蚊子浮水与针刺力学行为研究
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摘要
生物世界中的昆虫微系统实际上是一个由大自然创造的具有高度可靠性的微机械系统。昆虫相关器官工作的力学原理从宏观、微观直至纳观常常出现多尺度的近乎完美的协调与统一,使得它们具有许多令人惊奇的特殊绝技。研究与这些特殊绝技相关的生物材料或微纳米结构的力学行为及其科学原理,对于仿生设计和制造高级微纳机械系统具有重要意义。蚊子是一种极为常见的小型昆虫,拥有许多特殊绝技：第一,蚊子具有超强的“浮水”功能,它能够在水面上浮立、行走、产卵,并能自由起飞和降落；第二,蚊子具有“无痛吸血”功能,它依靠一个大长径比的高弹性、高强度的天然“微针”系统——口针无痛刺入人体皮肤并吸食血液,且刺入过程中从未发生过任何强度问题；第三,蚊子具有粘附功能,它能够在墙壁、玻璃等固体表面上自由粘附停留；第四,蚊子具有许多特殊的飞行绝技,它不但能够在空中自由飞行,而且能够实现急停甚至倒飞等；第五,蚊子具有优异的侦探和导航功能,它能够在夜间准确侦探和锁定目标,并实施攻击(叮咬)；蚊子还具有其它许多无法一一列举的特殊生物功能。本文主要围绕蚊子的前两大特殊技能,采用微纳米测试与观察技术,并结合理论分析和数值模拟技术对蚊子腿部的表面湿润性、超强水面承载力以及口针刺入皮肤的力学机理等方面展开了一系列的研究工作。
对蚊子腿部的表面润湿性进行了实验研究,发现蚊子腿是一种天然的超疏水表面。利用傅里叶红外光谱仪对蚊子腿部成分进行了分析,发现蚊子腿部的主要成分对腿部表面的湿润性虽然有一定影响,但不足以导致其腿表面具有超疏水性能。用扫描电子显微镜对蚊子腿部表面的微纳观结构进行观察,发现其腿部是由尺度在十微米级的鳞片、亚微米级的纵肋和纳米级的横筋的三级特殊结构巧妙构成的天然超疏水表面。根据蚊子腿部的这种特殊的微纳观结构,结合经典表面润湿理论,构建了一种“具有多级复合结构”的理论模型,对蚊子腿部的超疏水性能进行了理论分析,结果表明蚊子腿表面的超疏水性是表面多级微纳结构共同作用的结果。
对蚊子腿的水面承载力进行了实验测量,发现蚊子腿在水面上具有超强的承载能力。单根蚊子后腿在水面上的承载力平均为600微牛,约为蚊子平均体重的23倍。对蚊子腿压向水面过程进行了理论分析,求得了蚊子腿水面承载力的理论值,并与实验结果进行了对比。利用此理论模型结合实验,分析了产生蚊子腿水面超强承载力的几种物理机制：包括腿的长度、表面的多级微纳米结构、特殊的横截面结构等。
对蚊子口针的微纳观结构及刺入皮肤的力学行为进行了实验观察。发现口针的两大刺入部件——上唇和下颚的尖端尺寸均在微纳米量级,上颚端部轴向上具有明显的加筋结构,下颚端部两侧分布有精致的微纳锯齿。蚊子口针刺入皮肤的过程不是简单的直接刺入,而是先用上唇端部刺破皮肤表面,将口针锚定在皮肤里面以后,紧接着用带有微纳锯齿的下颚按一定的频率振动锯入皮肤内部。本文对口针的振动刺入规律进行了定量统计分析,发现振动频率随着刺入时间(刺入深度)的增加而降低；振幅大小约为40～80μm,并随着刺入时间(刺入深度)的增加而增加。
先后设计两种高精度微力测量系统对蚊子口针刺入皮肤的刺入力进行了测量,发现蚊子口针的刺入力非常小,平均值约为十几微牛,比目前报道的人造微针的最小刺入力小三个数量级。并且发现,蚊子在刺破皮肤表面以后的进一步刺入过程中,口针对皮肤的作用力并不像人造微针那样随着刺入深度的增加而持续增加,而是显著下降并保持在一个极小的值(甚至几乎为零)上下波动。通过对蚊子口针的刺入机制分析,发现蚊子口针的微纳观结构及其特殊的刺入方式是导致刺入皮肤超级省力的根本原因。根据蚊子口针振动刺入皮肤超级省力的力学原理,设计了一套新型的微纳锯齿振动手术刀,实验证实该手术刀具有很好的省力效果。
利用非线性有限元软件ABAQUS,考虑了不同皮肤层的力学性能及材料的失效和破坏,对人造微针及天然“微针”(蚊子口针)刺入皮肤的过程进行了数值模拟。首先,通过对人造微针刺入皮肤过程的有限元模拟分析,揭示了人造微针刺入皮肤过程中微针与皮肤的相互作用机理,讨论了刺入过程中皮肤的变形和破坏及微针受力随刺入位移的变化关系,得到了刺入力的大小,并详细分析了皮肤力学性能及微针各个形状参数对刺入力的影响。数值模拟结果同实验观察基本相符,验证了该数值模型的可靠性,为下一步天然“微针”(蚊子口针)刺入皮肤的数值模拟奠定基础,并为微针的设计和优化提供了一定的理论依据。在此基础上,利用三维建模软件CATIA建立了蚊子口针的端部模型,对口针端部刺入皮肤的过程进行了数值模拟,对刺入过程中皮肤的变形和破坏、口针受力随刺入位移变化的关系以及刺入力进行了讨论。模拟结果与实际刺入实验吻合良好。
Insect microsystems in biological world are actually natural micro-mechanical systems with a high reliability. The working mechanics principles of the insect's relevant organs often show perfect coordination and unification in the multi scale from macro to micro and even nano scale, which make the insects have many wonderful special skills. Study of the mechanics behaviors of biomaterials and micronano-stuctures related to these special skills has important significance to the design and fabrication of advanced micro-mechanical systems. Mosquito is a kind of common insect, but has many special skills. The first one is its superior "water floating" function. Mosquito can float, walk, lay eggs and take off or land freely on the water surface.The second is its "painless blood-sucking" skill. A mosquito uses a natural "microneedle" system with a large ratio of the length to