充放储一体化电站并联式功率调节系统的控制技术研究
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摘要
随着环境和能源问题的日益严峻，电动汽车和可再生能源发电受到了各国政府的高度重视。电动汽车具有节能环保的优势，可再生能源发电则可实现能源战略的可持续发展，二者的发展推动了电动汽车充电站和储能电站的建设以及各自产业链的发展。充放储一体化电站融合了电动汽车充电站和储能电站的优势，可以完成电池能量的双向调度，具有功能多样化、运营成本优的特点。本文的研究对象为充放储一体化电站内的功率调节系统（PCS），该系统由多个PCS子模块并联组成，采用分层控制结构。根据上位机的管理调度，PCS可工作于多种运行模式。本文针对PCS在几种关键运行工况中的问题进行了探讨，并给出了具体有效的解决方案。
针对并网运行工况，本文首先建立了PCS的数学模型，设计了多模式的充放电控制方案，当电池低于额定电压时，系统可采用恒流模式或恒功率模式进行充放电，当电池电压达到额定电压时则转入恒压充电模式。针对弱电网环境，分析了系统公共耦合点（PCC）处存在较大电压谐波和不平衡情况时，PCS正负序锁相环的工作特性，提出了一种基于T/4延时正序锁相和T/3&T/6延时负序锁相的组合式锁相环系统（CSRF-PLL），该锁相环可以适应不平衡电压并且可以消除特定次谐波的影响。运用瞬时功率理论分析了电压不对称时PCS直流端口的输出特性，给出了一种基于CSRF-PLL的负序电流注入式不平衡控制策略，很好地抑制了弱电网下PCS电池组的电流纹波。
针对孤岛运行工况，建立了PCS孤岛运行的数学模型，为消除输出滤波器引入的谐振峰，对虚拟阻抗法进行了详细的分析，得出了基于电感串联电阻的有源阻尼法最适合三相PCS的结论。探讨了非线性负载条件下的控制策略，给出了采用虚拟电阻加负载电流全前馈的控制策略。建立了系统孤岛运行的离散时间数学模型，分析了一拍滞后情况下控制参数与系统阶数的关系，分析表明离散化逆变器系统在引入滞后一拍控制环节后，系统的可控自由度和被控自由度始终相差一个。为此，本文提出了一种基于增广状态变量的控制策略，在不增加传感器的情况下，通过引入控制器的输出量vr为增广状态变量，实现了系统的极点配置，进而获得了期望的控制特性。
针对功率调节系统并联孤岛运行工况，本文探讨了并联系统的构建形式和系统数据信息的交互方式。分析表明，采用独立直流母线并联方案时，由于各模块储能电池荷电状态存在差异，系统不能采用传统的功率均分方式，为此设计了一种基于荷电状态和模块容量的功率分配策略，充分地利用了并联系统的总容量。接着，分析了各模块储能电池荷电状态存在差异时高频谐波环流产生的原理，并给出了数学推导和相应的抑制方法。最后，在传统集中控制方案的基础上，提出了一种基于dq坐标解耦的功率误差间接控制方案，并详细分析了各参数对系统稳定性和功率分配效果的影响。
分析了主动移相式孤岛检测法的基本原理，建立了三相PCS孤岛状态的数学模型。分析表明，以并网无功电流控制电压频率的孤岛检测算法，可以避免孤岛检测过程中PCC电压的幅值和频率相互耦合，从而保证了孤岛检测的可靠性。提出了一种带频率正反馈的孤岛检测方法（APSPF），该方法实现简单，能很好地适应单级式PCS和两级式PCS的不同并网控制策略。给出了APSPF法的检测盲区，并讨论了其对无功功率控制精度的影响。最后，将APSPF法推广到多台PCS并联运行系统，分类讨论了不同情况下的孤岛检测效果，分析表明APSPF法具有良好的鲁棒性，可以很好地适应多机并联系统。
With the increasingly serious issues on environment and energy, national governmentshave attached great importance to the electric vehicles (EV) and renewable energygeneration (REG). The EVs have the advantages on energy saving and environmentalprotection, while the REG can achieve the sustainable development of the energy strategy,and both have promoted the construction of electric vehicles charging stations and energystorage power stations, as well as the development of their industry chains. Combining theadvantages of electric vehicles charging station and energy storage power station, thecharge-discharge-storge power station (CDSPS), with various functions and low runningcosts, is able to realize bidirectional scheduling of battery energy. This paper presents thestudy on power conditioning system (PCS) in the CDSPS, where the system consists ofmultiple paralleled PCS sub-modules and a hierarchical control structure is introduced.Consequently, according to the management and scheduling of the upper computer, PCScan work in a variety of operating modes. In this paper, issues on several pivotal operatingconditions are discussed and some concrete and effective solutions are provided.
