人工快速渗滤系统污染物去除机理及动力学研究
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摘要
针对小城镇或居民聚居点的污水处理技术-人工快速渗滤系统(Constructed Rapid Infiltration system,简称CRI系统)是一种全新的污水生物处理方法,正成为国内研究和应用的热点。相关研究表明,CRI系统对氨氮、有机物去除效果较好,但对TP和TN的去除效率较差,污染物去除机理以及基础理论研究还相当欠缺,污染物去除动力学鲜有报道,实际工程应用中的水力负荷、运行方式以及工程设计缺少理论支撑。为此,本课题采用现场调查、试验分析及理论研究等手段,研究CRI系统中污染物的运移规律和特征,阐明CRI系统对有机物和氮磷污染物去除机理,探讨CRI系统对污染物去除动力学过程,构建CRI去除污染物的动力学模型、CRI系统滤池有效高度计算模型以及CRI系统进水浓度、出水浓度和水力负荷之间的关系曲线,优化CRI池体结构、滤料组成和运行方式进行,提高CRI系统对污染物的去除效率
通过对成都市凤凰河二沟CRI系统实际工程的分析得出CRI工艺对COD,氨氮的去除效率高,且CRI系统出水水质相对稳定,具有较强的抗负荷冲击能力,出水已经满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)中一级A标要求,但是对TN和TP处理效率不理想,未能达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB I 8918-2002)中一级A标要求。CRI系统工艺进一步改进时,要着重考虑通过改变快渗池滤层结构、滤料组成和运行方式等提高系统对TN和TP的去除效果。
通过在实验室中构建CRI系统模拟柱1对生活污水的处理试验,进一步研究了CRI系统中污染物质迁移、转化、降解的规律,掌握了污染物特别是氮磷污染物在CRI系统内的降解机理,分析了CRI系统中TN和TP去除率较低的原因,为CRI池体结构、滤料组成和运行模式的优化、有效提高CRI系统对污染物尤其是氮磷污染物的去除效率、指导CRI系统的工程设计以及进一步推动和应用CRI技术打下基础。
为提高CRI系统脱氮效率,通过改变滤料组成、滤池结构和运行方式对CRI系统进行改进优化,构建加强脱氮型CRI系统模型柱,提高TN的去除率试验结果显示：CRI系统滤料中添加了25%的木炭(CRI模型柱2),TN的去除率比未添加木炭的CRI系统(模型柱1)提高5.5%；模型柱2下段增加厌氧段(模型柱3)时,TN的去除率比模型柱2提高了3.8%,但TN去除率依然较低,因为模型柱3进行污水处理试验时,虽然在滤池100-150cm段设置了饱水带作为反硝化段,但有机物在模型柱3滤层0-100cm段就得到了有效的去除,进入饱水带的有机污染物浓度较低,不能为反硝化反应提供足够的碳源,抑制了反硝化反应,使得反硝化菌不能彻底地将硝态氮还原为气态氮；在模型柱3厌氧段添加适量碳源(模型柱4)时,TN去除率达到了59.1%,比模型柱3提高了15%左右。由此得出现有CRI系统对TN去除率低的原因主要是缺少反硝化反应厌氧环境以及缺少反硝化反应所需的有机碳源。
通过对CRI系统除磷机理的分析得出,要提高CRI系统对磷的去除率应从开发新型填料,提高渗滤介质对磷的吸附和化学沉淀作用着手。以铁粉和传统CRI系统常用基质一河沙为研究对象,研究并对比铁粉和河沙对污水中磷素的等温吸附特征,并运用用一级和准二级动力学模型分析了两者吸附磷素的动力学过程,考察铁粉与河沙吸附磷素的规律和性能,研究铁粉作为CRI系统除磷滤料的可行性。试验结果表明铁粉选作为CRI系统加强除磷型滤料具有较大的优势：铁粉吸附磷素反应自发程度、对磷素的吸附能力以及生成物的稳定性都远超过河沙。等温吸附试验得出铁粉对磷素的理论最大吸附量为1.2386mg/g,为河沙对磷素的理论最大吸附量的7.56倍。准二级动力学模型计算出铁粉对溶液中磷素的平衡吸附量为1.6449 mg/g,而河沙对溶液中磷素的平衡吸附量为0.1627 mg/g。在CRI系统滤料中添加适量铁粉构建加强除磷型CRI系统(模型柱5),通过试验室试验运行发现模型柱5对TP的去除率有了较大的提高,平均去除率为84.2%,比模型柱1高出40%左右。
为了从理论上进一步了解CRI系统,利用反应-扩散理论从微生物对基质的降解速度、基质从液相到生物膜的扩散过程、生物膜的生长及自身氧化过程等方面构建CRI系统污染物降解动力学模型,并借助于相关数据分析软件,通过对试验数据进行分析和回归拟合,对动力学模型参数进行率定,并结合数学理论和试验结果对模型参数的意义进行探讨。
基于不同进水浓度和水力负荷条件下CRI系统对COD去除规律,在Monod方程及Mann A.T等研究的基础上,推导了计算CRI系统滤层有效高度的数学模型,并通过试验数据对模型参数进行率定。通过试验验证发现,该模型可根据CRI系统进水COD浓度、水力负荷以及出水水质要求,较准确地计算出所需滤层高度。基于计算CRI系统滤池有效高度的数学模型基础上,构建出不同出水水质要求下CRI系统进水浓度和进水水力负荷的相应规律曲线,根据此曲线可由系统进水浓度和出水水质要求确定系统进水水力负荷,为CRI系统最大水力负荷值的确定提供了一种科学定量的计算方法。所构建的模型是通过对实际生活污水进行试验得到的,具有一定的代表性,可作为工程设计的参考。
