照明电源拓扑及其控制技术研究
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摘要
自上世纪“绿色照明”的概念提出以来，许多国家纷纷响应，我国也在1993年启动了“绿色照明工程”。一个国家现代化水平的高低，可以由其照明的水平以及质量来进行衡量。照明电源决定了照明的质量和水平，开发具有高性能、高可靠性、低成本的照明驱动装置既是“绿色照明”的要求，也是可持续发展的需要。小功率气体放电灯广泛应用于室内照明中，其驱动装置电子镇流器，往往由于工业中对成本的压缩限制，使得其可靠性低、性能差，所以研究高性能、高可靠性且兼具成本优势的电子镇流器是非常必要的。LED本体不断成熟，在未来很有可能代替小功率气体放电灯，成为新一代照明光源，但目前为止还没有成熟的驱动技术，所以研究LED驱动装置也是势在必行的。
本文针对小功率气体放电灯以及大功率LED照明系统，研究了照明电源中拓扑结构及其控制方法，具体研究内容如下：
针对半桥LCSCP谐振电路在气体放电灯电子镇流器中的应用，提出一种全工作范围的数字化控制方案。采用了LCSCP的谐振启动方式，在控制时考虑了系统无源组件的偏差问题，提出了一种自适应的启动方式，提高了启动的可靠性，并降低了系统的成本。在过渡阶段使用了变给定功率闭环的控制方法，使过渡更加平稳，不会产生过大的电流和电压冲击。提出一种基于平均有功功率概念的闭环控制方案，实现了恒功率控制。对于金属卤化物灯中常见的声谐振问题，此处采用低频调制的驱动方式。为验证所提控制方法，制作了应用于投影仪的150W金属卤化物灯电子镇流器。经实验分析系统能够可靠启动，过渡平稳，稳态时功率恒定且无声谐振现象发生，系统整机效率高达93%。
准谐振半桥电路可工作在零电压开通状态，开关损耗较小，其工作频率可高达100kHz以上，较传统半桥电路具有更高的功率密度。本文针对准谐振半桥电路在小功率气体放电灯电子镇流器中的应用，提出了一种数字化控制方案，包括过渡过程的恒流控制，过渡过程结束瞬间的功率过冲抑制方法以及功率闭环控制方法。为验证所提控制方法，制作了70W样机。系统可在过渡过程中实现近似恒流控制，同时其功率过冲较小并能实现可靠的功率闭环控制。
单功率级电子镇流器由于减少了一个功率级，实现了成本的压缩，并增加了装置的可靠性，成为研究的一个热点。本文以单功率级电子镇流器拓扑为研究对象，详细分析了单功率级电子镇流器在小功率气体放电中的应用，总结了其优缺点，在此基础上提出一种基于Buck电路与半桥电路的单功率级拓扑，仿真验证了其可行性。在实验中制作了基于Buck电路与半桥电路的单功率级电子镇流器样机。该样机实现了功率因数校正，并能为后级负载提供稳定输出。
LED发展迅速，大有取代气体放电灯成为新一代照明光源的趋势，但传统的三级LED驱动装置成本较高，可靠性较差。本文在单功率级电子镇流器的研究基础上，对LED驱动中单级AC/DC变换器进行了研究，提出了三种单功率级结构。Boost电路由于电感在主回路中、开关管接地利于驱动等诸多优点广泛应用于功率因数校正电路中。LLC谐振电路由于其软开关特性广泛应用于LED驱动装置中。本文提出一种基于交错并联Boost结构与LLC谐振电路相结合的AC/DC变换器，其母线电压只略高于输入峰值电压，且该结构没有改变LLC的软开关特性，该结构具有低电压应力与软开关特性，提升了单级变换器的效率。为拓宽带载范围，提出一种基于Buck-boost电路与Flyback电路的单级AC/DC变换器。由于应用了Buck-boost电路，其母线电压可控制在450V以内，减小了储能电容的电压应力，由于Flyback变换器的应用，其有更宽的负载变化范围，但其工作在硬开关状态，开关损耗较大。为解决前述变换器开关损耗较大的问题，提出一种基于Sepic电路与Flyback电路的单级AC/DC变换器。由于其工作在准谐振状态，开关管可实现近似的零电压开通，减小了系统的开关损耗。实验中制作了3台所提拓扑的样机，证明了所提拓扑的可行性，并给出了设计过程。
Since the concept of “green lighting” has been raised from last century, manycountries have responsed to it, our country also started “the green lighting project”at1993, quality and technology level of lighting has been a significant mark tomeasure the modern development level of one country. Lighting power decides thequality and level of lighting, to develop lighting driving devices with highperformance, high reliabilty and low cost is not only the reqeust of “green lighting”,but also the needs of sustainable development. LED itself has been constantlydeveloped to be more and more mature, it is very possible to replace low powerhigh intensity discharged lamp in the future to become the new generation oflighting source, however, till now there is no mature driving technology for it yet,rearch on the driving device of LED is also imperative.
