基于生态位的河北港口群竞合研究
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摘要
河北省沿海港口经过多年发展，竞争格局已发生了很大变化，各港口货种及规模层次的“同质化”竞争，再加上及各港口腹地的大范围交叉，使各港口之间的竞争日益激烈。如何协调港口群之间的合作，创新合作模式，使港口之间从单纯的竞争走向竞合，是一个值得探讨的课题。论文运用生态位理论，对河北港口群的竞合策略进行了研究。
首先，对企业生态位及港口竞争的国内外研究现状进行深入地分析，提出了可供借鉴的方面，也指出了不足之处。同时，对论文研究所需要的相关的理论进行了概述，包括生态位、企业竞争生态位及生态位指标（生态位态势、生态位宽度、生态位重叠和生态位竞争等）的计算方法。
其次，对我国几大港口群的生态系统进行了分析，并重点分析了河北港口群三大主要港区（秦皇岛港区、唐山港区和黄骅综合港区）的生态系统。在此基础上，运用生态位的相关计算公式，对河北港口群三大主要港区的生态位指标进行了测度，为后续研究奠定了基础。
最后，依据所计算出的河北港口群三大主要港区的生态位指标，提出了生态位提升的策略。希望所提出的河北港口群生态位提升策略对各港区科学地制定发展战略，最终实现港口自身既稳步发展，相互之间又能保持健康的竞争合作的关系有一定的指导意义。
With the rapid development of Hebei Coastal Ports (HCPs) during these years, thecompetition among them is becoming defferent from before. It is different ports’ havesame cargos, scale level and crossing inland resource that makes competition moreintense. How to coordinate the operation, innovate operating mode and change purecompetition into co-operation between the ports, is a subject worth studying deeply.Basing on ecological niche theory, this dissertation puts forward the co-operationbetween HCPs.
First analyze the enterprise niche and the ports’ competition home and abroad, putfordward the aspects for reference and point out the shortcoming. At the same time, thisdissertation summarizes related theories, such as ecological niche, erterprise competitionecological niche and calculation method of niche index, etc.
Secondly, analyzing the main ports clusters’ ecology system, especially the ecologysystem of three most important ports of HCPs, such as Qinhuangdao ports, Tangshanports and Huanghua comprehensive ports. On this basis, using ecological niche relatedcalculation formula, measure three major ports’ niche index of HCPs which laid thefoundation for follow-up study.
Finally put forward the niche promotion strategies on the basis of the calculatedniche index of three major ports of HCPs. All the above achievements are hoped to havecertain guiding significance for every port making development strategies to realize thesteady development of itself and keep a healthy competition and operation relations.
首先，对企业生态位及港口竞争的国内外研究现状进行深入地分析，提出了可供借鉴的方面，也指出了不足之处。同时，对论文研究所需要的相关的理论进行了概述，包括生态位、企业竞争生态位及生态位指标（生态位态势、生态位宽度、生态位重叠和生态位竞争等）的计算方法。
其次，对我国几大港口群的生态系统进行了分析，并重点分析了河北港口群三大主要港区（秦皇岛港区、唐山港区和黄骅综合港区）的生态系统。在此基础上，运用生态位的相关计算公式，对河北港口群三大主要港区的生态位指标进行了测度，为后续研究奠定了基础。
最后，依据所计算出的河北港口群三大主要港区的生态位指标，提出了生态位提升的策略。希望所提出的河北港口群生态位提升策略对各港区科学地制定发展战略，最终实现港口自身既稳步发展，相互之间又能保持健康的竞争合作的关系有一定的指导意义。
With the rapid development of Hebei Coastal Ports (HCPs) during these years, thecompetition among them is becoming defferent from before. It is different ports’ havesame cargos, scale level and crossing inland resource that makes competition moreintense. How to coordinate the operation, innovate operating mode and change purecompetition into co-operation between the ports, is a subject worth studying deeply.Basing on ecological niche theory, this dissertation puts forward the co-operationbetween HCPs.
First analyze the enterprise niche and the ports’ competition home and abroad, putfordward the aspects for reference and point out the shortcoming. At the same time, thisdissertation summarizes related theories, such as ecological niche, erterprise competitionecological niche and calculation method of niche index, etc.
Secondly, analyzing the main ports clusters’ ecology system, especially the ecologysystem of three most important ports of HCPs, such as Qinhuangdao ports, Tangshanports and Huanghua comprehensive ports. On this basis, using ecological niche relatedcalculation formula, measure three major ports’ niche index of HCPs which laid thefoundation for follow-up study.
Finally put forward the niche promotion strategies on the basis of the calculatedniche index of three major ports of HCPs. All the above achievements are hoped to havecertain guiding significance for every port making development strategies to realize thesteady development of itself and keep a healthy competition and operation relations.
引文
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[6] Mathieu Basille. Assessing Habitat Selection Using Multivariate Statistics: Some Refinementsof the Ecological-Niche Factor Analysis[J]. Ecological Modelling.2008(211):233–240.
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[17]闫安,达庆利.企业生态位及其能动性选择研究.东南大学学报(哲学社会科学版)[J].2005,7(1):62-66.
