中国承接服务外包研究
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摘要
随着经济全球化的深化和信息技术的发展,服务外包、服务贸易以及高端制造和技术研发环节转移成为新一轮世界产业结构转移的主要特征。服务外包已成为全球跨国直接投资的重要引擎之一。服务外包以信息技术、业务和知识流程外包为主要内容,承载了服务业国际转移新一轮热潮,承接国际服务外包有助于提高服务业的国际竞争力,提高综合国力,由此中国迎来了一个难得的发展机遇。大力承接国际服务外包是中国推进产业结构升级,提高国际分工地位,促进服务业快速发展的战略选择。
但与制造业相比,当前我国服务业的发展还相对薄弱,因而如何加大承接推动服务业产业升级,是我国调整产业结构和转变经济增长方式的客观要求,也是解决就业问题、提高国际竞争力的客观要求。怎样抓住这个难得的机遇,扩大服务外包承接规模,推动服务业前进成为我们亟待解决重要问题。
本文从服务外包承接程度、影响因素、比较优势和经济效应四个角度对中国承接服务外包的整体情况进行了系统研究,并根据理论和实证研究结果提出有针对性的政策建议。论文共分七个章节,第一章是引言部分,首先总体概括文章所要研究的问题,分析进行该研究的政治和经济背景与研究意义,并简要概述了文章的内容、写作框架和方法等。第二章首先概述和分析了服务外包概念特点,以及中国承接服务外包基本情况和未来的发展趋势,然后使用投入产出表法度量中国进入二十一世纪以来服务业垂直专门化分工程度和承接国际服务外包程度。第三章考虑传统外包理论对服务外包理论的适用性,研究和整理了外包相关理论文献,并分别回顾了服务外包程度度量、影响因素、比较优势和效应研究的相关文献,为文章的分析奠定理论基础。第四章首先从理论上系统分析了中国承接服务外包的影响因素,在借鉴和改进前人分析方法和分析指标的基础上,运用计量经济学的实证方法,分析中国承接服务外包及影响因素的相关指标数据,并得出分析结论。第五章对中国承接服务外包的比较优势进行了定性比较和定量分析,并阐述了全球化给中国提升服务外包要素禀赋带来的契机以及中国承接服务外包的后发优势。第六章首先从理论层面出发,根据外包的实质、具体流程等方面分析了给承接服务外包中国带来的经济效应。然后主要针对理论分析中的四个主要经济效应,即贸易效应、产业结构效应、就业效应和技术溢出效应,进行了实证检验。第七章为结论部分,作者在文章的研究基础上提出对扩大中国承接国际服务外包规模的建议。第八章给出了本论文的研究结论、研究不足及进一步研究的方向。
As the development of information technology and economic globalization, the most important in feature of global industry international transfer is the development of international service outsourcing, international service trade, advanced manufacturing and R&D transfer.
China has been one of the major undertaking countries as the "world factory" but the international trade frictions are growing with high speed, while environmental degradation and the shortage of raw materials of energy are gradually increasing in the world. China has to adjust her Economic development model. At the same time, as a new form of the international division of labor, the service outsourcing is developing rapidly, and becomes the main form of the international transfer of services. Undertaking service outsourcing can avoid the negative influence; meanwhile, it is also conductive to the enhancement of service enterprises' competitiveness and the optimization of China's industrial structure. Therefore, how to take the chance of the new industry transfer, and enhancing the competitive strength of undertaking service outsourcing while promote service industry development are what China should solve as soon as possible.
