数控机床主轴系统性能劣化分析及误差补偿技术研究
|
摘要
数控机床主轴系统作为数控加工装备的关键部件,其性能劣化直接影响产品的加工精度。主轴系统性能劣化和误差补偿研究对提高数控机床加工精度和可靠性具有重要的应用价值。本论文结合国家科技重大专项项目“数控机床故障预警诊断技术及基于功能部件的可重构监测诊断系统”(项目编号2009ZX04014-101-01),研究了主轴系统的动态特性,分析了性能劣化原因,构建了劣化分析和可靠性评估体系,开发了基于特征参数提取的可靠性监测系统,并针对主轴性能劣化产生的动态误差设计了在线检测系统和提出了动态误差软件补偿方法,并通过实验验证了该检测系统和补偿方法的有效性。论文的主要研究内容和相关章节安排如下：
第一章论述了数控机床主轴系统性能劣化及补偿技术研究的重要意义,综述了机械系统性能劣化、主轴系统特性和补偿技术的研究现状,最后给出了本文主要研究内容和总体结构。
第二章分析数控机床主轴系统结构,建立了主轴系统的动力学和仿真模型。通过仿真模型进行模态分析和谐响应分析,分析了主轴系统模态振型和不同激励力作用下的动态响应,为数控机床主轴系统特征参数提取和误差分析提供了理论依据。
第三章分析了数控机床主轴系统性能劣化的原因,提出了一种自回归的数控机床主轴系统性能劣化建模方法,结合可靠性评估方法研究提出了一种数控机床主轴系统可靠性评估方法,在此基础上构建了主轴系统性能劣化可靠性分析体系
第四章分析了可靠性监测系统的需求,设计了数控机床主轴系统性能劣化可靠性分析系统的总体框架,并开发了包含数据采集、状态监测、信号分析与特征参数提取、性能劣化分析、可靠性分析等五个模块的可靠性监测系统,测试验证了该系统的有效性、实时性和稳定性。
第五章分析了主轴系统性能劣化后动态误差产生的原因,设计了动态误差的检测系统,提出了该误差的软件补偿方法,验证了在线检测系统和补偿方法的有效性。
第六章回顾与总结本文的工作,展望了下一步工作。
The spindle system of CNC machine tool, performed as the key component of the NC, the performance of which affects the machining accuracy directly. Researches on the mechanism of the performance deterioration and also the machining accuracy compensation are conducted, which are practically necessary and important.
The research is founded by the Important National Science & Technology Specific Projects(no.2009ZX04014-101-01).In this paper,research on the performance deterioration mechanism of the spindle system is conducted with dynamic characteristics analysis.The reliability evaluation method is proposed based on the characteristic parameter monitoring.The reliability evaluation system is built up based on the state detection.The dynamic compensation is conducted with the analysis of those detected characteristic parameter, which is experimentally validated.
Chapters of this paper are as follows:
In Chapter l,the research status concerning the mechanical system performance deterioration, the spindle system properties and the dynamic compensation technology are introduced. The main contents of this paper are introduced generally.
In chapter 2,the dynamic analysis of the spindle system is conducted using software ANSYS.The modal analysis and harmonic response analysis are conducted using the simulation model, through which, the dynamic characteristics of the spindle system are obtained.
In chapter 3, the performance degradation modeling and the reliability evaluation method are analyzed in detail for the present spindle system.
In chapter 4, the performance degradation monitoring system is developed, which functions through the analysis of those state parameters detected by the reliability evaluation system. The monitoring system is improved by the joint debugging of software and hardware systems.
In chapter 5, the performance deterioration induced errors are compensated. The errors are detected online and compensated through by software. The online detecting system and dynamic compensation system are validated experimentally.
In chapter 6, the research work are reviewed and summarized, the preliminary assumptions for future works are proposed.
