青少年亲子沟通心理研究
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摘要
亲子沟通是父母与子女双方主体在亲缘关系的基础上，在共同创造的独特家庭情境中，基于各自的角色定位和不同的态度、需要，运用各种沟通方式传递信息、交流感情的过程。亲子沟通是基于亲子关系基础上的亲子双方的互动过程，也是影响亲子双方的内在作用机制之一。青少年亲子沟通研究既是亲子关系研究的重要课题，也是为改善青少年期亲子沟通的关系，促进青少年心理健康发展的现实需要。目前国内外心理学界对亲子沟通的研究日趋重视并取得了一些成果。但从教育心理学的视角对青少年亲子沟通做实证研究还不多见。本研究在现有研究的基础上，揭示青少年亲子沟通心理结构，并通过编制“青少年亲子沟通心理问卷”作为测量工具，探讨青少年亲子沟通心理的发展特点。同时，结合运用“亲子关系诊断量表”测试的结果，探讨亲子沟通心理与亲子关系的关系。
本研究在理论假设和专家咨询问卷基础上，编制青少年亲子沟通心理预试问卷，根据心理测量学标准剔除部分项目后采用因素分析的方法得出青少年亲子沟通心理结构的实证模型，并编制了正式问卷，通过对1100名青少年学生的测量，结果表明：
(1) 青少年亲子沟通心理结构是一个二维度八因素结构。两个维度是动力维度和能力维度；八个因素分别是：参与倾向性、情感需要、支配需要、轻松感、积极倾听、沟通灵活性、理解和开放的表达。
(2) 自编的“青少年亲子沟通心理问卷”具有可以接受的信度和效度，可以作为测量青少年亲子沟通心理状况的工具。
(3) 青少年亲子沟通心理发展存在性别差异，女生的亲子沟通心理发展水平显著高于男生。
(4) 青少年学生亲子沟通心理发展存在年级差异，发展曲线呈U字形，其中，初
青少年亲子沟通心理研究
一和高三的亲子沟通心理状况最好，初三和高一的亲子沟通心理状况最差。
(5)青少年亲子沟通心理发展存在父母差异，从整体上看，青少年与母亲的沟通
心理水平显著高于与父亲的沟通，但在支配需要和积极倾听两因素上则表现为与父亲的
沟通水平显著高于与母亲的沟通。表明父亲在亲子沟通中的指导者和经验传授者地位。
(6)青少年亲子沟通心理与亲子关系中父母的消极拒绝、积极拒绝、严格支配以
及不一致的态度4个因子表现显著的正相关，青少年亲子沟通心理发展的不同水平在这
4个因子上差异显著。表明青少年越认为父母不具有消极拒绝、积极拒绝、严格支配的
管教态度，越认为父母两方的管教态度是一致的，则他们与父母的沟通情况就越好。
parent-child communication is, on the basis of parents and children's consanguineous relationships, under the created unique family situation, based upon own role orientation and different attitudes , needs, the process which use all kind of communicate ways to convey information and communicating emotions. On the basis of parent-child relationship, parent-child communication is the interaction process of parents and children; and it is a kind of internal affective mechanism, which can affect both parents and children. Psychological research on adolescent parent-child communication is the important branch of parent-child relationship. And it is the realistic need to improve adolescent parent-child relationship, and promote adolescent psychological healthy development. At present, researches on parent-child communication have make some outcomes all around the world. But from the view of educational psychology, there are few experimental researches on parent-child communication. Based on the existing researche
s, this paper explores adolescent parent-child communication structure; through editing the measure tool of adolescent parent-child communication psychological questionnaire, this paper discusses the developmental characters of adolescent parent-child communication psychology. At the same time, through the usage of parent-child communication diagnostic scale, this paper explores the relationship between parent-child communication and parent-child relationship.
On the basis of theoretical hypothesis and expert counseling questionnaire, this paper edits the predictive questionnaire of adolescent parent-child communication psychology. According to psychometrics criteria, this paper removes some of items. Adopting the factor analysis, this paper gets the experimental model of adolescent parent-child communication psychological structure, and edits the formal questionnaire. Through testing to 1100
adolescents, this paper gets the following conclusions:
(1) Adolescent parent-child communication psychological structure is one that includes 2 dimensionalities and 8 factors. The 2 dimensionalities are motivation dimensionality and ability dimensionality; the 8 factors are: participation tendency; emotion need; domination need; sense of relaxation; positive listening; flexible communication; understand and exoteric expression.