This dissertation uses the method of systems analyses, and theoretical and empirical analyses, and empirical and theoretical analyses to make a systematic research on the measurement, influencing factors, comparative advantages and effect of China's undertaking service outsourcing. We divide the dissertation into seven sections. The first chapter introduces the research background, the framework, significance of this article, and sum up the methods and the innovations of our dissertation. Chapter two summarize the definition, characteristics and classification of service outsourcing at first, and then analyses the trends and status of China's undertaking service outsourcing, after that measures the vertical specialization share of three service industry sectors in China and the vertical specialization degree of two service industries in other 26 countries and districts, then analyzes the China's service outsourcing competitiveness through the comparison of the results. Chapter three looking back the relevant literatures on former outsourcing theories, and demonstrates if these theories could be applied to service outsourcing. On the base of improving the previous ideas, chapter four uses the method of empirical and theoretical analyses to research when we undertake service outsourcing, what the main influencing factors are. Chapter five analyzes China's comparative advantages. Chapter six analyzes the economic effects of the service outsourcing, and then makes an empirical analysis on the economic effect of outsourcing. Based on the previous research, chapter seven puts forwards the suggestions of developing undertaking service outsourcing.
但与制造业相比,当前我国服务业的发展还相对薄弱,因而如何加大承接推动服务业产业升级,是我国调整产业结构和转变经济增长方式的客观要求,也是解决就业问题、提高国际竞争力的客观要求。怎样抓住这个难得的机遇,扩大服务外包承接规模,推动服务业前进成为我们亟待解决重要问题。
本文从服务外包承接程度、影响因素、比较优势和经济效应四个角度对中国承接服务外包的整体情况进行了系统研究,并根据理论和实证研究结果提出有针对性的政策建议。论文共分七个章节,第一章是引言部分,首先总体概括文章所要研究的问题,分析进行该研究的政治和经济背景与研究意义,并简要概述了文章的内容、写作框架和方法等。第二章首先概述和分析了服务外包概念特点,以及中国承接服务外包基本情况和未来的发展趋势,然后使用投入产出表法度量中国进入二十一世纪以来服务业垂直专门化分工程度和承接国际服务外包程度。第三章考虑传统外包理论对服务外包理论的适用性,研究和整理了外包相关理论文献,并分别回顾了服务外包程度度量、影响因素、比较优势和效应研究的相关文献,为文章的分析奠定理论基础。第四章首先从理论上系统分析了中国承接服务外包的影响因素,在借鉴和改进前人分析方法和分析指标的基础上,运用计量经济学的实证方法,分析中国承接服务外包及影响因素的相关指标数据,并得出分析结论。第五章对中国承接服务外包的比较优势进行了定性比较和定量分析,并阐述了全球化给中国提升服务外包要素禀赋带来的契机以及中国承接服务外包的后发优势。第六章首先从理论层面出发,根据外包的实质、具体流程等方面分析了给承接服务外包中国带来的经济效应。然后主要针对理论分析中的四个主要经济效应,即贸易效应、产业结构效应、就业效应和技术溢出效应,进行了实证检验。第七章为结论部分,作者在文章的研究基础上提出对扩大中国承接国际服务外包规模的建议。第八章给出了本论文的研究结论、研究不足及进一步研究的方向。
As the development of information technology and economic globalization, the most important in feature of global industry international transfer is the development of international service outsourcing, international service trade, advanced manufacturing and R&D transfer.
China has been one of the major undertaking countries as the "world factory" but the international trade frictions are growing with high speed, while environmental degradation and the shortage of raw materials of energy are gradually increasing in the world. China has to adjust her Economic development model. At the same time, as a new form of the international division of labor, the service outsourcing is developing rapidly, and becomes the main form of the international transfer of services. Undertaking service outsourcing can avoid the negative influence; meanwhile, it is also conductive to the enhancement of service enterprises' competitiveness and the optimization of China's industrial structure. Therefore, how to take the chance of the new industry transfer, and enhancing the competitive strength of undertaking service outsourcing while promote service industry development are what China should solve as soon as possible.