第一章论述了数控机床主轴系统性能劣化及补偿技术研究的重要意义,综述了机械系统性能劣化、主轴系统特性和补偿技术的研究现状,最后给出了本文主要研究内容和总体结构。
第二章分析数控机床主轴系统结构,建立了主轴系统的动力学和仿真模型。通过仿真模型进行模态分析和谐响应分析,分析了主轴系统模态振型和不同激励力作用下的动态响应,为数控机床主轴系统特征参数提取和误差分析提供了理论依据。
第三章分析了数控机床主轴系统性能劣化的原因,提出了一种自回归的数控机床主轴系统性能劣化建模方法,结合可靠性评估方法研究提出了一种数控机床主轴系统可靠性评估方法,在此基础上构建了主轴系统性能劣化可靠性分析体系
第四章分析了可靠性监测系统的需求,设计了数控机床主轴系统性能劣化可靠性分析系统的总体框架,并开发了包含数据采集、状态监测、信号分析与特征参数提取、性能劣化分析、可靠性分析等五个模块的可靠性监测系统,测试验证了该系统的有效性、实时性和稳定性。
第五章分析了主轴系统性能劣化后动态误差产生的原因,设计了动态误差的检测系统,提出了该误差的软件补偿方法,验证了在线检测系统和补偿方法的有效性。
第六章回顾与总结本文的工作,展望了下一步工作。
The spindle system of CNC machine tool, performed as the key component of the NC, the performance of which affects the machining accuracy directly. Researches on the mechanism of the performance deterioration and also the machining accuracy compensation are conducted, which are practically necessary and important.
The research is founded by the Important National Science & Technology Specific Projects(no.2009ZX04014-101-01).In this paper,research on the performance deterioration mechanism of the spindle system is conducted with dynamic characteristics analysis.The reliability evaluation method is proposed based on the characteristic parameter monitoring.The reliability evaluation system is built up based on the state detection.The dynamic compensation is conducted with the analysis of those detected characteristic parameter, which is experimentally validated.
Chapters of this paper are as follows:
In Chapter l,the research status concerning the mechanical system performance deterioration, the spindle system properties and the dynamic compensation technology are introduced. The main contents of this paper are introduced generally.
In chapter 2,the dynamic analysis of the spindle system is conducted using software ANSYS.The modal analysis and harmonic response analysis are conducted using the simulation model, through which, the dynamic characteristics of the spindle system are obtained.
In chapter 3, the performance degradation modeling and the reliability evaluation method are analyzed in detail for the present spindle system.
In chapter 4, the performance degradation monitoring system is developed, which functions through the analysis of those state parameters detected by the reliability evaluation system. The monitoring system is improved by the joint debugging of software and hardware systems.
In chapter 5, the performance deterioration induced errors are compensated. The errors are detected online and compensated through by software. The online detecting system and dynamic compensation system are validated experimentally.
In chapter 6, the research work are reviewed and summarized, the preliminary assumptions for future works are proposed.
引文
[1]廖效果,朱启速.数字控制机床.武汉：华中理工大学出版社,1992
[2]金柏冬,周传珍.国产数控机床质量现状简析.质量与可靠性,2009(3)
[3]中经网络数据有限公司.中国机床行业分析报告,WW.CEI.GOV.CN.2010.2
[4]贾亚洲.提高国产数控机床可靠性水平.数控机床市场,2006,5：92-99.
[5]贾亚洲.提高数控机床可靠性加快振兴装备制造业的关键.中国制造业信息化,2006(3),43.
[6]张耀满,王旭东,蔡光起,滕立波.高速机床有限元分析及其动态性能试验.组合机床与自动化加工技术,2004,12：15-17
[7]蔡厚道.数控机床构造.北京：北京理工大学出版社,2007
[8]Crk,Component and system reliability assessment from degradation data.Doctor of Philosophy: The University of Arizona,1998.
[9]Djurdjanovic,Lee,Ni,Watchdog Agent:an infotronics-based prognostics approach for product performance degradation assessment and prediction.Advanced Engineering Informatics,2003, 17:109-125.
[10]Lee Jay, Ni Jun, Dragan Djurdjanovic etc. Intelligent prognostics tools ande-maintenance. Computers in Industry,2006,57:476-489.
[11]Chinnam R.B., On-line reliability estimation for individual components using statistical degradation signal models. Quality and Reliability Engineering International,2002,18: 53-73.