the diameter and high flexibility and strength called fascicle to painlessly penetrate into human skin and suck blood. This natural "microneedle" system never has any strength problem in the penetrating process. The third one is its adhesion function. Mosquito can adhere to any solid surface freely, such as the wall, smooth glass and so on. The fourth one is its special flying skill. It can not only fly forward, but also stop immediately and even fly back in air. The fifth one is its spying and navigating skill. It can detect and aim exactly at a target that it wants to attack (bite) even at night. It also has too many other special functions to list here. In the present work, we study mainly the first two special skills. A series of researchs are carried out on the surface wettability and high water-supporting force of the mosquito leg, mechanical mechanism of the fascicle insertion into skin, and so on. Advanced micronano test and observation technique, appropriate theoretical model and trustworthy numerical technology are main research tools adopted.
An experimental study is carried out to investigate the surface wettability of the mosquito leg. It has been found that the mosquito leg is a natural surface with excellent water repellent properties. The composition of the mosquito leg is studied by a FTIR spectrometer. The analytical result shows that the main composition of the mosquito leg is not enough to cause the superhydrophobicity, although it has some effects on the wettability. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations reveal that the uniquely three-level micronano-structure on the mosquito leg consists of numerous oriented ten-micron scales with uniform sub-micron longitudinal ridges and nanometer cross ribs. Based on the special micronano structures combined with the classical wetting theory, a "multi-level structure" model is proposed to analyze the superhydrophobicity of the mosquito leg. It has been theoretically demonstrated that the hierarchical micronano-structure on the leg surface results in such superior water repellency.
The water supporting force of the mosquito leg is studied experimentally. It has been found that the mosquito leg has a surprising high water-supporting ability. The average water supporting force of a single leg reaches up to 600μN, about 23 times the total body weight of this insect. The process of the mosquito leg pressed into water is analyzed theoretically. The water supporting force of the mosquito leg is calculated. The theoretical solutions are compared with the experimental results. It has been found by using the theoretical model combined with experiments that to achieve a superior strong supporting ability on water a mosquito leg has several physical mechanisms, including the leg length, the hierarchical micronano-structure and the special cross-section shape.
