Kapton/Al二次表面镜带电粒子辐照损伤效应及机理
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摘要
本文依据空间能谱等效代换的原则,采用空间综合辐照设备对Kapton/Al薄膜二次表面镜进行了空间辐照地面模拟试验。深入研究了低能空间带电粒子(质子和电子)单独及综合作用下对Kapton/Al薄膜光学性能的辐照损伤,借助于AFM、UV/Vis、FTIR-ATR、XPS和MS等分析技术重点分析了辐照损伤的微观机理,在量子化学理论基础上应用模拟软件建立了辐照损伤断键模型,并提出质子辐照作用下辐照损伤的化学反应机制。
研究结果表明,经空间带电粒子辐照后,Kapton/Al的反射性能在可见光及近红外光区发生退化,随着辐照剂量的增加,光谱反射系数不断降低。单独作用后的叠加效果要高于综合辐照的作用效果,Kapton/Al综合辐照作用后其光学性能表现出协同效应。辐照能量一定时,质子辐照Kapton/Al涂层的太阳吸收比变化Δα_s随辐照剂量的变化为线性函数关系,即Δα_s=kΦ;电子辐照Kapton/Al涂层的太阳吸收比变化Δα_s随辐照剂量的变化为幂函数关系,即Δα_s=αΦ~β。
质子单独辐照和综合辐照后样品表面出现明显的颜色变化,电子辐照剂量达到3×10~(15)cm~(-2)后,SEM观测可见明显的充放电花纹。经AFM观测发现,辐照后Kapton/Al表面出现“指状”(质子和综合辐照)或“丘状”(电子辐照)突起,导致样品表面粗糙度增加。
Kapton薄膜在带电粒子辐照后光谱透过率随辐照剂量的增加而降低,在可见光区出现吸收峰,并且末端吸收发生红移。吸光度的增加是由于辐照过程中有新的发色团产生,末端吸收从UV到可见的红移是由于光能隙的逐渐减小引起的。
质子辐照过程中酰亚胺环和醚键等低键能的键发生断键,由电离和激发作用产生的自由基和离子碎片首先以易挥发的小分子形式相结合,进而逃逸出试样表面,导致试样表层氧和氮含量的显著降低以及炭含量的相对增加;而C、O和N原子间通过新键相结合形成酮亚胺(C=C=N–)、异氰基(–N=C=O)和羟胺(C–O–N)等新组分;苯环在质子辐照作用下也可能受到了一定程度的破坏,生成类似石墨结构的碳化产物。
根据饱和径迹模型,对红外谱图中某些特征峰所做的定量分析表明,在质子辐照期间Kapton中的羰基、苯环、酰胺基和芳香醚等官能团都以相似的损伤截面参与了损伤层中的降解过程;随着电子能损值的递增,PI特征官能团的损伤截面基本上呈现出递增的趋势,说明聚合物Kapton的辐照损伤强烈依赖于离子电子能损效应,这一结论也与TRIM计算结果相吻合。
50keV电子主要造成Kapton薄膜表层C–N键的破坏,形成N~+离子碎片,同时伴随部分醚键的断裂。所形成的N~+、O~+和C~+碎片或自由基也会形成易挥发的小分子逸出表面,造成苯环中稳定炭含量的相对增加。70keV电子辐照后,不仅发生上述断键反应,而且断键产生的离子碎片与自由基的体积浓度增大,可增加分子间交联和形成新的分子结构的可能性。随辐照能量的提高,Kapton薄膜表面碳富集趋势增加。
在量子化学基础上,建立了Kapton的5种断键模型。热力学计算表明,5种可能的断键反应模式在热力学意义上都是易于发生的,5种断键反应发生的几率按从大到小顺序排列:C–N(酰亚胺环)> C–C(酰亚胺环)> C–N(与苯环炭相连)〉C–O–C。根据以上计算和原位质谱检测结果,再结合红外光谱和XPS分析,提出Kapton/Al二次表面镜质子辐照微观损伤的化学反应机制。
According to the equivalent substitution principle for space energetically charged particles, the ground simulation tests of space irradiation for Kapton/Al second surface mirrors were conducted by using the space synthesis irradiating facility in the thesis. The monostratum and synthetic irradiation effects of protons and electrons on the optical property of Kapton/Al films were investigated carefully. The damage mechanism was studied by means of ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) absorption spectra, atom force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) of spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Mass spectra. On the basis of quantum chemistry theory, bond breaking models on irradiation damage were built by simulation software. Chemical reaction mechanism on proton irradiation damage was presented.
Experimental results show that, under irradiation of space energetically charged particles, the degradation in reflective property of Kapton/Al mainly occurred in the visible light and near infrared light region, in which the spectral reflectance reduces with increasing fluence. Superposition effects of sigle action are higher than synthetic irradiation effects. The optical property of Kapton/Al shows synergistic effect after the synthetic irradiation. When the irradiation energy is given, the change in solar absorptance under proton irradiation with fluence conforms to linear functional relation:Δα_s=kΦ. Under electron irradiation the change in solar absorptance with fluence conforms to power functional relation:Δα_s=αΦ~β.