[12]Lu S., Tu Y.C., Lu H., Predictive condition-based maintenance for continuously deteriorating systems. Quality and Reliability Engineering International,2007,23:71-81.
[13]Lu S., Lu H., Kolarik W.J., Multivariate performance reliability prediction inreal-time. Reliability Engineering and System Safety,2001,72:39-45.
[14]邓爱民,陈循,张春华,汪亚顺.基于性能退化数据的可靠性评估,宇航学报,2006,27(3)：546-552.
[15]金光.一种综合性能与寿命数据的Bayes-Bootstrap方法.宇航学报,2007,28(3)：731-734.
[16]徐正国,周东华.基于马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗的实时可靠性预测方法研究,机械强度,2007,29(5)：765-768.
[17]Bollingier.J.Gand Geiger.G.Analysis of the Static and Dynamic Behavior of Lathe Spindles J.Mach.Tool Ues.Res,Vol.3,1994,193-209.
[18]Reddy,VRand sharan.A.M.The finite-Element Modelde Design of Lathe Spindle:The static and Dynamic Analysis.ASMI:Jooural of Vibrations,Acoustics,Stress and Reliability in design,Vol.109.1987.
[19]Sadeghipour,K and Cowlcy A.The Receptance Sensitivity and the Eeffct of Concentrated Mass Inserts on the Mode Balance of Spindle-Bearing System. J.Mach.Tool Des.Vol26,No.4,1988,415-429.
[20]Bert R.Jorgensen,Yung C Shin. Dynamic of Spindle-Bearing systems at High Speeds including Cutting Load Effects Transactions of the ASME journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,1998,120:387-399.
[21]G.D.Hagiu. Dynamic Characteristics of High Speed Angular Contact Ball Bearings. Wear, 1997,211(1):22-29.
[22]AL-Shareef,K.J.H,Brandon,J.A.on the effects of variations in the design parameters on the dynamic Performance of Machine Tool Spindle-bearing Systems.International Journal of Machine Tools&Manufaeture.1990.30(3):431-445.
[23]A M Sharan.Dynamie Behavior of lathe Spindles with Elastic Supports including Damping by Finite Element Analysis.Shoek and Vibration Bulletin.1981 (51):83-97.
[24]W R Wang,C N Chang.DynamiC Analysis and Design of a Machine Tool Spindle-Bearing System.ASME Journal of Vibration and Acoustics.1994.116(7):280-285.
[25]K W Wang,Y C Shi,C H Chen.On the natural frequencies of high-speed spindles with angular contact bearings[C].Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers part C:Mechanical Engineering Science1991.205(3):147-154.
[26]Tony L.Schmitz.Shrink fit tool holder connection stiffness /damping modeling for frequency response Prediction in milling.International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 2006(2):1-13.
[27]Tony L.Schmitz.Tool Point Frequency Response Prediction for High-Speed Machining by RCSA Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering.2001.123.
[28]付华.主轴部件的动态特性及动力修改,江苏工学院,1992
[29]肖曙红.前支承为三联角接触球轴承的主轴组件的性能分析和简化计算.大连理工大学,1994.
[30]杨家华.立铣立柱的实验模态分析.北京工业大学学报.1991.17(4)：48-53.
[31]杨家华.机床主轴部件有限元计算若干问题的研究.北京工业大学学报.1990.16(2)：89-96.
[32]杨家华,黄旭东,费仁元等.主轴组件振动模态的分析闭.北京工业大学学.1993.19(2)：89-95.
[33]韩西,钟厉,廖伯瑜.卧式锉床主轴系统建模的研究.重庆交通学院学报.1997.16(2)：1-8.
[34]邱国富.数控机床进给系统的研究：硕士学位论文.沈阳：东北大学.2006.
[35]王培功.XK717数控铣床进给传动系统的动力学建模及动态优化设计：硕士学位论文.浙江工业大学。2005.
[36]吴南星.高速高精度数控车床结构动力学特性与仿真技术研究：博士学位论文.南京：东南大学.2004.