Aiming at the grid-connected operation, a mathematical model of PCS is establishedand a multi-mode control strategy for charging and discharging is designed. The systemworks in constant current mode or constant power mode when the battery voltage is lowerthan the rated voltage, while it changes to the constant voltage mode after the batteryvoltage reached to rated voltage. The operating characteristic of positive and negativesequence phase-locked loop (PLL) of PCS is analyzed under the weak grid conditionwhere the voltages at the point of common coupling (PCC) are distorted and unbalanced.A compound synchronous reference frame PLL (CSRF-PLL) is proposed, whichcomposed of a T/4delay positive sequence (PS) PLL and a T/3&T/6delay negativesequence (NS) PLL. The CSRF-PLL can adapt to the unbalanced voltages and eliminatethe impacts of some specific harmonics. Characteristics of the DC port are analyzed viathe instantaneous power theory when the voltages are unbalanced, and then an unbalancedcontrol strategy based on the CSRF-PLL is designed by injecting a NS current into the PSreference current via a negative-sequence-to-positive-sequence transformation (NS-PST).It can well suppress the battery current ripples under weak grids.
For the island operation mode, a mathematical model of the PCS is established first.To eliminate the resonance peak of the output filter, a detailed analysis of the virtualimpedance method (VIM) is given out in this paper, and it is concluded that the active damping method using resistor in series with inductor is best for the three-phase PCS. Thecontrol strategies are discussed under the nonlinear load conditions, and then a controlstrategy combined with the VIM and load current full feedforward is given out. Thediscrete time mathematical model of PCS is established. The relationship between thedegree-of-freedom (DOF) of controller and the DOF of system is discussed when one-step-delay is considered. It demonstrated that the DOF of system is always one more thanthe DOF of controller in the discrered inverter system. Therefore, a control strategy basedon the augmented state variable (ASV) is proposed. By introducing the output ofcontroller as an ASV, the desired control characteristic is obtained by means of poleassignment without adding any sensors.
Contraposing the parallel-island operation mode, construction form of the parallelsystem and interaction mode of the data information are discussed. Study shows that whenthe independent dc-bus parallel scheme is adopted, the traditional load sharing strategybecomes invalid since the state of charge (SOC) of each battery is different. Therefore, apower allocation strategy (PAS) based on SOC and module capacity is designed, whichcan make full use of the total capacity of the parallel system. Then, the productionmechanism of the high-frequency harmonics circulating current (HFHCC) is analyzedwhen the SOC of each module is different, the mathematical statement and the relevantsuppression method is put up also. Finally, on the basis of the traditional centralizedcontrol scheme, an indirect control scheme with power errors based on the dq coordinatesdecoupling is proposed, and the impact of various parameters on the system stability andPDS is analyzed in detail.
The basic principle of the active phase shift (APS) islanding detection method (IDM)is analyzed and a mathematical model of the three-phase PCS under islanding condition isestablished. Analysis shows that the islanding detection algorithm by using the grid-connected reactive current to control the frequency is more reliable, as it can decouple theeffects betweent the amplitude and frequency of voltage at PCC. An IDM based on activephase shift with positive feedback (APSPF) is proposed, which is simple to implement andcan be well adapted to different grid-connected control strategies for both single-stage anddouble-stage three-phase PCS. The none-detection zone (NDZ) of APSPF is described andits impact on reactive power control accuracy is discussed as well. Finally, we extendedthe APSPF IDM to the multiple PCS parallel system, and discussed the performances ofthe APSPF IDM in several different cases, study shows that the APSPF IDM is welladapted to the parallel system with good robustness.