The obvious change in ccolour appeared on the surface of samples after sole proton irradiation and synthetic irradiation. The charged and discharged lacework is obvious by the observation of SEM when electronic fluence is up to 3×10~(15) cm~(-2). It was found by AFM that some finger-like bulges (proton irradiation and synthetic irradiation) or hummock-like bulges (electron irradiation) appeared on the surface of Kapton/Al, which results the increase of surface roughness.
After irradiation of charged particals, the edge of optical absorption gradually shifts from UV to the visible region and a strong increase in absorbance in the visible region was observed with increasing fluence. The increase of the absorbance in the visible region is attributed to the formation of new chromophores and auxochromes.The red shifting of the end absorption edge is related to the gradually reducing of the optical energy gap.
Due to the bond breaking of imide and ether during the irradiation, free radicals and ion fragments from ionization and excitation combined to volatilizable micromolecles that escaped from the material, which resulted in the decrease of N and O and a surplus of carbon atoms. Some new components formed such as isocyano (–N= C=O), ketimine (C=C=N–) and hydroxylamine (C–O–N). Benzene ring may be destroyed to some extent and change to carbonizing products similar to graphite structure.
Acording to saturated track modle, some bands which represent typical function group were selected to analyze quantitatively. The results indicate that all function groups in Kapton participate in the degradation process with similar damage cross-section during the irradiation. The damage cross-section increased with the increase of electronic energy loss, indicating that irradiation damage strongly depends on electronic energy loss, this conclusion is coincident with TRIM calculation.
The electrons with the energy of 50 keV mainly destroyed the C–N bonds in the skin of Kapton, forming N~+ ion fragment, accompany the break of partly ether linkage. The fragments of N~+, O~+ and C~+ or radicals will combine to volatilizable micromolecles that escaped from the material, which resulted in the relative increase of carbon contents in benzene ring. Under the electron irradiation of 70 keV not only the above debonding reaction will occur, but also the volume conseration of ion fragments and radicals from debonding will increase, which may increase the possibility of crosslinking between molecules and forming new structure. With the increase of irradiation energy, the trend of carbon enrichment in the surface of Kapton film will increase.
On the basis of quantum chemistry theory, five kinds of bond breaking models on irradiation damage were built by simulation software. The thermodynamic calculation indicates that five kinds of possible debonding reaction mode are easy to occur. The probability of debonding is arranged descendingly: C–N (imide ring)> C–C (imide ring)> C–N (joined to the carbon atom of benzene ring) >C–O–C.
研究结果表明,经空间带电粒子辐照后,Kapton/Al的反射性能在可见光及近红外光区发生退化,随着辐照剂量的增加,光谱反射系数不断降低。单独作用后的叠加效果要高于综合辐照的作用效果,Kapton/Al综合辐照作用后其光学性能表现出协同效应。辐照能量一定时,质子辐照Kapton/Al涂层的太阳吸收比变化Δα_s随辐照剂量的变化为线性函数关系,即Δα_s=kΦ;电子辐照Kapton/Al涂层的太阳吸收比变化Δα_s随辐照剂量的变化为幂函数关系,即Δα_s=αΦ~β。
质子单独辐照和综合辐照后样品表面出现明显的颜色变化,电子辐照剂量达到3×10~(15)cm~(-2)后,SEM观测可见明显的充放电花纹。经AFM观测发现,辐照后Kapton/Al表面出现“指状”(质子和综合辐照)或“丘状”(电子辐照)突起,导致样品表面粗糙度增加。
Kapton薄膜在带电粒子辐照后光谱透过率随辐照剂量的增加而降低,在可见光区出现吸收峰,并且末端吸收发生红移。吸光度的增加是由于辐照过程中有新的发色团产生,末端吸收从UV到可见的红移是由于光能隙的逐渐减小引起的。
质子辐照过程中酰亚胺环和醚键等低键能的键发生断键,由电离和激发作用产生的自由基和离子碎片首先以易挥发的小分子形式相结合,进而逃逸出试样表面,导致试样表层氧和氮含量的显著降低以及炭含量的相对增加;而C、O和N原子间通过新键相结合形成酮亚胺(C=C=N–)、异氰基(–N=C=O)和羟胺(C–O–N)等新组分;苯环在质子辐照作用下也可能受到了一定程度的破坏,生成类似石墨结构的碳化产物。
根据饱和径迹模型,对红外谱图中某些特征峰所做的定量分析表明,在质子辐照期间Kapton中的羰基、苯环、酰胺基和芳香醚等官能团都以相似的损伤截面参与了损伤层中的降解过程;随着电子能损值的递增,PI特征官能团的损伤截面基本上呈现出递增的趋势,说明聚合物Kapton的辐照损伤强烈依赖于离子电子能损效应,这一结论也与TRIM计算结果相吻合。
50keV电子主要造成Kapton薄膜表层C–N键的破坏,形成N~+离子碎片,同时伴随部分醚键的断裂。所形成的N~+、O~+和C~+碎片或自由基也会形成易挥发的小分子逸出表面,造成苯环中稳定炭含量的相对增加。70keV电子辐照后,不仅发生上述断键反应,而且断键产生的离子碎片与自由基的体积浓度增大,可增加分子间交联和形成新的分子结构的可能性。随辐照能量的提高,Kapton薄膜表面碳富集趋势增加。
在量子化学基础上,建立了Kapton的5种断键模型。热力学计算表明,5种可能的断键反应模式在热力学意义上都是易于发生的,5种断键反应发生的几率按从大到小顺序排列:C–N(酰亚胺环)> C–C(酰亚胺环)> C–N(与苯环炭相连)〉C–O–C。根据以上计算和原位质谱检测结果,再结合红外光谱和XPS分析,提出Kapton/Al二次表面镜质子辐照微观损伤的化学反应机制。