[37]吴晖.专用机床主轴系统及传动系统数值仿真研究：硕士学位论文.兰州：兰州理工大学.2003.
[38]章青,姜文兰,刘又午,吴建华,范晋伟.加工中心空间综合误差建模技术.天津大学学报,1996(3)：224-228.
[39]范晋伟,李宝忠,李峻勤,张晓龙,王玲玉.加工中心的软件误差补偿技术.制造技术与机床,2002(8)：32-34.
[40]刘丽冰,王广彦,刘又午.复杂机械系统运动误差自动建模技术研究.中国机械工程,2000(6)：642-646.
[41]Patrick D.T. OConnor. Practical Reliability Engineering,fourth Edition.Publisher:John Willey and Sons Ltd,2002.
[42]Barringer P.E.The evolution of reliability. International Maintenance Conference,Florida, December 7-10,2003.
[43]Saleh J.H., Marais K.highlights from the early history of reliability engineering. Reliability Engineering and System Safety,2006,91:249-256.
[44]Patrick Q.C., Standards in reliability and safety engineering. ReliabilityEngineering and System Safety,1998,60:173-177.
[45]Ciappa M., Carbognani F, Fichtner W, Lifetime prediction and design ofreliability tests for high-power devices in automotive applications. IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability 2003,3 (4):191-196.
[46]Raizer V., Theory of reliability in structural design. Applied Mechanics Reviews,2004,57 (1): 1-21.
[47]刘国庆,杨庆东ANSYS工程应用教程(机械篇).北京：中国铁道出版社,2003.
[48]叶先磊,史亚杰ANSYS工程分析软件应用实例.北京：清华大学出版社,2003.
[49]普罗尼科夫A.C.等著.数控机床的精度与可靠性.李昌琪译.北京：机械工业出版社,1987.
[50]Theodor Freiheit,S. Jack Hu. Impact of Machining Parameters on Machine Reliability and System Productivity. Transactions of the ASME,2002,124:296-304.
[51]John Berner. Calculating machine reliability from bearing life. Machine Design,2005,3:55-57.
[52]Jin-Hyeon Lee,Seung-Han Yang. Fault diagnosis and recovery for a CNC machine tool thermal error compensation system. Journal of Manufacturing Systems,2001,19(6):428-434.
[53]Jorgensen,BertR,Shin,YungC.Dynamics of spindle-bearing systems at high speeds including cutting load effects.Joumal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,Transactions of the ASME.1998.120(2):387-394
[54]杨萧,唐恒龄,廖伯瑜.机床动力学(2).机械工业出版社.1983
[55]Jason R.W. Merrick, Refik Soyer, Thomas A. Mazzuchi. A Bayesian semiparametric analysis of the reliability and maintenance of machine tools.Technometrics,2003,45(1):58-69.
[56]M. Savsar. Reliability analysis of a flexible manufacturing cell. Reliability Engineering and System Safety,2000,67:147-152.
[57]Way Kuo. An Annotated Overview of System-Reliability Optimization. IEEE Transactions on Reliabilit,2000,49(2):176-187.
[58]张英芝,申桂香,贾亚洲等.数控车床故障分布规律及可靠性.农业机械学报,2006,37(1)：156-159.
[59]申桂香,王桂萍,贾亚洲等.面向网络的数控装备可靠性分析技术.中国机械工程,2005,16(1)：33-41.
[60]武小悦,沙基昌.柔性制造系统可靠性分析的GOOPN模型.计算机集成制造系统,2000,6(2)： 65-69.
[61]张强,吴耀华,贾亚洲.面向并行工程的数控机床可靠性控制模型.机械工程学报,2001,37(7)：26-29.
[62]Joseph V.R., Yu T., Reliability improvement experiments with degradation data.IEEE Transactions on Reliability,2006,55(1):149-156.
[63]Padgett W.J. and Tomlinson M.A. Inference from accelerated degradation andfailure data based on Gaussian process models. Lifetime Data Analysis,2004,10:191-206.
[64]Bae S.J., Kuo W., Kvam P.H., Degradation models and implied life time distributions. Reliability Engineering and System Safety,2007,92,601-608.