The micronano-structure of the mosquito fascicle and the biomechanics behavior of the fascicle inserting into human skin are studied experimentally. It has been shown that the two main piercing parts—the labrum and maxilla both have micronano-sharp tips. There are reinforced structures along the axis direction of the labrum and fine micronano saw-teeth along the bothsides of the maxilla. It is also found that the mosquito does not directly penetrate its feeding fascicle into a victim's skin, but instead firstly uses the labrum tip to puncture the skin surface and anchor it down into the top layer of the skin, and then use the micronano saw-toothed maxillae to saw their way into the tissue of skin with a special frequency. A quantitative analysis is carried out to study the rule of the oscillation inserting process of the mosquito fascicle. It has been found that the oscillation frequency is not a constant but decreases with the time (or the depth) of penetration, while the oscillation amplitude is about 40～80μm and increases with the time (or the depth) of penetration.
Two different high precision micro-Newton force measurement devices are designed to measure the insertion force for mosquito fascicle to penetrate into human skin respectively. The measured results show that the mosquito uses a very low force (tens of micro-Newton in average) to penetrate into the skin. This force is at least three orders of magnitude smaller than the reported lowest insertion force for an artificial microneedle with an ultra sharp tip to insert into the human skin. In addition, it has also been found that after the mosquito fascicle tip penetrates into the surface of the skin, the force used by the mosquito to penetrate its fascicle deeper into the skin will not continuously increase, but firstly decreases with the increase in the insertion depth and then levels out at a surprisingly low mean force (even almost be zero). These characteristics differ from the insertion force variation observed using artificial microneedles. The study on the insertion mechanism of the mosquito fascicle shows that the mosquito's micronano-structured fascicle and its amazing oscillation inserting skill make it penetrate easily into human skin with a surprising low force. Based on the mechanical principle of the mosquito penetrating its fascicle into skin with a surprisingly low mean force, an oscillation micronano serrated scalpel has been designed and proved to have a good effect in reducing cutting force by experiment.
Considering the mechanical properties of different skin layers and the failure of material, the processes of the insertion of artificial microneedle and natural "microneedle" (mosquito fascicle) into a skin are analyzed by using the non-liner finite element code ABAQUS. Firstly, through the finite element simulation analysis of the insertion process of an artificial microneedle into skin, the interaction mechanism between the microneedle and skin during the insertion process of the micro-needle is revealed. The skin deformation and failure and the general behavior of the microneedle force-displacement history are discussed. The insertion force can be got. A further study is given on the influences of the mechanical properties of the skin and microneedle geometry on the insertion force. A qualitative agreement occurs between computation and the experiment. The numerical results demonstrate the validity of this numerical model, laying a foundation for the numerical simulation of the insertion process of the natural "microneedle" (mosquito fascicle) into skin and giving a theory basis for the optimum design of the artificial microneedles. Then, the simulation model of the mosquito fascicle tip is built up by the three-dimensional modeling software CATIA. A numerical simulation is conducted to analyze the insertion process of the mosquito fascicle tip into human skin. The deformation and failure of the skin, the general behavior of the labrum force-displacement history and the insertion force are discussed. An ideal agreement is found between the numerical results and the experimental measurements.