(2) The self-edited adolescent parent-child communication psychological questionnaire has acceptable validity and reliability, and it can be used to be the measure tool of testing the psychological situation of adolescent parent-child communication.
(3) The psychological development of adolescent parent-child communication exists gender differences. Females' obviously higher than males'.
(4) The psychological development of adolescent parent-child communication exists grade differences. The developing curve looks like "u". to the psychological situation of parent-child communication, grade 7 and grade 12 develops best, and grade 9 and grade 10 develop worst.
(5) The psychological development of adolescent parent-child communication exists parents' differences. From the whole, the psychological development level of adolescent communication with their mothers is better than with fathers. But to domination need and positive listening factors, the psychological development level of adolescent communication with their fathers is better than with mothers. It indicates that fathers play the role of mentor and experience initiator during the parent-children communication.
(6) Adolescent parent-child communication psychology has the positive correlation with the following 4 factors: parents' negative rejection; positive rejection, strict domination and non-consistence of parent-child relationship. The different levels of psychological development of adolescent parent-child communication have obviously differences on these 4 factors, which indicates that th
本研究在理论假设和专家咨询问卷基础上，编制青少年亲子沟通心理预试问卷，根据心理测量学标准剔除部分项目后采用因素分析的方法得出青少年亲子沟通心理结构的实证模型，并编制了正式问卷，通过对1100名青少年学生的测量，结果表明：
(1) 青少年亲子沟通心理结构是一个二维度八因素结构。两个维度是动力维度和能力维度；八个因素分别是：参与倾向性、情感需要、支配需要、轻松感、积极倾听、沟通灵活性、理解和开放的表达。
(2) 自编的“青少年亲子沟通心理问卷”具有可以接受的信度和效度，可以作为测量青少年亲子沟通心理状况的工具。
(3) 青少年亲子沟通心理发展存在性别差异，女生的亲子沟通心理发展水平显著高于男生。
(4) 青少年学生亲子沟通心理发展存在年级差异，发展曲线呈U字形，其中，初
青少年亲子沟通心理研究
一和高三的亲子沟通心理状况最好，初三和高一的亲子沟通心理状况最差。
(5)青少年亲子沟通心理发展存在父母差异，从整体上看，青少年与母亲的沟通
心理水平显著高于与父亲的沟通，但在支配需要和积极倾听两因素上则表现为与父亲的
沟通水平显著高于与母亲的沟通。表明父亲在亲子沟通中的指导者和经验传授者地位。
(6)青少年亲子沟通心理与亲子关系中父母的消极拒绝、积极拒绝、严格支配以
及不一致的态度4个因子表现显著的正相关，青少年亲子沟通心理发展的不同水平在这
4个因子上差异显著。表明青少年越认为父母不具有消极拒绝、积极拒绝、严格支配的
管教态度，越认为父母两方的管教态度是一致的，则他们与父母的沟通情况就越好。
parent-child communication is, on the basis of parents and children's consanguineous relationships, under the created unique family situation, based upon own role orientation and different attitudes , needs, the process which use all kind of communicate ways to convey information and communicating emotions. On the basis of parent-child relationship, parent-child communication is the interaction process of parents and children; and it is a kind of internal affective mechanism, which can affect both parents and children. Psychological research on adolescent parent-child communication is the important branch of parent-child relationship. And it is the realistic need to improve adolescent parent-child relationship, and promote adolescent psychological healthy development. At present, researches on parent-child communication have make some outcomes all around the world. But from the view of educational psychology, there are few experimental researches on parent-child communication. Based on the existing researche
s, this paper explores adolescent parent-child communication structure; through editing the measure tool of adolescent parent-child communication psychological questionnaire, this paper discusses the developmental characters of adolescent parent-child communication psychology. At the same time, through the usage of parent-child communication diagnostic scale, this paper explores the relationship between parent-child communication and parent-child relationship.