[65]Jayaram J.S.R., Girish T., Reliability prediction through degradation datamodeling using a quasi-likelihood approach. Proc. Ann Reliability &Maintainability Symp.2005,1993-199.
[66]Elsayed E.A., Chen A.C.K., Recent research and current issues in acceleratedtesting. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics 1998,5:4704-4709
[67]Ebrahem M.A.H, Higgins J.J. Non-parametric analysis of a proportional wearoutmodel for accelerated degradation data. Applied Mathematics and Computation,2006,174(1):365-373.
[68]吴军.基于性能参数的数控装备服役可靠性评估方法与应用.华中科技大学博士学位论文,2008.
[69]李良巧.机械可靠性设计与分析.北京：国防工业出版社,1998.
[70]Huang W., Rronaland G.A., A generalized SSI reliability model considering stochastic loading and strength aging degradation. IEEE Trans. On Reliability,2004,53 (1):77-82.
[71]孙权,赵建印,周经伦.复合应力作用下强度退化的应力-强度干涉模型可靠性统计分析.计算力学学报.2007,24(3)：358-361
[72]谢里阳,李翠玲.应力-强度干涉模型在系统失效概率分析中的应用及相关问题.机械强度. 2005,27(4)：492-497.
[73]Fatemi A., and Yang L., Cumulative fatigue damage and life prediction theories:asurvey of the state of the art for homogeneous materials. International Journal ofFatigue,1998,20 (1):9-34.
[74]Rao J.S., Pathak A. and Chawla A., Blade life:a comparison by cumulativedamage theories. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power,2001,123 (4):886-892.
[75]Khen R. and Altus E., Micro-macro relations for fatigue crack growth. Mechanics of Materials, 1995,19 (2-3):89-101.
[76]董聪.现代结构系统可靠性理论及其应用.北京：科学出版社,2001.
[77]安伟光,赵维涛,严心池.不完整结构系统同时考虑强度和刚度的可靠性分析.工程力学.2005,22(4)：58-61.
[78]Lee E.T., Wang J.W., Statistical Methods for Survival Data Analysis.Technometrics,2003,45 (4):372-373 (2)
[79]Marcorin A.J., Abackerli A.J., Field Failure Data:an Alternative Proposal for Reliability Estimation. Quality and Reliability Engineering International,2006,22 (7):851-862.
[80]薛年喜MATLAB在数字信号处理中的应用.北京：清华大学出版社.2003.11.
[81]Daisuke Kono, Atsushi Matsubara, wao Yamaji, Tomoya Fujita. High-precision machining by measurement and compensation of motion error. International Journal of Machine Tools &Manufacture.2008(48):1103-1110.
[82]Zhengchun Dun, Shujie Zhang, Maisheng Hong. Develop-ment of a multi-step measuring method for motion accu-racy of NC machine tools based on cross grid encoder. International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture.2010(50):270-280.
[83]柯明利,梁永回,刘焕牢.数控机床几何误差及其补偿方法研究.装备制造技术,2007(3)：8-10.
[84]余德忠,卢干,三轴数控机床定位误差检测分析及其补偿.机械设计与研究,2010(4)：82-84.
[85]王伟.数控加工中在线检测及误差补偿的关键技术研究：硕士学位论文.兰州：兰州理工大学,2009.
[86]李耀明,沈兴全,王爱玲.数控机床误差补偿的数控指令修正方法研究.陕西科技大学学报,2009(6)：80-84.
[2]金柏冬,周传珍.国产数控机床质量现状简析.质量与可靠性,2009(3)
[3]中经网络数据有限公司.中国机床行业分析报告,WW.CEI.GOV.CN.2010.2
[4]贾亚洲.提高国产数控机床可靠性水平.数控机床市场,2006,5：92-99.
[5]贾亚洲.提高数控机床可靠性加快振兴装备制造业的关键.中国制造业信息化,2006(3),43.
[6]张耀满,王旭东,蔡光起,滕立波.高速机床有限元分析及其动态性能试验.组合机床与自动化加工技术,2004,12：15-17
[7]蔡厚道.数控机床构造.北京：北京理工大学出版社,2007
[8]Crk,Component and system reliability assessment from degradation data.Doctor of Philosophy: The University of Arizona,1998.