对蚊子腿部的表面润湿性进行了实验研究,发现蚊子腿是一种天然的超疏水表面。利用傅里叶红外光谱仪对蚊子腿部成分进行了分析,发现蚊子腿部的主要成分对腿部表面的湿润性虽然有一定影响,但不足以导致其腿表面具有超疏水性能。用扫描电子显微镜对蚊子腿部表面的微纳观结构进行观察,发现其腿部是由尺度在十微米级的鳞片、亚微米级的纵肋和纳米级的横筋的三级特殊结构巧妙构成的天然超疏水表面。根据蚊子腿部的这种特殊的微纳观结构,结合经典表面润湿理论,构建了一种“具有多级复合结构”的理论模型,对蚊子腿部的超疏水性能进行了理论分析,结果表明蚊子腿表面的超疏水性是表面多级微纳结构共同作用的结果。
对蚊子腿的水面承载力进行了实验测量,发现蚊子腿在水面上具有超强的承载能力。单根蚊子后腿在水面上的承载力平均为600微牛,约为蚊子平均体重的23倍。对蚊子腿压向水面过程进行了理论分析,求得了蚊子腿水面承载力的理论值,并与实验结果进行了对比。利用此理论模型结合实验,分析了产生蚊子腿水面超强承载力的几种物理机制：包括腿的长度、表面的多级微纳米结构、特殊的横截面结构等。
对蚊子口针的微纳观结构及刺入皮肤的力学行为进行了实验观察。发现口针的两大刺入部件——上唇和下颚的尖端尺寸均在微纳米量级,上颚端部轴向上具有明显的加筋结构,下颚端部两侧分布有精致的微纳锯齿。蚊子口针刺入皮肤的过程不是简单的直接刺入,而是先用上唇端部刺破皮肤表面,将口针锚定在皮肤里面以后,紧接着用带有微纳锯齿的下颚按一定的频率振动锯入皮肤内部。本文对口针的振动刺入规律进行了定量统计分析,发现振动频率随着刺入时间(刺入深度)的增加而降低；振幅大小约为40～80μm,并随着刺入时间(刺入深度)的增加而增加。
先后设计两种高精度微力测量系统对蚊子口针刺入皮肤的刺入力进行了测量,发现蚊子口针的刺入力非常小,平均值约为十几微牛,比目前报道的人造微针的最小刺入力小三个数量级。并且发现,蚊子在刺破皮肤表面以后的进一步刺入过程中,口针对皮肤的作用力并不像人造微针那样随着刺入深度的增加而持续增加,而是显著下降并保持在一个极小的值(甚至几乎为零)上下波动。通过对蚊子口针的刺入机制分析,发现蚊子口针的微纳观结构及其特殊的刺入方式是导致刺入皮肤超级省力的根本原因。根据蚊子口针振动刺入皮肤超级省力的力学原理,设计了一套新型的微纳锯齿振动手术刀,实验证实该手术刀具有很好的省力效果。
利用非线性有限元软件ABAQUS,考虑了不同皮肤层的力学性能及材料的失效和破坏,对人造微针及天然“微针”(蚊子口针)刺入皮肤的过程进行了数值模拟。首先,通过对人造微针刺入皮肤过程的有限元模拟分析,揭示了人造微针刺入皮肤过程中微针与皮肤的相互作用机理,讨论了刺入过程中皮肤的变形和破坏及微针受力随刺入位移的变化关系,得到了刺入力的大小,并详细分析了皮肤力学性能及微针各个形状参数对刺入力的影响。数值模拟结果同实验观察基本相符,验证了该数值模型的可靠性,为下一步天然“微针”(蚊子口针)刺入皮肤的数值模拟奠定基础,并为微针的设计和优化提供了一定的理论依据。在此基础上,利用三维建模软件CATIA建立了蚊子口针的端部模型,对口针端部刺入皮肤的过程进行了数值模拟,对刺入过程中皮肤的变形和破坏、口针受力随刺入位移变化的关系以及刺入力进行了讨论。模拟结果与实际刺入实验吻合良好。
Insect microsystems in biological world are actually natural micro-mechanical systems with a high reliability. The working mechanics principles of the insect's relevant organs often show perfect coordination and unification in the multi scale from macro to micro and even nano scale, which make the insects have many wonderful special skills. Study of the mechanics behaviors of biomaterials and micronano-stuctures related to these special skills has important significance to the design and fabrication of advanced micro-mechanical systems. Mosquito is a kind of common insect, but has many special skills. The first one is its superior "water floating" function. Mosquito can float, walk, lay eggs and take off or land freely on the water surface.The second is its "painless blood-sucking" skill. A mosquito uses a natural "microneedle" system with a large ratio of the length to the diameter and high flexibility and strength called fascicle to painlessly penetrate into human skin and suck blood. This natural "microneedle" system never has any strength problem in the penetrating process. The third one is its adhesion function. Mosquito can adhere to any solid surface freely, such as the wall, smooth glass and so on. The fourth one is its special flying skill. It can not only fly forward, but also stop immediately and even fly back in air. The fifth one is its spying and navigating skill. It can detect and aim exactly at a target that it wants to attack (bite) even at night. It also has too many other special functions to list here. In the present work, we study mainly the first two special skills. A series of researchs are carried out on the surface wettability and high water-supporting force of the mosquito leg, mechanical mechanism of the fascicle insertion into skin, and so on. Advanced micronano test and observation technique, appropriate theoretical model and trustworthy numerical technology are main research tools adopted.