On the basis of theoretical hypothesis and expert counseling questionnaire, this paper edits the predictive questionnaire of adolescent parent-child communication psychology. According to psychometrics criteria, this paper removes some of items. Adopting the factor analysis, this paper gets the experimental model of adolescent parent-child communication psychological structure, and edits the formal questionnaire. Through testing to 1100
adolescents, this paper gets the following conclusions:
(1) Adolescent parent-child communication psychological structure is one that includes 2 dimensionalities and 8 factors. The 2 dimensionalities are motivation dimensionality and ability dimensionality; the 8 factors are: participation tendency; emotion need; domination need; sense of relaxation; positive listening; flexible communication; understand and exoteric expression.
(2) The self-edited adolescent parent-child communication psychological questionnaire has acceptable validity and reliability, and it can be used to be the measure tool of testing the psychological situation of adolescent parent-child communication.
(3) The psychological development of adolescent parent-child communication exists gender differences. Females' obviously higher than males'.
(4) The psychological development of adolescent parent-child communication exists grade differences. The developing curve looks like "u". to the psychological situation of parent-child communication, grade 7 and grade 12 develops best, and grade 9 and grade 10 develop worst.
(5) The psychological development of adolescent parent-child communication exists parents' differences. From the whole, the psychological development level of adolescent communication with their mothers is better than with fathers. But to domination need and positive listening factors, the psychological development level of adolescent communication with their fathers is better than with mothers. It indicates that fathers play the role of mentor and experience initiator during the parent-children communication.
(6) Adolescent parent-child communication psychology has the positive correlation with the following 4 factors: parents' negative rejection; positive rejection, strict domination and non-consistence of parent-child relationship. The different levels of psychological development of adolescent parent-child communication have obviously differences on these 4 factors, which indicates that th
引文
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[1] 朱智贤，心理学大词典，北京：北京师范大学出版社，1989，495页。
[2] 林崇德，发展心理学，北京：人民教育出版社，1995，11，346页。
[3] 林崇德，发展心理学，北京：人民教育出版社，1995，11，347、352页。
[4] 中国大百科全书·心理学卷，北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1991，
[5] 章志光，金盛华，社会心理学，北京：人民教育出版社，1996，4，255-259页。
[6] 朱智贤，心理学大词典，北京：北京师范大学出版社，1989，493页。
[7] Jackson S,Ostra L,Bosma H. Adolescents' perceptions of communication with parents relative to specific aspects of relationships with parents and personal development. Journal of Adolescence, 1998,21.
[8] Collins W E,Newman B M,McKenry E C. Intrapsychic and interpersonal factors related to adolescent psychological well being in stepmother and stepfather families. Journal of Family Psychology, 1995,9.
[9] Grotevant H D,Cooper C R. The role of family communication patterns in adolescent identity and role taking. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Detroit, 1983.
[10] Clark R D,Shields G. Family communication and delinquency. Adolescence, 1997,32(125).
[11] Rueter M,Conger R D. Antecedents of Parent-Adolescent Disagreements. Journal of Marriage & the Family,1995,57.
[12] Grotevant H D,Cooper C R. Patterns of Interaction in Family Relationships and the Development of Identity Exploration in Adolescence. Child Development,1985,56.
[13] Brage D,Meredith W. A causal model of adolescent depression. Journal of Psychology,1994,128.
[14] 方晓义，郑宇，林丹华，家庭诸因素与初中生吸烟行为的关系，心理学报，2001，33(3)。
[15] 辛自强，陈诗芳，俞国良，小学学习不良儿童家庭功能研究，心理发展与教育，1999，15(1)。
[16] Hartos J L,Power T G. Relations Among Single Mothers' Awareness of Their Adolescents' Stressors, Maternal Monitoring,Mother-Adolescent Communication, and Adolescent Adjustment. Journal of Adolescence, 1997,15(5).
[17] Collins W A,Russell G. Mother-child and father-child relationships in middle childhood and adolescence:A developmental analysis. Developmental Review, 1991,11.
[18] Paikoff R L,Brooks-Gunn J. Do parent-child relationships change during puberty? Psychological Bulletin, 1991, 110
[19] Fuligni A J. Parent-child relationships among Asian American and European-American children during the transition to adolescence. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, New Orleans, LA,USA,1993.