Constructed Rapid Infiltration system(CRI system), a wastewater treatment technology aiming mainly at the wastewater from small towns or residents, is a kind of brand-new biological wastewater treatment method, which is becoming the hot spots of research and application. Related research shows that CRI system is good at removing the ammonia nitrogen, organic, SS and so on, but the removal efficiency is bad for TP and TN. On account of many reasons, the research of pollutant removal mechanism and basic theory is quite deficient, there are few reports on pollutant removal dynamics, hydraulic load, operation mode and engineering design are depended on experience in practical engineering application. Therefore, adopted site investigation, testing analysis and theoretical research methods, this subject study the migration rule and characteristics of pollutants in the CRI system, clarify removal mechanism of organic, nitrogen and phosphorus in the CRI system, explore pollutant removal kinetic process, constructing the dynamic model of removing pollutants in CRI system, filter layer height calculation model in constructed rapid infiltration system and relation curves between fill concentration, water concentration and hydraulic load in CRI system, optimization CRI pool body structure, filter material composition and operation mode, improve the removal efficiency of pollutants in CRI system.
Through prospecting phoenix river CRI system engineering in Chengdu, it shows that CRI system is good at removing the ammonia nitrogen, organic, SS and so on, effluent water is stable in CRI system, and the CRI system has strong resistance to load impact ability, the ammonia nitrogen, organic, SS of ultimate effluent is qualified to Standard A of "Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant" (GB18918-2002). But the removal efficiency is bad for TP and TN and the ultimate effluent is not qualified to Standard A of "Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant" (GB18918-2002). When improving the CRI process, it must consider changing pool filter layer structure, filter material composition and operation mode to improve the removal efficiency of TN and TP in CRI system.
Through constructing simulation column 1 of CRI system for treating sewage in lab, this paper further investigates the pollutant migration, transformation, degradation rule in CRI system, masters the degradation mechanism of pollutants especially N and P, analyses the reasons of lower removal for TN and TP. The result in this paper will make a good foundation for optimizing pool body structure, filter material composition and operation mode, improving the removal efficiency of pollutants especially nitrogen and phosphorus in CRI system, guiding designation of CRI systems engineering and further applying CRI technology.