An experimental study is carried out to investigate the surface wettability of the mosquito leg. It has been found that the mosquito leg is a natural surface with excellent water repellent properties. The composition of the mosquito leg is studied by a FTIR spectrometer. The analytical result shows that the main composition of the mosquito leg is not enough to cause the superhydrophobicity, although it has some effects on the wettability. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations reveal that the uniquely three-level micronano-structure on the mosquito leg consists of numerous oriented ten-micron scales with uniform sub-micron longitudinal ridges and nanometer cross ribs. Based on the special micronano structures combined with the classical wetting theory, a "multi-level structure" model is proposed to analyze the superhydrophobicity of the mosquito leg. It has been theoretically demonstrated that the hierarchical micronano-structure on the leg surface results in such superior water repellency.
The water supporting force of the mosquito leg is studied experimentally. It has been found that the mosquito leg has a surprising high water-supporting ability. The average water supporting force of a single leg reaches up to 600μN, about 23 times the total body weight of this insect. The process of the mosquito leg pressed into water is analyzed theoretically. The water supporting force of the mosquito leg is calculated. The theoretical solutions are compared with the experimental results. It has been found by using the theoretical model combined with experiments that to achieve a superior strong supporting ability on water a mosquito leg has several physical mechanisms, including the leg length, the hierarchical micronano-structure and the special cross-section shape.
The micronano-structure of the mosquito fascicle and the biomechanics behavior of the fascicle inserting into human skin are studied experimentally. It has been shown that the two main piercing parts—the labrum and maxilla both have micronano-sharp tips. There are reinforced structures along the axis direction of the labrum and fine micronano saw-teeth along the bothsides of the maxilla. It is also found that the mosquito does not directly penetrate its feeding fascicle into a victim's skin, but instead firstly uses the labrum tip to puncture the skin surface and anchor it down into the top layer of the skin, and then use the micronano saw-toothed maxillae to saw their way into the tissue of skin with a special frequency. A quantitative analysis is carried out to study the rule of the oscillation inserting process of the mosquito fascicle. It has been found that the oscillation frequency is not a constant but decreases with the time (or the depth) of penetration, while the oscillation amplitude is about 40～80μm and increases with the time (or the depth) of penetration.
Two different high precision micro-Newton force measurement devices are designed to measure the insertion force for mosquito fascicle to penetrate into human skin respectively. The measured results show that the mosquito uses a very low force (tens of micro-Newton in average) to penetrate into the skin. This force is at least three orders of magnitude smaller than the reported lowest insertion force for an artificial microneedle with an ultra sharp tip to insert into the human skin. In addition, it has also been found that after the mosquito fascicle tip penetrates into the surface of the skin, the force used by the mosquito to penetrate its fascicle deeper into the skin will not continuously increase, but firstly decreases with the increase in the insertion depth and then levels out at a surprisingly low mean force (even almost be zero). These characteristics differ from the insertion force variation observed using artificial microneedles. The study on the insertion mechanism of the mosquito fascicle shows that the mosquito's micronano-structured fascicle and its amazing oscillation inserting skill make it penetrate easily into human skin with a surprising low force. Based on the mechanical principle of the mosquito penetrating its fascicle into skin with a surprisingly low mean force, an oscillation micronano serrated scalpel has been designed and proved to have a good effect in reducing cutting force by experiment.
Considering the mechanical properties of different skin layers and the failure of material, the processes of the insertion of artificial microneedle and natural "microneedle" (mosquito fascicle) into a skin are analyzed by using the non-liner finite element code ABAQUS. Firstly, through the finite element simulation analysis of the insertion process of an artificial microneedle into skin, the interaction mechanism between the microneedle and skin during the insertion process of the micro-needle is revealed. The skin deformation and failure and the general behavior of the microneedle force-displacement history are discussed. The insertion force can be got. A further study is given on the influences of the mechanical properties of the skin and microneedle geometry on the insertion force. A qualitative agreement occurs between computation and the experiment. The numerical results demonstrate the validity of this numerical model, laying a foundation for the numerical simulation of the insertion process of the natural "microneedle" (mosquito fascicle) into skin and giving a theory basis for the optimum design of the artificial microneedles. Then, the simulation model of the mosquito fascicle tip is built up by the three-dimensional modeling software CATIA. A numerical simulation is conducted to analyze the insertion process of the mosquito fascicle tip into human skin. The deformation and failure of the skin, the general behavior of the labrum force-displacement history and the insertion force are discussed. An ideal agreement is found between the numerical results and the experimental measurements.
引文
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