This paper mainly focuses on research of topology and control method of lightingpower used for low power high intensity discharged lamp and high power LEDlighting system, specific research contents are shown as follows.
A novel whole range digital control theory for half bridge LCsCp resonant circuitused in high intensity discharged lamp electronic ballast is presented. The LCsCpresonant ignition strategy is adopted, considering the tolerance deviation of thepassive components, an adaptive digital control method for ignition which improvesthe reliability and reduces the cost of the system is proposed. Varying powerreference value close loop control is used in the transition stage during ignition tosteadily increase the lamp power without large current inrush and voltage stress. Asimple close-loop control method based on average active power is presented toassure the reliable constant lamp power without any power over shooting. Low-frequency modulation drive method is adopted to overcome the acoustic resonanceproblem commonly shown in metal halide lamp. A150W metal halide lampelectronic ballast used for projector is built to verify the control method presentedabove, lab experiment tests show that the system can ignite reliably with a smoothtransition stage; steady state constant power can be guaranteed, total efficiency ofthe system above93%is achieved without acoustic resonance.
Though high frequency sinusoidal modulation control method has the merits ofsimple control and low cost, but it can not avoid acoustic resonance. Low frequencysquare wave method can fully conduct power frequency spectrum so that it canavoid the normal presented acoustic resonance phenomenon in metal halide lamp.Switches in quasi-resonant half bridge topology can work in zero-voltage switchingand its working frequency can be higher over100khz, comparing with tradition half bridge topology, quasi-resonant half bridge can have higher power intensity. Basedon the application of quasi-resonant half bridge circuit in low power high intensitydischarged lamp electronic ballast, a digital control method is introduced includingthe constant current control in transition period, transient inrush power restrictionmethod in the end of transition period and also the power close-loop control method.A70W sample is built to verify the cotrol method introduced above, the system canachieve nearly constant current control in transient stage, at the same time withsmall inrush and can achieve constant power close loop control reliably.
Single stage electronic ballast reduces the cost and raises the reliability with oneless power stage, and it becomes one hot key too. Take single stage electronicballast topology as research object, the application of single stage electronic ballastin metal halide lamp is analyzed, its merits and disadvantages are summarized.Based on the result, a single stage topology based on buck and half bridge ispresented, simulation shows its practicality. Taking low power metal halide lamp ascontrol object, an electronic ballast sample is built based on buck and half bridgesingle stage topology in lab, tests proved PFC is achieved and can provide stableoutput to the downstream converter, and also proves the analysis is practical.
LED technology is developing rapidly and shows to trend to take over highintensity discharge lamp as the new generation light power, but traditional threestage LED driver has high cost and low reliability. Based on the research of single-stage electronic ballast, research of single stage AC/DC converter in LED driver isperformed. Boost circuit is widely used in PFC circuit because the advantages likethe inductor is in main power loop and connecting the switch to ground is easy todesign drive circuit. LLC resonant circuit is widely adopted because its softswitching character. AC/DC converter based on interleaving and LLC topology ispresented, bus voltage is only slightly higher than input peak voltage, the softswitching of LLC is not changed, low voltage stress and soft switching of thisstructure raises the efficiency of single stage converter. To raise the load range, asingle stage AC/DC converter based on buck-boost and flyback topology ispresented, due to the adoption of buck-boost structure, bus voltage can be controlledunder450V to reduce the voltage stress of the bulk capacitor, due to the adoption offlyback converter, wider load range can be achieved, but the switch works in thehard-switching state with large switching losses. To solve the large losses issuementioned above, a single stage AC/DC converter is presented based on sepic andflyback, due to the quasi-resonant condition it working in, close to ZVS conditioncan be realized to reduce the switching losses. Three samples are built, tests resultshows the practicality of the topology this paper presented, related design process isgiven.