This dissertation uses the method of systems analyses, and theoretical and empirical analyses, and empirical and theoretical analyses to make a systematic research on the measurement, influencing factors, comparative advantages and effect of China's undertaking service outsourcing. We divide the dissertation into seven sections. The first chapter introduces the research background, the framework, significance of this article, and sum up the methods and the innovations of our dissertation. Chapter two summarize the definition, characteristics and classification of service outsourcing at first, and then analyses the trends and status of China's undertaking service outsourcing, after that measures the vertical specialization share of three service industry sectors in China and the vertical specialization degree of two service industries in other 26 countries and districts, then analyzes the China's service outsourcing competitiveness through the comparison of the results. Chapter three looking back the relevant literatures on former outsourcing theories, and demonstrates if these theories could be applied to service outsourcing. On the base of improving the previous ideas, chapter four uses the method of empirical and theoretical analyses to research when we undertake service outsourcing, what the main influencing factors are. Chapter five analyzes China's comparative advantages. Chapter six analyzes the economic effects of the service outsourcing, and then makes an empirical analysis on the economic effect of outsourcing. Based on the previous research, chapter seven puts forwards the suggestions of developing undertaking service outsourcing.
引文
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[1]北京大学中国经济研究中心课题组.中国出口贸易中的垂直专门化与中美贸易.世界经济,2006(5)3-11
[1]北京大学中国经济研究中心课题组.中国出口贸易中的垂直专门化与中美贸易.世界经济,2006(5)3-11
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[1]平新乔.中国出口贸易中的垂直专门化与中美贸易.世界经济,2006(5)：3-11
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[3]分别是信息传输、计算机服务和软件业,交通运输及仓储业和金融保险业。
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[2]袁方.中国承接国际服务外包程度度量与比较分析：[硕士学位论文].济南：山东大学,2008
[1]刘庆林,张诚.中国承接服务业外包的经济环境分析.山东社会科学,2009年第8期：77-81
[1]龚柏华.论中国承接金融服务离岸外包相关法律问题.上海财经大学学报.2007(1)：50-56
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[1]竞争力指数,即TC指数,它表示一国进出口贸易的差额占其进出口贸易总额的比重,常用于测定一国某一产业的国际竞争力。该指标剔除了经济膨胀、通货膨胀等宏观方面波动的影响,即无论进出口的绝对量是多少,它均在±1之间。指数值越接近0表示竞争力越接近于平均水平；指数值越接近于1则竞争力越大,等于1时表示该产业只出口不进口；指数值越接近于-1表示竞争力越薄弱,等于-1表示该产业只进口不出口。
[2]卢锋.当代服务外包的经济学观察：产品内分工的分析视角.世界经济,2007(8)：22-35
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[3] A.L.Kroeber, C.Kluckhohn. Culture:A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. Cambridge. Mass:Harvard University Press,1952
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[2]受教育年限根据受教育程度进行估算,不识字为0年,小学为6年,初中为9年,高中为12年,大专为14年,大学本科为16年,研究生为19年。
[3]卢锋.当代服务外包的经济学观察：产品内分工的分析视角.世界经济,2007(8)：22-35
[1]刘庆林,张诚.中国承接服务业外包的经济环境分析.山东社会科学,2009(8)：77-81
[1](1)检验类型中的c和t表示带有常数项和趋势项,k表示所采用的滞后阶数,当ADF值大于某一显著水平的临界值时,说明序列不平稳；(2)*表示在5%的显著性水平下平稳,无标志则说明在1%的显著 性水平下平稳：(3)样本区间：1987-2007。
[1]刘庆林,张诚.中国承接服务业外包的经济环境分析.山东社会科学,2009(8)：77-81
[1]宋丽丽.信息技术国际服务外包东道国选择影响因素的实证研究.国际贸易问题,2008(4)：65-70