[9]Djurdjanovic,Lee,Ni,Watchdog Agent:an infotronics-based prognostics approach for product performance degradation assessment and prediction.Advanced Engineering Informatics,2003, 17:109-125.
[10]Lee Jay, Ni Jun, Dragan Djurdjanovic etc. Intelligent prognostics tools ande-maintenance. Computers in Industry,2006,57:476-489.
[11]Chinnam R.B., On-line reliability estimation for individual components using statistical degradation signal models. Quality and Reliability Engineering International,2002,18: 53-73.
[12]Lu S., Tu Y.C., Lu H., Predictive condition-based maintenance for continuously deteriorating systems. Quality and Reliability Engineering International,2007,23:71-81.
[13]Lu S., Lu H., Kolarik W.J., Multivariate performance reliability prediction inreal-time. Reliability Engineering and System Safety,2001,72:39-45.
[14]邓爱民,陈循,张春华,汪亚顺.基于性能退化数据的可靠性评估,宇航学报,2006,27(3)：546-552.
[15]金光.一种综合性能与寿命数据的Bayes-Bootstrap方法.宇航学报,2007,28(3)：731-734.
[16]徐正国,周东华.基于马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗的实时可靠性预测方法研究,机械强度,2007,29(5)：765-768.
[17]Bollingier.J.Gand Geiger.G.Analysis of the Static and Dynamic Behavior of Lathe Spindles J.Mach.Tool Ues.Res,Vol.3,1994,193-209.
[18]Reddy,VRand sharan.A.M.The finite-Element Modelde Design of Lathe Spindle:The static and Dynamic Analysis.ASMI:Jooural of Vibrations,Acoustics,Stress and Reliability in design,Vol.109.1987.
[19]Sadeghipour,K and Cowlcy A.The Receptance Sensitivity and the Eeffct of Concentrated Mass Inserts on the Mode Balance of Spindle-Bearing System. J.Mach.Tool Des.Vol26,No.4,1988,415-429.
[20]Bert R.Jorgensen,Yung C Shin. Dynamic of Spindle-Bearing systems at High Speeds including Cutting Load Effects Transactions of the ASME journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,1998,120:387-399.
[21]G.D.Hagiu. Dynamic Characteristics of High Speed Angular Contact Ball Bearings. Wear, 1997,211(1):22-29.
[22]AL-Shareef,K.J.H,Brandon,J.A.on the effects of variations in the design parameters on the dynamic Performance of Machine Tool Spindle-bearing Systems.International Journal of Machine Tools&Manufaeture.1990.30(3):431-445.
[23]A M Sharan.Dynamie Behavior of lathe Spindles with Elastic Supports including Damping by Finite Element Analysis.Shoek and Vibration Bulletin.1981 (51):83-97.
[24]W R Wang,C N Chang.DynamiC Analysis and Design of a Machine Tool Spindle-Bearing System.ASME Journal of Vibration and Acoustics.1994.116(7):280-285.
[25]K W Wang,Y C Shi,C H Chen.On the natural frequencies of high-speed spindles with angular contact bearings[C].Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers part C:Mechanical Engineering Science1991.205(3):147-154.
[26]Tony L.Schmitz.Shrink fit tool holder connection stiffness /damping modeling for frequency response Prediction in milling.International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 2006(2):1-13.
[27]Tony L.Schmitz.Tool Point Frequency Response Prediction for High-Speed Machining by RCSA Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering.2001.123.
[28]付华.主轴部件的动态特性及动力修改,江苏工学院,1992
[29]肖曙红.前支承为三联角接触球轴承的主轴组件的性能分析和简化计算.大连理工大学,1994.
[30]杨家华.立铣立柱的实验模态分析.北京工业大学学报.1991.17(4)：48-53.
[31]杨家华.机床主轴部件有限元计算若干问题的研究.北京工业大学学报.1990.16(2)：89-96.