According to the equivalent substitution principle for space energetically charged particles, the ground simulation tests of space irradiation for Kapton/Al second surface mirrors were conducted by using the space synthesis irradiating facility in the thesis. The monostratum and synthetic irradiation effects of protons and electrons on the optical property of Kapton/Al films were investigated carefully. The damage mechanism was studied by means of ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) absorption spectra, atom force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) of spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Mass spectra. On the basis of quantum chemistry theory, bond breaking models on irradiation damage were built by simulation software. Chemical reaction mechanism on proton irradiation damage was presented.
Experimental results show that, under irradiation of space energetically charged particles, the degradation in reflective property of Kapton/Al mainly occurred in the visible light and near infrared light region, in which the spectral reflectance reduces with increasing fluence. Superposition effects of sigle action are higher than synthetic irradiation effects. The optical property of Kapton/Al shows synergistic effect after the synthetic irradiation. When the irradiation energy is given, the change in solar absorptance under proton irradiation with fluence conforms to linear functional relation:Δα_s=kΦ. Under electron irradiation the change in solar absorptance with fluence conforms to power functional relation:Δα_s=αΦ~β.
The obvious change in ccolour appeared on the surface of samples after sole proton irradiation and synthetic irradiation. The charged and discharged lacework is obvious by the observation of SEM when electronic fluence is up to 3×10~(15) cm~(-2). It was found by AFM that some finger-like bulges (proton irradiation and synthetic irradiation) or hummock-like bulges (electron irradiation) appeared on the surface of Kapton/Al, which results the increase of surface roughness.
After irradiation of charged particals, the edge of optical absorption gradually shifts from UV to the visible region and a strong increase in absorbance in the visible region was observed with increasing fluence. The increase of the absorbance in the visible region is attributed to the formation of new chromophores and auxochromes.The red shifting of the end absorption edge is related to the gradually reducing of the optical energy gap.
Due to the bond breaking of imide and ether during the irradiation, free radicals and ion fragments from ionization and excitation combined to volatilizable micromolecles that escaped from the material, which resulted in the decrease of N and O and a surplus of carbon atoms. Some new components formed such as isocyano (–N= C=O), ketimine (C=C=N–) and hydroxylamine (C–O–N). Benzene ring may be destroyed to some extent and change to carbonizing products similar to graphite structure.
Acording to saturated track modle, some bands which represent typical function group were selected to analyze quantitatively. The results indicate that all function groups in Kapton participate in the degradation process with similar damage cross-section during the irradiation. The damage cross-section increased with the increase of electronic energy loss, indicating that irradiation damage strongly depends on electronic energy loss, this conclusion is coincident with TRIM calculation.
The electrons with the energy of 50 keV mainly destroyed the C–N bonds in the skin of Kapton, forming N~+ ion fragment, accompany the break of partly ether linkage. The fragments of N~+, O~+ and C~+ or radicals will combine to volatilizable micromolecles that escaped from the material, which resulted in the relative increase of carbon contents in benzene ring. Under the electron irradiation of 70 keV not only the above debonding reaction will occur, but also the volume conseration of ion fragments and radicals from debonding will increase, which may increase the possibility of crosslinking between molecules and forming new structure. With the increase of irradiation energy, the trend of carbon enrichment in the surface of Kapton film will increase.
On the basis of quantum chemistry theory, five kinds of bond breaking models on irradiation damage were built by simulation software. The thermodynamic calculation indicates that five kinds of possible debonding reaction mode are easy to occur. The probability of debonding is arranged descendingly: C–N (imide ring)> C–C (imide ring)> C–N (joined to the carbon atom of benzene ring) >C–O–C.
引文
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