In order to improve the denitrification efficiency of CRI system, this paper optimizes CRI system by changing the filter material composition, filter structure and operation mode to construct CRI system model column which can remove nitrogen better. Test results show that when added 25% of charcoal into the filter material of CRI system (simulation column 2 of CRI system), the removal rate of TN increases 5.5%.When added anaerobic section at the lower part of simulation column 2 of CRI system (simulation column 3 of CRI system, the removal rate of TN increases 3.8%% than simulation column 2 of CRI system, but the removal rate of TN is still low. Because when simulation column 3 treats wastewater, although saturated zone is set as denitrification section at 100-150cm of the pond, organic matter at 0-100cm of the pond is removed effectively and organic concentration entering into the saturated zone is low that cannot provide enough carbon sources for the denitrifying reaction. It restrains the denitrifying reaction and makes the denitrifying bacteria can't change nitrate into gaseous nitrogen completely. When added moderate carbon into the filter simulation column 3 of CRI system (filter simulation column 4), TN removal rate reaches 59.1% in filter simulation column 4 which increased 15% or so than the filter simulation column 3. It shows that the existing CRI system has the low removal rate for TN because of lack of anaerobic environment and organic carbon sources.
The mechanism of phosphorus removal in CRI system shows that it should begin from developing new type filler and improve phosphorus adsorption and chemical deposition of infiltration mediums to improve phosphorus removal rate of CRI system. Iron and sands(normal substrate of CRI system) are closed as research objects, the isothermal adsorption characteristics of iron and sands adsorbing phosphorus in the wastewater are researched, dynamic process iron and sands adsorbing phosphorus in the are analyzed by first order reaction kinetic model and pseudo-second-order kinetics model, rule and performance of adsorbing phosphorus are investigated. Researches show that isothermal adsorption characteristics of both iron and sand adsorbing phosphorus conform to Langmuir equation, absorption reaction can be spontaneous, spontaneous degree, adsorption ability and stability of iron adsorbing phosphorus are better than sand, the maximum amounts of iron adsorbing phosphorus is 7.56 times than sand, therefore, adding some amount of iron into the substrate of CRI, CRI can remove more phosphorus. Adsorption kinetic of iron adsorbing phosphorus in the wastewater is closer to the first order reaction kinetic model, while sand is closer to the pseudo-second-order kinetics model by analyzing standard errors of first order reaction kinetic model and pseudo-second-order kinetics model, relative errors between parameter (Qo) of Langmuir equations and parameter (w) of first order reaction kinetic model and parameter (qe) of pseudo-second-order kinetics model synthetically. Research results enrich and develop water pollution control and remediation theory of CRI system and provide new ideas for constructing dynamic model of matrix adsorbing solute. When adding moderate iron into the filter simulation column of CRI system (filter simulation column 5), TP removal rate reaches 84.2% in filter simulation column5 which increased 40% or so than the filter simulation columnl.
In order to further understand CRI system theoretically, this paper constructs the pollution degradation dynamics model of CRI system using reaction-diffusion theory from the standpoint of degradation speed of aerobic microbes to matrix, diffusion process of Matrix from liquid to biological membrane and biological membrane growth and oxidation process. A data analysis software, is applies to analyze the test data to calibrate dynamic model parameters. The significance of model parameters is researched by combining mathematical theory and test results.