[20] Allen J P, Aber J L,Leadbeater B J. Adolescent problem behaviors:The influence of attachment and autonomy. Psychiatric Clinics of North American,1990,13.
[21] Steinberg L. Autonomy, conflict,and harmony in the family relationship. At the threshold:The developing adolescent. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1990.
[22] Gehring T M, Wentzel K P, Feldman S R,Wiersn M. Conflict in families of adolescents:The impact of cohesion and power structures. Journal of Family Psychology,1990,3.
[23] 雷雳，王争艳，刘红云，张雷，初中生的亲子沟通及其与家庭环境系统和社会适应关系的研究[J]，应用心理学，2002，8(1)。
[24] 叶一舵，白丽英，国内外关于亲子关系及其对儿童心理发展影响的研究[J]，福建师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2002，2。
[25] 雷雳，王争艳，李宏利，亲子关系与亲子沟通[J]，教育研究，2001，6。
[26] 心理学名词，全国科学技术名词审定委员会，1999。
[27] Youniss J,Smollar J. Adolescents Relations with Mothers,Fathers,and Friends. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
[28] Noller P, Callan V J. Adolescents' perceptions of the nature of their communication with parents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1990,19.
[29] Tesser A,Forehand R,Long N. Conflict:The role of calm and angry parent-child discussion in adolescent development. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,1989,8.
[30] Barnes H L,Olson D H. Parent-Adolescent Communication and the Cireumplex Model. Child Development, 1985,56.
[31] Vangelisti A L. Older Adolescents' Perceptions of Communication Problems with Their Parents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 1992.
[32] Noller P, Callan V J. The adolescent in the family. London: Routlege,1991.
[33] Noller P, Bagi S. Parent-Adolescent Communication. Journal of Adolescence,1985,8.
[34] Shek D T. Differences between fathers and mothers in the treatment of, and relationship with their teenage children:Perceptions of Chinese adolescents. Adolescence, 2000, 35 (137).
[35] Masslam V J. Adolescents' perceptions of the nature of their communication with parents. Journal of Yonth and Adolescence,1990,19(4).
[36] 方晓义，董奇，初中一、二年级学生的亲子冲突，心理科学，1998，21(2)。
[37] Dilorio C,Kelley M et al. Communication about sexual issues: mothers, fathers, and friends. Journal of adolescent health, 1999,24.
[38] Rosenthal D A,Feldman S S. The importance of importance: Adolescents' perceptions of parental communication about sexuality. Journal of Adolescence, 1999,22(6).
[39] Moore S, Rosenthal D. Sexuality in Adolescence. New York: Rutkedge,1993.
[40] Guijarro S. Family risk factors associated with adolescent pregnancy: Study of a group of adolescent girls and their families in Ecuador. Journal of Adolescent Health, 1999,25(2).
[41] 张淑华，“人际沟通能力研究进展”，心理科学，2002，4，p505．
[1] 朱智贤，心理学大词典，北京：北京师范大学出版社，1989，495页。
[2] 林崇德，发展心理学，北京：人民教育出版社，1995，11，346页。
[3] 林崇德，发展心理学，北京：人民教育出版社，1995，11，347、352页。
[4] 中国大百科全书·心理学卷，北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1991，
[5] 章志光，金盛华，社会心理学，北京：人民教育出版社，1996，4，255-259页。
[6] 朱智贤，心理学大词典，北京：北京师范大学出版社，1989，493页。
[7] Jackson S,Ostra L,Bosma H. Adolescents' perceptions of communication with parents relative to specific aspects of relationships with parents and personal development. Journal of Adolescence, 1998,21.
[8] Collins W E,Newman B M,McKenry E C. Intrapsychic and interpersonal factors related to adolescent psychological well being in stepmother and stepfather families. Journal of Family Psychology, 1995,9.
[9] Grotevant H D,Cooper C R. The role of family communication patterns in adolescent identity and role taking. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Detroit, 1983.
[10] Clark R D,Shields G. Family communication and delinquency. Adolescence, 1997,32(125).
