膨润土的改性及其在废水处理中的应用研究
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摘要
随着工农业的迅速发展,环境污染问题日趋严重,尤其是重金属离子的污染,已引起世界各国政府和研究者的高度重视。由于膨润土具有很好的吸附性能,因而可以应用于重金属废水处理。但是物理吸附或离子交换都是可逆过程,使去除效果并不理想。本文将膨润土进行黄原酸化改性,以期得到一种具有去除重金属离子和有机物双重功效的新型水处理剂,为环境友好、资源丰富且价廉的膨润土开拓更为广阔的应用空间。
首先,介绍了膨润土的改性方法、膨润土及其改性产物在重金属废水处理中的应用进展;同时总结了目前膨润土改性中存在的问题。
其次,以钠化膨润土(NaB)为原料,首次制备了黄原酸化膨润土(XB),通过正交实验确定了最佳合成方案。通过FT-IR、TG/DTA、XRD对XB及其原料膨润土的结构进行了表征,运用SEM、粒度分析和表观照片等对XB及其原料膨润土的表观形貌和粒度进行了分析。
第三,考察了XB对金属离子(Pb~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Cr~(6+)等)的吸附性能。(1)以XB为吸附剂对含Pb~(2+)模拟废水进行了吸附处理,在最佳处理条件下,即:[Pb~(2+)]_(起始)=500mg/L、吸附剂用量2g/L、pH=5.0、25℃下振荡60min,对Pb~(2+)的去除率最高可达99.92%,残余浓度低于国家一级排放标准。(2)利用XB进行含Cu~(2+)模拟废水处理,去除率最高可达99.90%,残余浓度低于国家一级排放标准。其最佳处理条件是:[Cu~(2+)]_(起始)=80mg/L,吸附剂用量2g/L,pH=6.0,25℃振荡时间60min。同时发现由于XB颗粒较大,使吸附重金属离子后的固液分离简便而快捷。(3)利用XB对实际电镀废水进行了吸附处理,结果表明,XB对电镀废水中的重金属离子Cu~(2+)、Cr~(6+)有较强的吸附去除效果。
第四,考察了XB对染料(亚甲基蓝、甲基橙、茜素红等)的吸附性能,结果表明:XB的吸附能力好于天然膨润土,且具有处理后固液分离简便、快捷的优点。如:吸附剂用量为2g/L时,对100mg/L的甲基橙溶液,原土和XB的脱色率分别为17.75%和91.84%。
最后,以7种不同的方法改性膨润土,制得了一系列膨润土基无机高分子絮凝剂,并将其应用于淀粉废水的处理,同时还利用部分絮凝剂对生活污水也进行了处理。其中经膨润土复合絮凝剂(NBF、PBF)处理的水质,出水澄清透明,其悬浮物质和COD的去除效果均较好,并初步考察了pH值对去除率的影响。
With the rapid development of industry and agriculture, more and more severe environmental problem has been caused, especially heavy metals pollution. It has been received much attention by governments and researchers in worldwide. Because of the adsorption properties, the bentonite has been employed in the heavy metal waste-water treatment. However, its physical adsorption or ionic exchanges are all reversible, which cause low removing effect. In this thesis, the bentonite is modified by xanthated, which obtain a new kind of water treatment chemicals. They can both remove heavy metal ions and organic compounds.
Firstly, on the basis of introducing the modification methods of bentonite and their application, we summarize the problem of modifying and foresee the prospect of the modified-bentonite.
Secondly, a series of the xanthate-bentonites (XB) were prepared for the first time. They were characterized by FT-IR spectra, TGA/DTA and XRD. Their images and grain size were analyzed via photos, SEM and grain size distribution.
Thirdly, we have investigated the adsorption ability of XB towards heavy metal ions (Pb~(2+), Cu~(2+) and Cr~(6+)). (1) We have treated the Pb~(2+) containing simulated wastewater using XB as adsorbent. The optimal condition is as following: [Pb~(2+)]: 500mg/L, XB: 2g/L, pH: 5.0, oscillating 60min in 25℃. Under the condition, the removal rate reached to 99.92%. The effluent meet the class I of National Intergated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996). (2) We also have treated the Cu~(2+) containing simulated wastewater using XB as adsorbent. The optimal condition is as following: The optimal condition is as following: [Cu~(2+)]: 80mg/L, XB: 2g/L, pH:6.0, oscillating 60min in 25℃. Under the condition, the removal rate reached to 99.92%. The effluent meet the class I of National Intergated Wastewater Discharge Standard(GB8978-1996). At the same time, we have discovered that the separation of solid-liquid is very easy. (3) XB was also used to treat the electroplate wastewater. The result indicates that XB has high adsorption ability towards Cu~(2+)and Cr~(6+).
Fourthly, we have investigated the adsorption ability of XB towards dye, such as methylene blue, methyl orange and alizarin red. The result indicates that XB has much higher adsorption ability than natural bentonite. For instance, under the dosage of 2g/L and initial concentration of 100 mg/L, the decolor rate of methyl orange with natural bentonite and XB are 17.75% and 91.84%, respectively.
