工负性情绪图片信息时的不同认知特点;通过投射测验考察了负性情绪事件刺激下不同情绪弹性青少年的情绪体验差异,并进一步通过负性情绪事件认知偏向实验分析了不同情绪弹性青少年加工负性情绪事件信息时的不同认知特点。
第三方面的实证研究主要围绕青少年情绪弹性的提升问题进行干预研究。具体是:从与青少年情绪弹性相关的主要心理因素入手,考察了团体干预在提升青少年情绪弹性方面所产生的效果。
通过以上研究,本文获得如下主要结论:
1.自编的《青少年情绪弹性问卷》具有良好的信度和效度,能够作为测评青少年情绪弹性的有效工具。
2.青少年的情绪弹性呈现出男生高于女生、高中生高于初中生的趋势,但不存在性别、年级上的显著性差异,说明青少年情绪弹性是一种相对稳定的心理能力。
3.人格特质、自我效能、心理弹性以及负性情绪调节能力与青少年情绪弹性有着密切的关系,对青少年情绪弹性具有显著的预测效应;负性情绪调节能力的认知调节能力因子是青少年情绪弹性最主要的预测变量。
4.不同情绪弹性青少年在加工负性情绪图片信息方面存在差异。低情绪弹性个体在情绪体验的愉悦度指标上低于高情绪弹性个体,在唤醒度指标上高于高情绪弹性个体;低情绪弹性个体在加工负性情绪图片信息时具有较为明显的注意偏向和记忆偏向。
5.不同情绪弹性青少年在加工负性情绪事件信息方面存在差异。低情绪弹性个体在负性情绪事件的体验强度上高于高情绪弹性个体;对负性情绪事件倾向于从消极方面加以判断。
6.通过团体干预提升青少年的情绪弹性具有可行性和有效性。
The ability to generate positive emotions and recover quickly from negative emotional experiences is known as emotional resilience.As a emotional ability existing in everyday life,emotional resilience plays a important role on which individuals could cope with negative emotional stimulus effectively in order to adapting to present circumstances.Because of the unbalance in adolescent physiological,psychological and social development,adolescence would emerge various contradictions and conflicts,which could lead to arising negative emotions easily when adolescents are in face of the negative emotional stimulius,and these negative emotions could impact on the cognitive processing of information and the adaptation to the circumstances.Therefore,the research on adolescent emotional resilience is particularly important.At the same time,as the theoretical research of adolescent emotional resilience is still in sporadic exploration stage and systematic empirical research is also in the blank at home and abroad,the research on adolescent emotional resilience has important theoretical and practical significance,it will provide important reference value on enriching the theory of emotional psychology;and provide important information on understanding the relationship between emotion and cognition and probing into the regulating function on cognitive processing of emotional information.In addition to,it can provide a effective train of thought on how to train the adolescent emotional ability by teaching.
This research aims at constructing a theoretical framework of emotional resilience;developing a questionnaire of adolescent emotional resilience,reviewing the present situation of adolescent emotional resilience and influencing factors by‘adolescent emotional resilience questionnaire’;revealing the effects of adolescent emotional resilience on cognitive processing of negative emotional information,by means of many methods such as questionnaire investigation,laboratory experiment,projective test,and so on;and discussing the feasibility and effectiveness on how to promote the emotional resilience of adolescents by group intervention.This dissertation undertakes three parts empirical researches revolving round the contents above.
The first part of the empirical research concentrates on the construction,general situation and influence factors of adolescent emotional resilience by investigative research.In this part,the specific contents include:developing a two-dimension questionnaire of adolescent emotional resilience in accordance with the theoretical framework of emotional resilience;investigating the gender difference,devepopmental features and their interaction on adolescent emotional resilience;discussing the relationship between adolescent emotional resilience and personality traits,self-efficacy,psychological resilience and negative emotion regulation ability;and the predicted effects on adolescent emotional resilience.
The second part of the empirical research focuses on the relationship between emotional resilience and cognitive processing of negative emotional information by experimental research. In this part,the specific contents include:studying the difference of emotional experience on adolescents of different emotional resilience under the negative emotional pictures’stimulus in laboratory,and revealing the different cognitive characteristics of adolescents of different emotional resilience on cognitive processing of information of negative emotional pictures by experiments of attentional bias and memory bias;studying the difference of emotional experience on adolescents of different emotional resilience under the negative emotional events’stimulus by using of projective test,and revealing the different cognitive characteristics of adolescents of different emotional resilience on cognitive processing of information of negative emotional events by experiment of cognitive bias.
The third part of the empirical research focuses on the promotion of adolescent emotional resilience by intervention.In this part,the specific content includes:studing the effects on promoting adolescent emotional resilience by group intervention activities, according to the main related psychological factors on emotional resilience.