本文针对小功率气体放电灯以及大功率LED照明系统，研究了照明电源中拓扑结构及其控制方法，具体研究内容如下：
针对半桥LCSCP谐振电路在气体放电灯电子镇流器中的应用，提出一种全工作范围的数字化控制方案。采用了LCSCP的谐振启动方式，在控制时考虑了系统无源组件的偏差问题，提出了一种自适应的启动方式，提高了启动的可靠性，并降低了系统的成本。在过渡阶段使用了变给定功率闭环的控制方法，使过渡更加平稳，不会产生过大的电流和电压冲击。提出一种基于平均有功功率概念的闭环控制方案，实现了恒功率控制。对于金属卤化物灯中常见的声谐振问题，此处采用低频调制的驱动方式。为验证所提控制方法，制作了应用于投影仪的150W金属卤化物灯电子镇流器。经实验分析系统能够可靠启动，过渡平稳，稳态时功率恒定且无声谐振现象发生，系统整机效率高达93%。
准谐振半桥电路可工作在零电压开通状态，开关损耗较小，其工作频率可高达100kHz以上，较传统半桥电路具有更高的功率密度。本文针对准谐振半桥电路在小功率气体放电灯电子镇流器中的应用，提出了一种数字化控制方案，包括过渡过程的恒流控制，过渡过程结束瞬间的功率过冲抑制方法以及功率闭环控制方法。为验证所提控制方法，制作了70W样机。系统可在过渡过程中实现近似恒流控制，同时其功率过冲较小并能实现可靠的功率闭环控制。
单功率级电子镇流器由于减少了一个功率级，实现了成本的压缩，并增加了装置的可靠性，成为研究的一个热点。本文以单功率级电子镇流器拓扑为研究对象，详细分析了单功率级电子镇流器在小功率气体放电中的应用，总结了其优缺点，在此基础上提出一种基于Buck电路与半桥电路的单功率级拓扑，仿真验证了其可行性。在实验中制作了基于Buck电路与半桥电路的单功率级电子镇流器样机。该样机实现了功率因数校正，并能为后级负载提供稳定输出。
LED发展迅速，大有取代气体放电灯成为新一代照明光源的趋势，但传统的三级LED驱动装置成本较高，可靠性较差。本文在单功率级电子镇流器的研究基础上，对LED驱动中单级AC/DC变换器进行了研究，提出了三种单功率级结构。Boost电路由于电感在主回路中、开关管接地利于驱动等诸多优点广泛应用于功率因数校正电路中。LLC谐振电路由于其软开关特性广泛应用于LED驱动装置中。本文提出一种基于交错并联Boost结构与LLC谐振电路相结合的AC/DC变换器，其母线电压只略高于输入峰值电压，且该结构没有改变LLC的软开关特性，该结构具有低电压应力与软开关特性，提升了单级变换器的效率。为拓宽带载范围，提出一种基于Buck-boost电路与Flyback电路的单级AC/DC变换器。由于应用了Buck-boost电路，其母线电压可控制在450V以内，减小了储能电容的电压应力，由于Flyback变换器的应用，其有更宽的负载变化范围，但其工作在硬开关状态，开关损耗较大。为解决前述变换器开关损耗较大的问题，提出一种基于Sepic电路与Flyback电路的单级AC/DC变换器。由于其工作在准谐振状态，开关管可实现近似的零电压开通，减小了系统的开关损耗。实验中制作了3台所提拓扑的样机，证明了所提拓扑的可行性，并给出了设计过程。
Since the concept of “green lighting” has been raised from last century, manycountries have responsed to it, our country also started “the green lighting project”at1993, quality and technology level of lighting has been a significant mark tomeasure the modern development level of one country. Lighting power decides thequality and level of lighting, to develop lighting driving devices with highperformance, high reliabilty and low cost is not only the reqeust of “green lighting”,but also the needs of sustainable development. LED itself has been constantlydeveloped to be more and more mature, it is very possible to replace low powerhigh intensity discharged lamp in the future to become the new generation oflighting source, however, till now there is no mature driving technology for it yet,rearch on the driving device of LED is also imperative.