针对并网运行工况，本文首先建立了PCS的数学模型，设计了多模式的充放电控制方案，当电池低于额定电压时，系统可采用恒流模式或恒功率模式进行充放电，当电池电压达到额定电压时则转入恒压充电模式。针对弱电网环境，分析了系统公共耦合点（PCC）处存在较大电压谐波和不平衡情况时，PCS正负序锁相环的工作特性，提出了一种基于T/4延时正序锁相和T/3&T/6延时负序锁相的组合式锁相环系统（CSRF-PLL），该锁相环可以适应不平衡电压并且可以消除特定次谐波的影响。运用瞬时功率理论分析了电压不对称时PCS直流端口的输出特性，给出了一种基于CSRF-PLL的负序电流注入式不平衡控制策略，很好地抑制了弱电网下PCS电池组的电流纹波。
针对孤岛运行工况，建立了PCS孤岛运行的数学模型，为消除输出滤波器引入的谐振峰，对虚拟阻抗法进行了详细的分析，得出了基于电感串联电阻的有源阻尼法最适合三相PCS的结论。探讨了非线性负载条件下的控制策略，给出了采用虚拟电阻加负载电流全前馈的控制策略。建立了系统孤岛运行的离散时间数学模型，分析了一拍滞后情况下控制参数与系统阶数的关系，分析表明离散化逆变器系统在引入滞后一拍控制环节后，系统的可控自由度和被控自由度始终相差一个。为此，本文提出了一种基于增广状态变量的控制策略，在不增加传感器的情况下，通过引入控制器的输出量vr为增广状态变量，实现了系统的极点配置，进而获得了期望的控制特性。
针对功率调节系统并联孤岛运行工况，本文探讨了并联系统的构建形式和系统数据信息的交互方式。分析表明，采用独立直流母线并联方案时，由于各模块储能电池荷电状态存在差异，系统不能采用传统的功率均分方式，为此设计了一种基于荷电状态和模块容量的功率分配策略，充分地利用了并联系统的总容量。接着，分析了各模块储能电池荷电状态存在差异时高频谐波环流产生的原理，并给出了数学推导和相应的抑制方法。最后，在传统集中控制方案的基础上，提出了一种基于dq坐标解耦的功率误差间接控制方案，并详细分析了各参数对系统稳定性和功率分配效果的影响。
分析了主动移相式孤岛检测法的基本原理，建立了三相PCS孤岛状态的数学模型。分析表明，以并网无功电流控制电压频率的孤岛检测算法，可以避免孤岛检测过程中PCC电压的幅值和频率相互耦合，从而保证了孤岛检测的可靠性。提出了一种带频率正反馈的孤岛检测方法（APSPF），该方法实现简单，能很好地适应单级式PCS和两级式PCS的不同并网控制策略。给出了APSPF法的检测盲区，并讨论了其对无功功率控制精度的影响。最后，将APSPF法推广到多台PCS并联运行系统，分类讨论了不同情况下的孤岛检测效果，分析表明APSPF法具有良好的鲁棒性，可以很好地适应多机并联系统。
With the increasingly serious issues on environment and energy, national governmentshave attached great importance to the electric vehicles (EV) and renewable energygeneration (REG). The EVs have the advantages on energy saving and environmentalprotection, while the REG can achieve the sustainable development of the energy strategy,and both have promoted the construction of electric vehicles charging stations and energystorage power stations, as well as the development of their industry chains. Combining theadvantages of electric vehicles charging station and energy storage power station, thecharge-discharge-storge power station (CDSPS), with various functions and low runningcosts, is able to realize bidirectional scheduling of battery energy. This paper presents thestudy on power conditioning system (PCS) in the CDSPS, where the system consists ofmultiple paralleled PCS sub-modules and a hierarchical control structure is introduced.Consequently, according to the management and scheduling of the upper computer, PCScan work in a variety of operating modes. In this paper, issues on several pivotal operatingconditions are discussed and some concrete and effective solutions are provided.