From the researches above, this dissertation comes to conclusions as follows:
First:The‘adolescent emotional resilience questionnaire’in this study is of good credibility and validity,it can be counted as means of evaluating adolescent emotional resilience.
Second:According to the study,male students have more higher emotional resilience than female students,as well as senior high school students than junior high school students,but there are no substantive differences in gender or grade in accordance with the theory of statistics,showing that adolescent emotional resilience is a relatively stable mental ability.
Third:There are close relationship between adolescent emotional resilience and personality traits,self-efficacy,psychological resilience and negative emotion regulation ability;and all of these psychological factors have significant predicted effects on adolescent emotional resilience.In these psychological factors,cognitive regulation ability is the most important psychological variable predicted effect on adolescent emotional resilience.
Fourth:There are significant differences in adolescents of different emotional resilience on cognitive processing of information of negative emotional pictures.Individuals of low emotional resilience have lower scores on pleasing degree than individuals of high emotional resilience,but have higher scores on arousing degree than individuals of high emotional resilience.Individuals of low emotional resilience show more obvious attentional bias and memory bias than individuals of high emotional resilience on cognitive processing of information of negative emotional pictures.
Fifth:There are significant differences in adolescents of different emotional resilience on cognitive processing of information of negative emotional events.Individuals of low emotional resilience have higher scores on emotional experience degree and have more negative appraisal of negative emotional events than individuals of high emotional resilience.
Sixth:Through group intervention activities,it can promote adolescent emotional resilience feasibly and effectively.
本文旨在构建情绪弹性理论框架的基础上,自编《青少年情绪弹性问卷》,并以此为工具,考察青少年情绪弹性的一般现状及其主要影响因素;运用问卷调查、实验室实验和投射测验等多种研究方法揭示情绪弹性对青少年加工负性情绪信息的影响;运用团体干预实验探讨提升青少年情绪弹性的可行性与有效性。围绕上述内容,本文进行了三个方面具体的实证研究。
第一方面的实证研究主要围绕青少年情绪弹性的结构、现状及其影响因素展开调查研究。具体包括:在分析情绪弹性结构的基础上编制了《青少年情绪弹性问卷》;运用自编问卷考察了青少年情绪弹性的性别特点和发展特征以及二者之间的交互作用;运用自编问卷考察了青少年情绪弹性与人格特质、自我效能、心理弹性和负性情绪调节能力之间的关系,并分析了这些心理因素对青少年情绪弹性的预测作用。
第二方面的实证研究主要围绕情绪弹性与负性情绪信息加工之间的关系展开实验研究。具体包括:通过实验室实验考察了负性情绪图片刺激下不同情绪弹性青少年的情绪体验差异,并进一步通过注意偏向实验和记忆偏向实验分析了不同情绪弹性青少年加工负性情绪图片信息时的不同认知特点;通过投射测验考察了负性情绪事件刺激下不同情绪弹性青少年的情绪体验差异,并进一步通过负性情绪事件认知偏向实验分析了不同情绪弹性青少年加工负性情绪事件信息时的不同认知特点。
第三方面的实证研究主要围绕青少年情绪弹性的提升问题进行干预研究。具体是:从与青少年情绪弹性相关的主要心理因素入手,考察了团体干预在提升青少年情绪弹性方面所产生的效果。
通过以上研究,本文获得如下主要结论:
1.自编的《青少年情绪弹性问卷》具有良好的信度和效度,能够作为测评青少年情绪弹性的有效工具。
2.青少年的情绪弹性呈现出男生高于女生、高中生高于初中生的趋势,但不存在性别、年级上的显著性差异,说明青少年情绪弹性是一种相对稳定的心理能力。
3.人格特质、自我效能、心理弹性以及负性情绪调节能力与青少年情绪弹性有着密切的关系,对青少年情绪弹性具有显著的预测效应;负性情绪调节能力的认知调节能力因子是青少年情绪弹性最主要的预测变量。
4.不同情绪弹性青少年在加工负性情绪图片信息方面存在差异。低情绪弹性个体在情绪体验的愉悦度指标上低于高情绪弹性个体,在唤醒度指标上高于高情绪弹性个体;低情绪弹性个体在加工负性情绪图片信息时具有较为明显的注意偏向和记忆偏向。
5.不同情绪弹性青少年在加工负性情绪事件信息方面存在差异。低情绪弹性个体在负性情绪事件的体验强度上高于高情绪弹性个体;对负性情绪事件倾向于从消极方面加以判断。
6.通过团体干预提升青少年的情绪弹性具有可行性和有效性。
The ability to generate positive emotions and recover quickly from negative emotional experiences is known as emotional resilience.As a emotional ability existing in everyday life,emotional resilience plays a important role on which individuals could cope with negative emotional stimulus effectively in order to adapting to present circumstances.Because of the unbalance in adolescent physiological,psychological and social development,adolescence would emerge various contradictions and conflicts,which could lead to arising negative emotions easily when adolescents are in face of the negative emotional stimulius,and these negative emotions could impact on the cognitive processing of information and the adaptation to the circumstances.Therefore,the research on adolescent emotional resilience is particularly important.At the same time,as the theoretical research of adolescent emotional resilience is still in sporadic exploration stage and systematic empirical research is also in the blank at home and abroad,the research on adolescent emotional resilience has important theoretical and practical significance,it will provide important reference value on enriching the theory of emotional psychology;and provide important information on understanding the relationship between emotion and cognition and probing into the regulating function on cognitive processing of emotional information.In addition to,it can provide a effective train of thought on how to train the adolescent emotional ability by teaching.