[32]杨家华,黄旭东,费仁元等.主轴组件振动模态的分析闭.北京工业大学学.1993.19(2)：89-95.
[33]韩西,钟厉,廖伯瑜.卧式锉床主轴系统建模的研究.重庆交通学院学报.1997.16(2)：1-8.
[34]邱国富.数控机床进给系统的研究：硕士学位论文.沈阳：东北大学.2006.
[35]王培功.XK717数控铣床进给传动系统的动力学建模及动态优化设计：硕士学位论文.浙江工业大学。2005.
[36]吴南星.高速高精度数控车床结构动力学特性与仿真技术研究：博士学位论文.南京：东南大学.2004.
[37]吴晖.专用机床主轴系统及传动系统数值仿真研究：硕士学位论文.兰州：兰州理工大学.2003.
[38]章青,姜文兰,刘又午,吴建华,范晋伟.加工中心空间综合误差建模技术.天津大学学报,1996(3)：224-228.
[39]范晋伟,李宝忠,李峻勤,张晓龙,王玲玉.加工中心的软件误差补偿技术.制造技术与机床,2002(8)：32-34.
[40]刘丽冰,王广彦,刘又午.复杂机械系统运动误差自动建模技术研究.中国机械工程,2000(6)：642-646.
[41]Patrick D.T. OConnor. Practical Reliability Engineering,fourth Edition.Publisher:John Willey and Sons Ltd,2002.
[42]Barringer P.E.The evolution of reliability. International Maintenance Conference,Florida, December 7-10,2003.
[43]Saleh J.H., Marais K.highlights from the early history of reliability engineering. Reliability Engineering and System Safety,2006,91:249-256.
[44]Patrick Q.C., Standards in reliability and safety engineering. ReliabilityEngineering and System Safety,1998,60:173-177.
[45]Ciappa M., Carbognani F, Fichtner W, Lifetime prediction and design ofreliability tests for high-power devices in automotive applications. IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability 2003,3 (4):191-196.
[46]Raizer V., Theory of reliability in structural design. Applied Mechanics Reviews,2004,57 (1): 1-21.
[47]刘国庆,杨庆东ANSYS工程应用教程(机械篇).北京：中国铁道出版社,2003.
[48]叶先磊,史亚杰ANSYS工程分析软件应用实例.北京：清华大学出版社,2003.
[49]普罗尼科夫A.C.等著.数控机床的精度与可靠性.李昌琪译.北京：机械工业出版社,1987.
[50]Theodor Freiheit,S. Jack Hu. Impact of Machining Parameters on Machine Reliability and System Productivity. Transactions of the ASME,2002,124:296-304.
[51]John Berner. Calculating machine reliability from bearing life. Machine Design,2005,3:55-57.
[52]Jin-Hyeon Lee,Seung-Han Yang. Fault diagnosis and recovery for a CNC machine tool thermal error compensation system. Journal of Manufacturing Systems,2001,19(6):428-434.
[53]Jorgensen,BertR,Shin,YungC.Dynamics of spindle-bearing systems at high speeds including cutting load effects.Joumal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,Transactions of the ASME.1998.120(2):387-394
[54]杨萧,唐恒龄,廖伯瑜.机床动力学(2).机械工业出版社.1983
[55]Jason R.W. Merrick, Refik Soyer, Thomas A. Mazzuchi. A Bayesian semiparametric analysis of the reliability and maintenance of machine tools.Technometrics,2003,45(1):58-69.
[56]M. Savsar. Reliability analysis of a flexible manufacturing cell. Reliability Engineering and System Safety,2000,67:147-152.
[57]Way Kuo. An Annotated Overview of System-Reliability Optimization. IEEE Transactions on Reliabilit,2000,49(2):176-187.
[58]张英芝,申桂香,贾亚洲等.数控车床故障分布规律及可靠性.农业机械学报,2006,37(1)：156-159.
[59]申桂香,王桂萍,贾亚洲等.面向网络的数控装备可靠性分析技术.中国机械工程,2005,16(1)：33-41.
[60]武小悦,沙基昌.柔性制造系统可靠性分析的GOOPN模型.计算机集成制造系统,2000,6(2)： 65-69.