[18]颜爱民.企业生态位评价指标及模型构建研究.科技进步与对策[J].2007,24(7):156-160
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[20]高晶,关涛,王雅林.基于突变理论的企业集团生态位评价研究.软科学[J].2007,21(6):128-132.
[21]董岗.博弈论在港口竞合策略中的应用研究[J].中国水运(学术版).2006,6(7):200-202.
[22]米建华,郑忠良.长三角港口群竞合模式研究[J].区域交通.2007(7):37-40.
[23]赵先谞,朱斌.环渤海港口群经合关系分析[J].经营管理者.2008(13):85-87.
[24]陈晓永,程桂荣.环渤海港口物流竞合态势与区域整合研究[J].石家庄铁道学院学报(社会科学版).2009,3(2):39-43.
[25]孟庆春,李晓晨.环渤海经济区三大港口竞合关系研究[J].现代管理科学.2008(12):78-80.
[26]董岗.基于豪泰林模型的港口竞合博弈分析[J].交通科技与经济.2010(2):122-124.
[27]刘波.省际边界区港口竞争力比较及竞合路径研究—以连云港港与日照港为例[J].资源开发与市场.2010,26(11):989-991.
[28]王任祥.现代港口物流管理[M].上海:同济大学出版社,2007:6.
[29]沈大维.企业生态系统研究：生态位理论与企业竞争策略[D].山西大学硕士学位论文.2006:19.
[30]郭妍,徐向艺.企业生态位研究综述：概念、测度及战略运用[J].产业经济评论.2009(6):105-119.
[31]梁晶.基于生态位的集群企业竞合战略研究[D].武汉理工大学硕士学位论文.2007:11-33.
[32]许芳,李建华.企业生态位原理及模型研究[J].中国软科学.2005(5):130-139.
[33]李勇,郑垂勇.企业生态位与竞争战略[J].当代财经.2007(1):51-56.
[34]李博.生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000:2.
[35]全国沿海港口布局规划.中国港口.2006-9-25.
[36]薛志伟.沿海五大区域港口群布局初定[N].经济日报.2008-7-24.
[37]李峰.河北沿海港口整合模式的研究[D].天津大学硕士学位论文.2007:10.
[38]闫高升.沿海港口群内港口竞争博弈研究[D].武汉理工大学硕士论文.2007:10.
[39]吕东波,杨蔚然等.我国主要集装箱运输港口的竞争力评价研究[J].北方交通大学学报.2002,26(5):102-105.
[40]王忠诚,赵东明.港口物流发展模式综合评价体系构建研究[J].价值工程.2010(12):148-149.
[41]马元君.基于生态位理论的物流企业竞争力评价研究[D].大连理工大学硕士学位论文.2009:33-40.
[42]杨效文,马继盛.生态位有关术语的定义及计算公式评述[J].生态学.1992,11(2):44-49,35.
[43]余世孝,奥罗西L.物种多维生态位宽度测度[J].生态学报.1994,14(1):32-39.
[44]王刚,赵松岭,张鹏云等.关于生态位定义的探讨及生态位重叠计测公式改进的研究[J].生态学报.1984,4(2):119-127.
[45]李军.基于生态位原理的中国高等学校生态竞争研究[D].天津大学博士学位论文.2006:129-130.
[46] Colwell RK, Futuyma D.J.. On the Measurement of Niche Breadth and Overlap[J]. Ecology,1971(52):567-576.
[47]蔡晓明.生态系统生态学[M].北京:科学出版社，2000.
[48]高建华.区域竞争生态位研究[D].河南大学博士学位论文.2007:3-5.
[49]钱言.基于生态位理论的企业间关系优化研究[D].同济大学博士学位论文.2007.
[50]邓蕾.中国集装箱港口企业生产率测度研究[D].重庆大学博士学位论文.2010:9.
[2] Adrian Monaghan. Conceptual Niche Management of Grassroots Innovation for Sustainability:The Case of Body Disposal Practices in the UK[J]. Technological Forecasting&Social Change.2009(76):1026–1043.
[3] Janne Soininen. Expanding the Ecological Niche Approach: Relationships Between Variabilityin Niche Position and Species Richness[J]. Ecological Complexity.2011.
[4] Miguel Angelo Marini. Applying Ecological Niche Modelling to Plan Conservation Actions forthe Red-Spectacled Amazon[J]. Biological Conservation.2010(143):102–112.
[5] Adam Chamberlain. Population Ecology and Niche Seeking in the Development of Gay andLesbian Rights Groups[J]. The Social Science Journal.2009(46):656–670.
[6] Mathieu Basille. Assessing Habitat Selection Using Multivariate Statistics: Some Refinementsof the Ecological-Niche Factor Analysis[J]. Ecological Modelling.2008(211):233–240.
[7] Gertler M S. Tacit Knowledge and the Economic Geography of Contest, or the UndefinableTacitness of Being (there)[J]. Journal of Economic Geography.2003,(1).
[8] Brandenburger AM.Nalebuff J N.Co-opefition[M].New York：Doubleday.1996.