Aiming at the grid-connected operation, a mathematical model of PCS is establishedand a multi-mode control strategy for charging and discharging is designed. The systemworks in constant current mode or constant power mode when the battery voltage is lowerthan the rated voltage, while it changes to the constant voltage mode after the batteryvoltage reached to rated voltage. The operating characteristic of positive and negativesequence phase-locked loop (PLL) of PCS is analyzed under the weak grid conditionwhere the voltages at the point of common coupling (PCC) are distorted and unbalanced.A compound synchronous reference frame PLL (CSRF-PLL) is proposed, whichcomposed of a T/4delay positive sequence (PS) PLL and a T/3&T/6delay negativesequence (NS) PLL. The CSRF-PLL can adapt to the unbalanced voltages and eliminatethe impacts of some specific harmonics. Characteristics of the DC port are analyzed viathe instantaneous power theory when the voltages are unbalanced, and then an unbalancedcontrol strategy based on the CSRF-PLL is designed by injecting a NS current into the PSreference current via a negative-sequence-to-positive-sequence transformation (NS-PST).It can well suppress the battery current ripples under weak grids.
For the island operation mode, a mathematical model of the PCS is established first.To eliminate the resonance peak of the output filter, a detailed analysis of the virtualimpedance method (VIM) is given out in this paper, and it is concluded that the active damping method using resistor in series with inductor is best for the three-phase PCS. Thecontrol strategies are discussed under the nonlinear load conditions, and then a controlstrategy combined with the VIM and load current full feedforward is given out. Thediscrete time mathematical model of PCS is established. The relationship between thedegree-of-freedom (DOF) of controller and the DOF of system is discussed when one-step-delay is considered. It demonstrated that the DOF of system is always one more thanthe DOF of controller in the discrered inverter system. Therefore, a control strategy basedon the augmented state variable (ASV) is proposed. By introducing the output ofcontroller as an ASV, the desired control characteristic is obtained by means of poleassignment without adding any sensors.
Contraposing the parallel-island operation mode, construction form of the parallelsystem and interaction mode of the data information are discussed. Study shows that whenthe independent dc-bus parallel scheme is adopted, the traditional load sharing strategybecomes invalid since the state of charge (SOC) of each battery is different. Therefore, apower allocation strategy (PAS) based on SOC and module capacity is designed, whichcan make full use of the total capacity of the parallel system. Then, the productionmechanism of the high-frequency harmonics circulating current (HFHCC) is analyzedwhen the SOC of each module is different, the mathematical statement and the relevantsuppression method is put up also. Finally, on the basis of the traditional centralizedcontrol scheme, an indirect control scheme with power errors based on the dq coordinatesdecoupling is proposed, and the impact of various parameters on the system stability andPDS is analyzed in detail.
The basic principle of the active phase shift (APS) islanding detection method (IDM)is analyzed and a mathematical model of the three-phase PCS under islanding condition isestablished. Analysis shows that the islanding detection algorithm by using the grid-connected reactive current to control the frequency is more reliable, as it can decouple theeffects betweent the amplitude and frequency of voltage at PCC. An IDM based on activephase shift with positive feedback (APSPF) is proposed, which is simple to implement andcan be well adapted to different grid-connected control strategies for both single-stage anddouble-stage three-phase PCS. The none-detection zone (NDZ) of APSPF is described andits impact on reactive power control accuracy is discussed as well. Finally, we extendedthe APSPF IDM to the multiple PCS parallel system, and discussed the performances ofthe APSPF IDM in several different cases, study shows that the APSPF IDM is welladapted to the parallel system with good robustness.
引文
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