[61]张强,吴耀华,贾亚洲.面向并行工程的数控机床可靠性控制模型.机械工程学报,2001,37(7)：26-29.
[62]Joseph V.R., Yu T., Reliability improvement experiments with degradation data.IEEE Transactions on Reliability,2006,55(1):149-156.
[63]Padgett W.J. and Tomlinson M.A. Inference from accelerated degradation andfailure data based on Gaussian process models. Lifetime Data Analysis,2004,10:191-206.
[64]Bae S.J., Kuo W., Kvam P.H., Degradation models and implied life time distributions. Reliability Engineering and System Safety,2007,92,601-608.
[65]Jayaram J.S.R., Girish T., Reliability prediction through degradation datamodeling using a quasi-likelihood approach. Proc. Ann Reliability &Maintainability Symp.2005,1993-199.
[66]Elsayed E.A., Chen A.C.K., Recent research and current issues in acceleratedtesting. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics 1998,5:4704-4709
[67]Ebrahem M.A.H, Higgins J.J. Non-parametric analysis of a proportional wearoutmodel for accelerated degradation data. Applied Mathematics and Computation,2006,174(1):365-373.
[68]吴军.基于性能参数的数控装备服役可靠性评估方法与应用.华中科技大学博士学位论文,2008.
[69]李良巧.机械可靠性设计与分析.北京：国防工业出版社,1998.
[70]Huang W., Rronaland G.A., A generalized SSI reliability model considering stochastic loading and strength aging degradation. IEEE Trans. On Reliability,2004,53 (1):77-82.
[71]孙权,赵建印,周经伦.复合应力作用下强度退化的应力-强度干涉模型可靠性统计分析.计算力学学报.2007,24(3)：358-361
[72]谢里阳,李翠玲.应力-强度干涉模型在系统失效概率分析中的应用及相关问题.机械强度. 2005,27(4)：492-497.
[73]Fatemi A., and Yang L., Cumulative fatigue damage and life prediction theories:asurvey of the state of the art for homogeneous materials. International Journal ofFatigue,1998,20 (1):9-34.
[74]Rao J.S., Pathak A. and Chawla A., Blade life:a comparison by cumulativedamage theories. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power,2001,123 (4):886-892.
[75]Khen R. and Altus E., Micro-macro relations for fatigue crack growth. Mechanics of Materials, 1995,19 (2-3):89-101.
[76]董聪.现代结构系统可靠性理论及其应用.北京：科学出版社,2001.
[77]安伟光,赵维涛,严心池.不完整结构系统同时考虑强度和刚度的可靠性分析.工程力学.2005,22(4)：58-61.
[78]Lee E.T., Wang J.W., Statistical Methods for Survival Data Analysis.Technometrics,2003,45 (4):372-373 (2)
[79]Marcorin A.J., Abackerli A.J., Field Failure Data:an Alternative Proposal for Reliability Estimation. Quality and Reliability Engineering International,2006,22 (7):851-862.
[80]薛年喜MATLAB在数字信号处理中的应用.北京：清华大学出版社.2003.11.
[81]Daisuke Kono, Atsushi Matsubara, wao Yamaji, Tomoya Fujita. High-precision machining by measurement and compensation of motion error. International Journal of Machine Tools &Manufacture.2008(48):1103-1110.
[82]Zhengchun Dun, Shujie Zhang, Maisheng Hong. Develop-ment of a multi-step measuring method for motion accu-racy of NC machine tools based on cross grid encoder. International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture.2010(50):270-280.
[83]柯明利,梁永回,刘焕牢.数控机床几何误差及其补偿方法研究.装备制造技术,2007(3)：8-10.
[84]余德忠,卢干,三轴数控机床定位误差检测分析及其补偿.机械设计与研究,2010(4)：82-84.
[85]王伟.数控加工中在线检测及误差补偿的关键技术研究：硕士学位论文.兰州：兰州理工大学,2009.
[86]李耀明,沈兴全,王爱玲.数控机床误差补偿的数控指令修正方法研究.陕西科技大学学报,2009(6)：80-84.