Simulation column of CRI system is applied to treat domestic wastewater and organic matter degradation kinetics characteristics are studied on the basis of Monod equation, research of Mann A.T. and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) degradation law. Then the mathematics calculation model of filter layer height is built based on COD degradation kinetic equation in CRI system. Through experimental verification, it shows that within a certain range, this model could precisely calculate the economic and appropriate height of filter layer in line with the requirement of influent COD concentration, hydraulic load and effluent quality in CRI system. Rule curve between water concentration and hydraulic loading is constructed based on the mathematics calculation model of filter layer height. Hydraulic loading can be calculated by rule curve due to water concentration and effluent water requirements. It provides a scientific quantitative calculation method for calculating hydraulic loading of CRI system. However, since these models are derived within a certain range, when hydraulic load or influent concentration is beyond the applicable scope, there will be a certain deviation between models calculated values and actual results. Therefore, in actual project, the parameters of models must be ascertained or revised according to the characteristics of specific filter and reactor itself.
通过对成都市凤凰河二沟CRI系统实际工程的分析得出CRI工艺对COD,氨氮的去除效率高,且CRI系统出水水质相对稳定,具有较强的抗负荷冲击能力,出水已经满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)中一级A标要求,但是对TN和TP处理效率不理想,未能达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB I 8918-2002)中一级A标要求。CRI系统工艺进一步改进时,要着重考虑通过改变快渗池滤层结构、滤料组成和运行方式等提高系统对TN和TP的去除效果。
通过在实验室中构建CRI系统模拟柱1对生活污水的处理试验,进一步研究了CRI系统中污染物质迁移、转化、降解的规律,掌握了污染物特别是氮磷污染物在CRI系统内的降解机理,分析了CRI系统中TN和TP去除率较低的原因,为CRI池体结构、滤料组成和运行模式的优化、有效提高CRI系统对污染物尤其是氮磷污染物的去除效率、指导CRI系统的工程设计以及进一步推动和应用CRI技术打下基础。
为提高CRI系统脱氮效率,通过改变滤料组成、滤池结构和运行方式对CRI系统进行改进优化,构建加强脱氮型CRI系统模型柱,提高TN的去除率试验结果显示：CRI系统滤料中添加了25%的木炭(CRI模型柱2),TN的去除率比未添加木炭的CRI系统(模型柱1)提高5.5%；模型柱2下段增加厌氧段(模型柱3)时,TN的去除率比模型柱2提高了3.8%,但TN去除率依然较低,因为模型柱3进行污水处理试验时,虽然在滤池100-150cm段设置了饱水带作为反硝化段,但有机物在模型柱3滤层0-100cm段就得到了有效的去除,进入饱水带的有机污染物浓度较低,不能为反硝化反应提供足够的碳源,抑制了反硝化反应,使得反硝化菌不能彻底地将硝态氮还原为气态氮；在模型柱3厌氧段添加适量碳源(模型柱4)时,TN去除率达到了59.1%,比模型柱3提高了15%左右。由此得出现有CRI系统对TN去除率低的原因主要是缺少反硝化反应厌氧环境以及缺少反硝化反应所需的有机碳源。
通过对CRI系统除磷机理的分析得出,要提高CRI系统对磷的去除率应从开发新型填料,提高渗滤介质对磷的吸附和化学沉淀作用着手。以铁粉和传统CRI系统常用基质一河沙为研究对象,研究并对比铁粉和河沙对污水中磷素的等温吸附特征,并运用用一级和准二级动力学模型分析了两者吸附磷素的动力学过程,考察铁粉与河沙吸附磷素的规律和性能,研究铁粉作为CRI系统除磷滤料的可行性。试验结果表明铁粉选作为CRI系统加强除磷型滤料具有较大的优势：铁粉吸附磷素反应自发程度、对磷素的吸附能力以及生成物的稳定性都远超过河沙。等温吸附试验得出铁粉对磷素的理论最大吸附量为1.2386mg/g,为河沙对磷素的理论最大吸附量的7.56倍。准二级动力学模型计算出铁粉对溶液中磷素的平衡吸附量为1.6449 mg/g,而河沙对溶液中磷素的平衡吸附量为0.1627 mg/g。在CRI系统滤料中添加适量铁粉构建加强除磷型CRI系统(模型柱5),通过试验室试验运行发现模型柱5对TP的去除率有了较大的提高,平均去除率为84.2%,比模型柱1高出40%左右。
为了从理论上进一步了解CRI系统,利用反应-扩散理论从微生物对基质的降解速度、基质从液相到生物膜的扩散过程、生物膜的生长及自身氧化过程等方面构建CRI系统污染物降解动力学模型,并借助于相关数据分析软件,通过对试验数据进行分析和回归拟合,对动力学模型参数进行率定,并结合数学理论和试验结果对模型参数的意义进行探讨。