[11] Rueter M,Conger R D. Antecedents of Parent-Adolescent Disagreements. Journal of Marriage & the Family,1995,57.
[12] Grotevant H D,Cooper C R. Patterns of Interaction in Family Relationships and the Development of Identity Exploration in Adolescence. Child Development,1985,56.
[13] Brage D,Meredith W. A causal model of adolescent depression. Journal of Psychology,1994,128.
[14] 方晓义，郑宇，林丹华，家庭诸因素与初中生吸烟行为的关系，心理学报，2001，33(3)。
[15] 辛自强，陈诗芳，俞国良，小学学习不良儿童家庭功能研究，心理发展与教育，1999，15(1)。
[16] Hartos J L,Power T G. Relations Among Single Mothers' Awareness of Their Adolescents' Stressors, Maternal Monitoring,Mother-Adolescent Communication, and Adolescent Adjustment. Journal of Adolescence, 1997,15(5).
[17] Collins W A,Russell G. Mother-child and father-child relationships in middle childhood and adolescence:A developmental analysis. Developmental Review, 1991,11.
[18] Paikoff R L,Brooks-Gunn J. Do parent-child relationships change during puberty? Psychological Bulletin, 1991, 110
[19] Fuligni A J. Parent-child relationships among Asian American and European-American children during the transition to adolescence. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, New Orleans, LA,USA,1993.
[20] Allen J P, Aber J L,Leadbeater B J. Adolescent problem behaviors:The influence of attachment and autonomy. Psychiatric Clinics of North American,1990,13.
[21] Steinberg L. Autonomy, conflict,and harmony in the family relationship. At the threshold:The developing adolescent. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1990.
[22] Gehring T M, Wentzel K P, Feldman S R,Wiersn M. Conflict in families of adolescents:The impact of cohesion and power structures. Journal of Family Psychology,1990,3.
[23] 雷雳，王争艳，刘红云，张雷，初中生的亲子沟通及其与家庭环境系统和社会适应关系的研究[J]，应用心理学，2002，8(1)。
[24] 叶一舵，白丽英，国内外关于亲子关系及其对儿童心理发展影响的研究[J]，福建师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2002，2。
[25] 雷雳，王争艳，李宏利，亲子关系与亲子沟通[J]，教育研究，2001，6。
[26] 心理学名词，全国科学技术名词审定委员会，1999。
[27] Youniss J,Smollar J. Adolescents Relations with Mothers,Fathers,and Friends. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
[28] Noller P, Callan V J. Adolescents' perceptions of the nature of their communication with parents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1990,19.
[29] Tesser A,Forehand R,Long N. Conflict:The role of calm and angry parent-child discussion in adolescent development. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,1989,8.
[30] Barnes H L,Olson D H. Parent-Adolescent Communication and the Cireumplex Model. Child Development, 1985,56.
[31] Vangelisti A L. Older Adolescents' Perceptions of Communication Problems with Their Parents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 1992.
[32] Noller P, Callan V J. The adolescent in the family. London: Routlege,1991.
[33] Noller P, Bagi S. Parent-Adolescent Communication. Journal of Adolescence,1985,8.
[34] Shek D T. Differences between fathers and mothers in the treatment of, and relationship with their teenage children:Perceptions of Chinese adolescents. Adolescence, 2000, 35 (137).
[35] Masslam V J. Adolescents' perceptions of the nature of their communication with parents. Journal of Yonth and Adolescence,1990,19(4).
[36] 方晓义，董奇，初中一、二年级学生的亲子冲突，心理科学，1998，21(2)。
[37] Dilorio C,Kelley M et al. Communication about sexual issues: mothers, fathers, and friends. Journal of adolescent health, 1999,24.
[38] Rosenthal D A,Feldman S S. The importance of importance: Adolescents' perceptions of parental communication about sexuality. Journal of Adolescence, 1999,22(6).
[39] Moore S, Rosenthal D. Sexuality in Adolescence. New York: Rutkedge,1993.
[40] Guijarro S. Family risk factors associated with adolescent pregnancy: Study of a group of adolescent girls and their families in Ecuador. Journal of Adolescent Health, 1999,25(2).
[41] 张淑华，“人际沟通能力研究进展”，心理科学，2002，4，p505．
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