This research aims at constructing a theoretical framework of emotional resilience;developing a questionnaire of adolescent emotional resilience,reviewing the present situation of adolescent emotional resilience and influencing factors by‘adolescent emotional resilience questionnaire’;revealing the effects of adolescent emotional resilience on cognitive processing of negative emotional information,by means of many methods such as questionnaire investigation,laboratory experiment,projective test,and so on;and discussing the feasibility and effectiveness on how to promote the emotional resilience of adolescents by group intervention.This dissertation undertakes three parts empirical researches revolving round the contents above.
The first part of the empirical research concentrates on the construction,general situation and influence factors of adolescent emotional resilience by investigative research.In this part,the specific contents include:developing a two-dimension questionnaire of adolescent emotional resilience in accordance with the theoretical framework of emotional resilience;investigating the gender difference,devepopmental features and their interaction on adolescent emotional resilience;discussing the relationship between adolescent emotional resilience and personality traits,self-efficacy,psychological resilience and negative emotion regulation ability;and the predicted effects on adolescent emotional resilience.
The second part of the empirical research focuses on the relationship between emotional resilience and cognitive processing of negative emotional information by experimental research. In this part,the specific contents include:studying the difference of emotional experience on adolescents of different emotional resilience under the negative emotional pictures’stimulus in laboratory,and revealing the different cognitive characteristics of adolescents of different emotional resilience on cognitive processing of information of negative emotional pictures by experiments of attentional bias and memory bias;studying the difference of emotional experience on adolescents of different emotional resilience under the negative emotional events’stimulus by using of projective test,and revealing the different cognitive characteristics of adolescents of different emotional resilience on cognitive processing of information of negative emotional events by experiment of cognitive bias.
The third part of the empirical research focuses on the promotion of adolescent emotional resilience by intervention.In this part,the specific content includes:studing the effects on promoting adolescent emotional resilience by group intervention activities, according to the main related psychological factors on emotional resilience.
From the researches above, this dissertation comes to conclusions as follows:
First:The‘adolescent emotional resilience questionnaire’in this study is of good credibility and validity,it can be counted as means of evaluating adolescent emotional resilience.
Second:According to the study,male students have more higher emotional resilience than female students,as well as senior high school students than junior high school students,but there are no substantive differences in gender or grade in accordance with the theory of statistics,showing that adolescent emotional resilience is a relatively stable mental ability.
Third:There are close relationship between adolescent emotional resilience and personality traits,self-efficacy,psychological resilience and negative emotion regulation ability;and all of these psychological factors have significant predicted effects on adolescent emotional resilience.In these psychological factors,cognitive regulation ability is the most important psychological variable predicted effect on adolescent emotional resilience.
Fourth:There are significant differences in adolescents of different emotional resilience on cognitive processing of information of negative emotional pictures.Individuals of low emotional resilience have lower scores on pleasing degree than individuals of high emotional resilience,but have higher scores on arousing degree than individuals of high emotional resilience.Individuals of low emotional resilience show more obvious attentional bias and memory bias than individuals of high emotional resilience on cognitive processing of information of negative emotional pictures.
Fifth:There are significant differences in adolescents of different emotional resilience on cognitive processing of information of negative emotional events.Individuals of low emotional resilience have higher scores on emotional experience degree and have more negative appraisal of negative emotional events than individuals of high emotional resilience.
Sixth:Through group intervention activities,it can promote adolescent emotional resilience feasibly and effectively.
引文
【1】本文主要借用席居哲的译法。他通过考察认为,resilience译为“弹性”更为妥当,其重要证据就是颇具影响力的Project Resilience网站的背景是一根弹簧(席居哲,2006;席居哲,桑标,左志宏,2008)。
【2】http://search.eb.com/dictionary?va=resilience&query=resilience。
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