基于不同进水浓度和水力负荷条件下CRI系统对COD去除规律,在Monod方程及Mann A.T等研究的基础上,推导了计算CRI系统滤层有效高度的数学模型,并通过试验数据对模型参数进行率定。通过试验验证发现,该模型可根据CRI系统进水COD浓度、水力负荷以及出水水质要求,较准确地计算出所需滤层高度。基于计算CRI系统滤池有效高度的数学模型基础上,构建出不同出水水质要求下CRI系统进水浓度和进水水力负荷的相应规律曲线,根据此曲线可由系统进水浓度和出水水质要求确定系统进水水力负荷,为CRI系统最大水力负荷值的确定提供了一种科学定量的计算方法。所构建的模型是通过对实际生活污水进行试验得到的,具有一定的代表性,可作为工程设计的参考。
Constructed Rapid Infiltration system(CRI system), a wastewater treatment technology aiming mainly at the wastewater from small towns or residents, is a kind of brand-new biological wastewater treatment method, which is becoming the hot spots of research and application. Related research shows that CRI system is good at removing the ammonia nitrogen, organic, SS and so on, but the removal efficiency is bad for TP and TN. On account of many reasons, the research of pollutant removal mechanism and basic theory is quite deficient, there are few reports on pollutant removal dynamics, hydraulic load, operation mode and engineering design are depended on experience in practical engineering application. Therefore, adopted site investigation, testing analysis and theoretical research methods, this subject study the migration rule and characteristics of pollutants in the CRI system, clarify removal mechanism of organic, nitrogen and phosphorus in the CRI system, explore pollutant removal kinetic process, constructing the dynamic model of removing pollutants in CRI system, filter layer height calculation model in constructed rapid infiltration system and relation curves between fill concentration, water concentration and hydraulic load in CRI system, optimization CRI pool body structure, filter material composition and operation mode, improve the removal efficiency of pollutants in CRI system.
Through prospecting phoenix river CRI system engineering in Chengdu, it shows that CRI system is good at removing the ammonia nitrogen, organic, SS and so on, effluent water is stable in CRI system, and the CRI system has strong resistance to load impact ability, the ammonia nitrogen, organic, SS of ultimate effluent is qualified to Standard A of "Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant" (GB18918-2002). But the removal efficiency is bad for TP and TN and the ultimate effluent is not qualified to Standard A of "Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant" (GB18918-2002). When improving the CRI process, it must consider changing pool filter layer structure, filter material composition and operation mode to improve the removal efficiency of TN and TP in CRI system.
Through constructing simulation column 1 of CRI system for treating sewage in lab, this paper further investigates the pollutant migration, transformation, degradation rule in CRI system, masters the degradation mechanism of pollutants especially N and P, analyses the reasons of lower removal for TN and TP. The result in this paper will make a good foundation for optimizing pool body structure, filter material composition and operation mode, improving the removal efficiency of pollutants especially nitrogen and phosphorus in CRI system, guiding designation of CRI systems engineering and further applying CRI technology.