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[2]NASSCOM, "Extending India's Leadership of the Global IT and BPO Industries," http://www.nasscom.org/download/Mckinsey study2005 Executive summary.pdf
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[1]韩晶.印度何以成为服务外包大国.观察与思考,2007(10)：58
[2]沈玉良,沈克华.发展中国服务加工贸易的路径选择.国际贸易,2006(3)：6-12
[3]唐宜红,陈非凡.承接离岸服务外包的国别环境分析——以印度、墨西哥和东欧为例.国际经济合作,2007(4)：18-23
[1]丁勇,朱彤.中国服务贸易竞争力的国际比较研究.财经问题研究,2007(3)：93-97
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[4]李志强,李子慧.当前全球服务外包的发展趋势与对策.国际经济合作,2004(11)：15-18
[1]郑鸿飞,任荣明.离岸服务外包及中国对策.上海管理科学,2005(2)：56-58
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[3]袁蓓红.菲律宾的外包服务市场.国际工程与劳务,2004(9)：10-12
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[5]中国服务外包网,全球外包业务承接国市场掠影.http://chinasourcing.mofcom.gov.cn/content.jsp?newsid=10285
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[2]商务部外资司.千百十工程打造“中国服务”品牌.WTO经济导刊,2006(11)：24
[1] Aron R and Singh J, "IT enabled strategic outsourcing:knowledge intensive firms, information work and the extended organizational", Wharton School Working Paper,2003,pp.28
[2]中国服务外包网,全球外包业务承接国市场掠影.http://chinasourcing.mofcom.gov.cn/content.jsp?newsid=10285
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[1] Bojnec, S., "Trade and revealed comparative advantage measures:regional and Central and East European agricultural trade", Eastern European Economics,2001(39), pp.72
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[1]Gorg Holger and Aoife Hanley, "International outsourcing and Productivity:Evidence from Plant Level Data'", Research Paper,2003,20, University of Nottingham,pp.58
[1]田贞余.谁占有国际外包市场的奶酪.国际市场,2004(11):16-1R
[2]目前,印度大学每年可以向社会输送二百万说英语的毕业生。在印度的呼叫中心,挑选出的佼佼者只需要经过几十个小时的语音中和培训,就可以消除印度口音,使美国客户感觉不出和他对话的是外国人。
[1]赵琼.外包市场—中国企业融入世界市场的新契机.经济师,2005(4)：85-86
[2]金融业务流程外包(金融BPO)指某一金融机构将某项金融服务业务外包给第三方企业.从大类看,金融业务流程外包有银行业务服务、按揭服务、财务服务、信用卡服务、保险服务和资产管理服务等六类。
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[2]India Official website of Outsourcing, http://72.32.93.246/whyindia/whyindia.asp
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[1]赵书华,韩菲..承接多元国际外包服务,构筑中国特色的比较优势和竞争优势.http://www.gjjmxh.com/uploadfiles/200711285555189
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[1]中国的服务贸易数据不含政府服务。
[2]刘庆林,廉凯.服务外包对印度产业结构影响的分析,亚太经济,2006(6)：37-41
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[2]因为年鉴中大多用第一、第二和第三产业的比重表明经济结构的状况,所以在这儿,利用第三产业近似代替服务业。
[1]这里同样也用第三产业近似的代替服务业。
[2]卢锋,刘鎏.我国两部门劳动生产率增长及国际比较(1978—2005)——巴拉萨萨缪尔森效应与人民币实际汇率关系的重新考察.经济学(季刊),2007(2)：357-380
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[3]分别是信息传输、计算机服务和软件业,交通运输及仓储业和金融保险业。
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[1]竞争力指数,即TC指数,它表示一国进出口贸易的差额占其进出口贸易总额的比重,常用于测定一国某一产业的国际竞争力。该指标剔除了经济膨胀、通货膨胀等宏观方面波动的影响,即无论进出口的绝对量是多少,它均在±1之间。指数值越接近0表示竞争力越接近于平均水平；指数值越接近于1则竞争力越大,等于1时表示该产业只出口不进口；指数值越接近于-1表示竞争力越薄弱,等于-1表示该产业只进口不出口。
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[2]受教育年限根据受教育程度进行估算,不识字为0年,小学为6年,初中为9年,高中为12年,大专为14年,大学本科为16年,研究生为19年。
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[1](1)检验类型中的c和t表示带有常数项和趋势项,k表示所采用的滞后阶数,当ADF值大于某一显著水平的临界值时,说明序列不平稳；(2)*表示在5%的显著性水平下平稳,无标志则说明在1%的显著 性水平下平稳：(3)样本区间：1987-2007。
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