This paper mainly focuses on research of topology and control method of lightingpower used for low power high intensity discharged lamp and high power LEDlighting system, specific research contents are shown as follows.
A novel whole range digital control theory for half bridge LCsCp resonant circuitused in high intensity discharged lamp electronic ballast is presented. The LCsCpresonant ignition strategy is adopted, considering the tolerance deviation of thepassive components, an adaptive digital control method for ignition which improvesthe reliability and reduces the cost of the system is proposed. Varying powerreference value close loop control is used in the transition stage during ignition tosteadily increase the lamp power without large current inrush and voltage stress. Asimple close-loop control method based on average active power is presented toassure the reliable constant lamp power without any power over shooting. Low-frequency modulation drive method is adopted to overcome the acoustic resonanceproblem commonly shown in metal halide lamp. A150W metal halide lampelectronic ballast used for projector is built to verify the control method presentedabove, lab experiment tests show that the system can ignite reliably with a smoothtransition stage; steady state constant power can be guaranteed, total efficiency ofthe system above93%is achieved without acoustic resonance.
Though high frequency sinusoidal modulation control method has the merits ofsimple control and low cost, but it can not avoid acoustic resonance. Low frequencysquare wave method can fully conduct power frequency spectrum so that it canavoid the normal presented acoustic resonance phenomenon in metal halide lamp.Switches in quasi-resonant half bridge topology can work in zero-voltage switchingand its working frequency can be higher over100khz, comparing with tradition half bridge topology, quasi-resonant half bridge can have higher power intensity. Basedon the application of quasi-resonant half bridge circuit in low power high intensitydischarged lamp electronic ballast, a digital control method is introduced includingthe constant current control in transition period, transient inrush power restrictionmethod in the end of transition period and also the power close-loop control method.A70W sample is built to verify the cotrol method introduced above, the system canachieve nearly constant current control in transient stage, at the same time withsmall inrush and can achieve constant power close loop control reliably.
Single stage electronic ballast reduces the cost and raises the reliability with oneless power stage, and it becomes one hot key too. Take single stage electronicballast topology as research object, the application of single stage electronic ballastin metal halide lamp is analyzed, its merits and disadvantages are summarized.Based on the result, a single stage topology based on buck and half bridge ispresented, simulation shows its practicality. Taking low power metal halide lamp ascontrol object, an electronic ballast sample is built based on buck and half bridgesingle stage topology in lab, tests proved PFC is achieved and can provide stableoutput to the downstream converter, and also proves the analysis is practical.
LED technology is developing rapidly and shows to trend to take over highintensity discharge lamp as the new generation light power, but traditional threestage LED driver has high cost and low reliability. Based on the research of single-stage electronic ballast, research of single stage AC/DC converter in LED driver isperformed. Boost circuit is widely used in PFC circuit because the advantages likethe inductor is in main power loop and connecting the switch to ground is easy todesign drive circuit. LLC resonant circuit is widely adopted because its softswitching character. AC/DC converter based on interleaving and LLC topology ispresented, bus voltage is only slightly higher than input peak voltage, the softswitching of LLC is not changed, low voltage stress and soft switching of thisstructure raises the efficiency of single stage converter. To raise the load range, asingle stage AC/DC converter based on buck-boost and flyback topology ispresented, due to the adoption of buck-boost structure, bus voltage can be controlledunder450V to reduce the voltage stress of the bulk capacitor, due to the adoption offlyback converter, wider load range can be achieved, but the switch works in thehard-switching state with large switching losses. To solve the large losses issuementioned above, a single stage AC/DC converter is presented based on sepic andflyback, due to the quasi-resonant condition it working in, close to ZVS conditioncan be realized to reduce the switching losses. Three samples are built, tests resultshows the practicality of the topology this paper presented, related design process isgiven.
引文
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