In order to improve the denitrification efficiency of CRI system, this paper optimizes CRI system by changing the filter material composition, filter structure and operation mode to construct CRI system model column which can remove nitrogen better. Test results show that when added 25% of charcoal into the filter material of CRI system (simulation column 2 of CRI system), the removal rate of TN increases 5.5%.When added anaerobic section at the lower part of simulation column 2 of CRI system (simulation column 3 of CRI system, the removal rate of TN increases 3.8%% than simulation column 2 of CRI system, but the removal rate of TN is still low. Because when simulation column 3 treats wastewater, although saturated zone is set as denitrification section at 100-150cm of the pond, organic matter at 0-100cm of the pond is removed effectively and organic concentration entering into the saturated zone is low that cannot provide enough carbon sources for the denitrifying reaction. It restrains the denitrifying reaction and makes the denitrifying bacteria can't change nitrate into gaseous nitrogen completely. When added moderate carbon into the filter simulation column 3 of CRI system (filter simulation column 4), TN removal rate reaches 59.1% in filter simulation column 4 which increased 15% or so than the filter simulation column 3. It shows that the existing CRI system has the low removal rate for TN because of lack of anaerobic environment and organic carbon sources.
The mechanism of phosphorus removal in CRI system shows that it should begin from developing new type filler and improve phosphorus adsorption and chemical deposition of infiltration mediums to improve phosphorus removal rate of CRI system. Iron and sands(normal substrate of CRI system) are closed as research objects, the isothermal adsorption characteristics of iron and sands adsorbing phosphorus in the wastewater are researched, dynamic process iron and sands adsorbing phosphorus in the are analyzed by first order reaction kinetic model and pseudo-second-order kinetics model, rule and performance of adsorbing phosphorus are investigated. Researches show that isothermal adsorption characteristics of both iron and sand adsorbing phosphorus conform to Langmuir equation, absorption reaction can be spontaneous, spontaneous degree, adsorption ability and stability of iron adsorbing phosphorus are better than sand, the maximum amounts of iron adsorbing phosphorus is 7.56 times than sand, therefore, adding some amount of iron into the substrate of CRI, CRI can remove more phosphorus. Adsorption kinetic of iron adsorbing phosphorus in the wastewater is closer to the first order reaction kinetic model, while sand is closer to the pseudo-second-order kinetics model by analyzing standard errors of first order reaction kinetic model and pseudo-second-order kinetics model, relative errors between parameter (Qo) of Langmuir equations and parameter (w) of first order reaction kinetic model and parameter (qe) of pseudo-second-order kinetics model synthetically. Research results enrich and develop water pollution control and remediation theory of CRI system and provide new ideas for constructing dynamic model of matrix adsorbing solute. When adding moderate iron into the filter simulation column of CRI system (filter simulation column 5), TP removal rate reaches 84.2% in filter simulation column5 which increased 40% or so than the filter simulation columnl.
In order to further understand CRI system theoretically, this paper constructs the pollution degradation dynamics model of CRI system using reaction-diffusion theory from the standpoint of degradation speed of aerobic microbes to matrix, diffusion process of Matrix from liquid to biological membrane and biological membrane growth and oxidation process. A data analysis software, is applies to analyze the test data to calibrate dynamic model parameters. The significance of model parameters is researched by combining mathematical theory and test results.
Simulation column of CRI system is applied to treat domestic wastewater and organic matter degradation kinetics characteristics are studied on the basis of Monod equation, research of Mann A.T. and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) degradation law. Then the mathematics calculation model of filter layer height is built based on COD degradation kinetic equation in CRI system. Through experimental verification, it shows that within a certain range, this model could precisely calculate the economic and appropriate height of filter layer in line with the requirement of influent COD concentration, hydraulic load and effluent quality in CRI system. Rule curve between water concentration and hydraulic loading is constructed based on the mathematics calculation model of filter layer height. Hydraulic loading can be calculated by rule curve due to water concentration and effluent water requirements. It provides a scientific quantitative calculation method for calculating hydraulic loading of CRI system. However, since these models are derived within a certain range, when hydraulic load or influent concentration is beyond the applicable scope, there will be a certain deviation between models calculated values and actual results. Therefore, in actual project, the parameters of models must be ascertained or revised according to the characteristics of specific filter and reactor itself.
引文
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