[9] A.J. Roubicek. Does the Choice of Climate Baseline Matter in Ecological Niche Modeling[J].Ecological Modelling.2010(221):2280–2286.
[10] Cle′ment Calenge. A General Framework for the Statistical Exploration of the EcologicalNiche[J]. Journal of Theoretical Biology.2008(252):674–685.
[11] A. Townsend Peterson. Rethinking Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis Applications inEcological Niche Modeling[J]. Ecological Modelling.2008(213):63–72.
[12]王学志,徐卫华,欧阳志云等.生态位因子在大熊猫生境评价中的应用[J].生态学报.2008(2):821-828.
[13]葛振忠,梁嘉骅.企业生态位与现代企业竞争[J].华东经济管理.2004,18(2):113-116.
[14]许芳,李建华.企业生态位原理及模型研究[J].中国软科学.2005(5):130-139.
[15]万伦来.企业生态位及其评价方法研究[J].中国软科学.2004(1):73-78.
[16]林晓.基于生态位理论的企业竞争战略分析.南京林业大学学报(人文社会科学版)[J].2003,3(3):58-61.
[17]闫安,达庆利.企业生态位及其能动性选择研究.东南大学学报(哲学社会科学版)[J].2005,7(1):62-66.
[18]颜爱民.企业生态位评价指标及模型构建研究.科技进步与对策[J].2007,24(7):156-160
[19]贺福明,王占军,陈艾丽.基于生态位理论的房地产企业核心竞争力评价.山西建筑[J].2008,34(16):232-234.
[20]高晶,关涛,王雅林.基于突变理论的企业集团生态位评价研究.软科学[J].2007,21(6):128-132.
[21]董岗.博弈论在港口竞合策略中的应用研究[J].中国水运(学术版).2006,6(7):200-202.
[22]米建华,郑忠良.长三角港口群竞合模式研究[J].区域交通.2007(7):37-40.
[23]赵先谞,朱斌.环渤海港口群经合关系分析[J].经营管理者.2008(13):85-87.
[24]陈晓永,程桂荣.环渤海港口物流竞合态势与区域整合研究[J].石家庄铁道学院学报(社会科学版).2009,3(2):39-43.
[25]孟庆春,李晓晨.环渤海经济区三大港口竞合关系研究[J].现代管理科学.2008(12):78-80.
[26]董岗.基于豪泰林模型的港口竞合博弈分析[J].交通科技与经济.2010(2):122-124.
[27]刘波.省际边界区港口竞争力比较及竞合路径研究—以连云港港与日照港为例[J].资源开发与市场.2010,26(11):989-991.
[28]王任祥.现代港口物流管理[M].上海:同济大学出版社,2007:6.
[29]沈大维.企业生态系统研究：生态位理论与企业竞争策略[D].山西大学硕士学位论文.2006:19.
[30]郭妍,徐向艺.企业生态位研究综述：概念、测度及战略运用[J].产业经济评论.2009(6):105-119.
[31]梁晶.基于生态位的集群企业竞合战略研究[D].武汉理工大学硕士学位论文.2007:11-33.
[32]许芳,李建华.企业生态位原理及模型研究[J].中国软科学.2005(5):130-139.
[33]李勇,郑垂勇.企业生态位与竞争战略[J].当代财经.2007(1):51-56.
[34]李博.生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000:2.
[35]全国沿海港口布局规划.中国港口.2006-9-25.
[36]薛志伟.沿海五大区域港口群布局初定[N].经济日报.2008-7-24.
[37]李峰.河北沿海港口整合模式的研究[D].天津大学硕士学位论文.2007:10.
[38]闫高升.沿海港口群内港口竞争博弈研究[D].武汉理工大学硕士论文.2007:10.
[39]吕东波,杨蔚然等.我国主要集装箱运输港口的竞争力评价研究[J].北方交通大学学报.2002,26(5):102-105.
[40]王忠诚,赵东明.港口物流发展模式综合评价体系构建研究[J].价值工程.2010(12):148-149.
[41]马元君.基于生态位理论的物流企业竞争力评价研究[D].大连理工大学硕士学位论文.2009:33-40.
[42]杨效文,马继盛.生态位有关术语的定义及计算公式评述[J].生态学.1992,11(2):44-49,35.
[43]余世孝,奥罗西L.物种多维生态位宽度测度[J].生态学报.1994,14(1):32-39.
[44]王刚,赵松岭,张鹏云等.关于生态位定义的探讨及生态位重叠计测公式改进的研究[J].生态学报.1984,4(2):119-127.
[45]李军.基于生态位原理的中国高等学校生态竞争研究[D].天津大学博士学位论文.2006:129-130.
[46] Colwell RK, Futuyma D.J.. On the Measurement of Niche Breadth and Overlap[J]. Ecology,1971(52):567-576.
[47]蔡晓明.生态系统生态学[M].北京:科学出版社，2000.
[48]高建华.区域竞争生态位研究[D].河南大学博士学位论文.2007:3-5.
[49]钱言.基于生态位理论的企业间关系优化研究[D].同济大学博士学位论文.2007.
[50]邓蕾.中国集装箱港口企业生产率测度研究[D].重庆大学博士学位论文.2010:9.