In finally, we have modified bentonite with other seven methods, which gained a series of bentonite-inorganic-polymer flocculants. They were also applied to treat starch waste-water, and domestic sewage in partly. Thereinto, the effluents is clarifying and limpidity after the treatment of composite bentonite flocculant (NBF and PBF), the removal effect of suspension and COD is high. The effect of pH in treatment of starch waste-water were investigated in primary.
首先,介绍了膨润土的改性方法、膨润土及其改性产物在重金属废水处理中的应用进展;同时总结了目前膨润土改性中存在的问题。
其次,以钠化膨润土(NaB)为原料,首次制备了黄原酸化膨润土(XB),通过正交实验确定了最佳合成方案。通过FT-IR、TG/DTA、XRD对XB及其原料膨润土的结构进行了表征,运用SEM、粒度分析和表观照片等对XB及其原料膨润土的表观形貌和粒度进行了分析。
第三,考察了XB对金属离子(Pb~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Cr~(6+)等)的吸附性能。(1)以XB为吸附剂对含Pb~(2+)模拟废水进行了吸附处理,在最佳处理条件下,即:[Pb~(2+)]_(起始)=500mg/L、吸附剂用量2g/L、pH=5.0、25℃下振荡60min,对Pb~(2+)的去除率最高可达99.92%,残余浓度低于国家一级排放标准。(2)利用XB进行含Cu~(2+)模拟废水处理,去除率最高可达99.90%,残余浓度低于国家一级排放标准。其最佳处理条件是:[Cu~(2+)]_(起始)=80mg/L,吸附剂用量2g/L,pH=6.0,25℃振荡时间60min。同时发现由于XB颗粒较大,使吸附重金属离子后的固液分离简便而快捷。(3)利用XB对实际电镀废水进行了吸附处理,结果表明,XB对电镀废水中的重金属离子Cu~(2+)、Cr~(6+)有较强的吸附去除效果。
第四,考察了XB对染料(亚甲基蓝、甲基橙、茜素红等)的吸附性能,结果表明:XB的吸附能力好于天然膨润土,且具有处理后固液分离简便、快捷的优点。如:吸附剂用量为2g/L时,对100mg/L的甲基橙溶液,原土和XB的脱色率分别为17.75%和91.84%。
最后,以7种不同的方法改性膨润土,制得了一系列膨润土基无机高分子絮凝剂,并将其应用于淀粉废水的处理,同时还利用部分絮凝剂对生活污水也进行了处理。其中经膨润土复合絮凝剂(NBF、PBF)处理的水质,出水澄清透明,其悬浮物质和COD的去除效果均较好,并初步考察了pH值对去除率的影响。
With the rapid development of industry and agriculture, more and more severe environmental problem has been caused, especially heavy metals pollution. It has been received much attention by governments and researchers in worldwide. Because of the adsorption properties, the bentonite has been employed in the heavy metal waste-water treatment. However, its physical adsorption or ionic exchanges are all reversible, which cause low removing effect. In this thesis, the bentonite is modified by xanthated, which obtain a new kind of water treatment chemicals. They can both remove heavy metal ions and organic compounds.
Firstly, on the basis of introducing the modification methods of bentonite and their application, we summarize the problem of modifying and foresee the prospect of the modified-bentonite.
Secondly, a series of the xanthate-bentonites (XB) were prepared for the first time. They were characterized by FT-IR spectra, TGA/DTA and XRD. Their images and grain size were analyzed via photos, SEM and grain size distribution.
Thirdly, we have investigated the adsorption ability of XB towards heavy metal ions (Pb~(2+), Cu~(2+) and Cr~(6+)). (1) We have treated the Pb~(2+) containing simulated wastewater using XB as adsorbent. The optimal condition is as following: [Pb~(2+)]: 500mg/L, XB: 2g/L, pH: 5.0, oscillating 60min in 25℃. Under the condition, the removal rate reached to 99.92%. The effluent meet the class I of National Intergated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996). (2) We also have treated the Cu~(2+) containing simulated wastewater using XB as adsorbent. The optimal condition is as following: The optimal condition is as following: [Cu~(2+)]: 80mg/L, XB: 2g/L, pH:6.0, oscillating 60min in 25℃. Under the condition, the removal rate reached to 99.92%. The effluent meet the class I of National Intergated Wastewater Discharge Standard(GB8978-1996). At the same time, we have discovered that the separation of solid-liquid is very easy. (3) XB was also used to treat the electroplate wastewater. The result indicates that XB has high adsorption ability towards Cu~(2+)and Cr~(6+).
Fourthly, we have investigated the adsorption ability of XB towards dye, such as methylene blue, methyl orange and alizarin red. The result indicates that XB has much higher adsorption ability than natural bentonite. For instance, under the dosage of 2g/L and initial concentration of 100 mg/L, the decolor rate of methyl orange with natural bentonite and XB are 17.75% and 91.84%, respectively.
In finally, we have modified bentonite with other seven methods, which gained a series of bentonite-inorganic-polymer flocculants. They were also applied to treat starch waste-water, and domestic sewage in partly. Thereinto, the effluents is clarifying and limpidity after the treatment of composite bentonite flocculant (NBF and PBF), the removal effect of suspension and COD is high. The effect of pH in treatment of starch waste-water were investigated in primary.
引文
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