水源型水库富营养化预测与控制技术研究
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摘要
产芝水库位于大沽河干流中上游,是典型的水源型水库,也是青岛市最大的水库,但由于长期受农业、养殖和生活废水的影响,水库氮磷严重超标,富营养化程度日益加深,大大影响了水体的使用功能。随着工农业的迅速发展及城市扩张,青岛市水资源供需失衡逐渐凸显,开展产芝水库富营养化预测及控制技术研究迫在眉睫。
本文在区域自然环境概况调查的基础上,分析了水库水质的时空分布特征,根据现有水质监测资料,建立了改良的模糊综合评判模型,对水库的富营养化现状进行了综合评价。针对产芝水库独特的环境背景,对底泥的污染特征进行了深入地研究,并通过室内柱状试验,建立了不同温度和不同扰动条件下底泥氮磷释放通量与释放时间之间的方程式。另外,通过建立含底泥释放的平面二维水流-水质模型,对多污染源共同影响下不同水文年水库的水质分布进行预测。最后,通过室内试验,研究了两级垂直流土地系统处理入库河水的最佳工况和去除效果;优化了聚硅硫酸铝铁抑制底泥磷释放的内部配比和投加量,且研究了优化条件下的抑磷效果;深入分析了各因素对生态调度治理底泥氮磷污染的影响。本文获得的主要结论如下:
(1)改良了模糊综合评判模型,并利用模型对水库富营养化现状进行了评价。
应用改良的模糊综合评判模型,对产芝水库富营养化现状进行了综合评价,评价结果显示产芝水库库区为富营养化水平,入库支流为重富营养化水平。
(2)建立了沉积物氮磷释放通量与释放时间的定量表达式。
通过室内柱状模拟试验,研究了沉积物中氮磷的释放规律,建立了不同温度和不同扰动条件下氮磷释放通量与释放时间的定量表达式,其中,静态释放可用对数方程y = a+bln( x)表示,动态释放可以用幂指数方程y = axb来表示。
(3)构建了含平面二维内源释放耦合水流-水质模型。
将内源释放因子耦合于平面二维水流-水质模型中,通过对初始条件、边界条件和参数的确定及模型的验证,建立了含内源释放项的二维水流-水质模型,对多污染源共同影响下不同水文年水库的水质分布进行了预测,预测结果表明,中营养占7.4%,中富营养化占16.7%,富营养化占75.9%。
(4)研发了适宜于入库河水污染治理的两级垂直流土地系统。
通过室内试验,对生物填料、水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)和水力负荷进行了优选,得到的优化工况为:填料为生物陶粒,HRT为144h,水力负荷为0.139m/d。优化工况下对TN、TP、CODMn和叶绿素-a平均去除率分别为60.2%、69.3%、56.8%和70.6%。
(5)首次把聚硅硫酸铝铁(PSAFS)应用于抑制底泥磷释放。
试验结果表明,优化条件下空白实验上覆水中TP的累积浓度是投加PSAFS的2倍多,且空白试验TP累积释放浓度的波动性远大于投加PSAFS的样品,抑制效果显著。
(6)提出了生态调度治理底泥氮磷污染的新技术。
通过室内模拟试验,研究了不同温度、不同调水周期和不同调水比例对生态调度技术治理底泥氮磷污染的影响。研究证明,当水体温度为25℃、换水周期越短和调水比例越大时,对底泥中氮磷污染的治理效果越好。
The Chanzhi Reservoir is located in the upper reach of the Dagu River , which is a typical water-type reservoir and the biggest reservoir of Qingdao. But the nitrogen and phosphorus in the reservoir have exceeded the environmental quality standards for surface water under the influences of agriculture cultivation and domestic sewage. With the rapid development of agriculture and industry and urban growth, the contradiction between water demand and supply is aggravating. Therefore, it is urgent to study the eutrophication prediction and control technologies of the Chanzhi Reservoir of Qingdao.
Based on the natural environment investigation in the area of the Chanzhi Reservoir, spatial and temporal distribution of water quality in the Chanzhi Reservoir is analyzed. According to the existing water quality monitoring datas, a modified fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is established to evaluate the eutrophication status of the Chanzhi Reservoir. According to unique environmental background of the Chanzhi Reservoir, the features of sediment pollution are studied. The equations of nitrogen and phosphorus flux and release time are established under circumstances of different temperatures and disturbances by indoor column test. In addition, a plane 2D water flow-water quality model with sediment release is developed to simulate the water quality distribution of the Chanzhi Reservoir in different hydrological years with the joint effects of different pollution sources. At last, the optimized condition and removal effect of the two-stage vertical-flow land system for input rivers water treatment, the effectiveness of using PSAFS to control phosphorus release from sediment and the feasibility of ecological operation to control nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in sediment are deeply studied by the lab test. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows:
(1) The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is modified and employed to evaluate the eutrophication status of the Chanzhi Reservoir.
Modified fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is employed to evaluate the eutrophication status of the Chanzhi Reservoir. The evaluation results show that the reservoir is in eutrophication level and the input rivers are in heavy eutrophication level.
(2) The equations of nitrogen and phosphorus flux and release time are established.
The release regularity of nitrogen and phosphorus is studied and the equations of nitrogen and phosphorus flux and release time were established under circumstances of different temperatures and disturbances by indoor column test.. static release can be expressed by logarithmic equation: y = a+bln( x), the dynamic release can be expressed by power exponential equation: y = axb.
(3) A plane 2D water flow-quality model with internal release is established.
The internal release factors are coupled in the plane 2D water flow-quality model, and the plane 2D water flow-water quality model with internal release is established through determining of initial conditions, boundary conditions and parameters and the validation of model. The water quality distribution of the Chanzhi Reservoir is predicted in different hydrological years with the joint effects of different pollution sources. And the predicting results show that, the moderate nutrition accounts for 7.4%, moderate eutrophication accounts for 16.7%, and eutrophication accounts for 75.9%.
(4) The two-stage vertical-flow land system which is suitable for input rivers treatment is proposed.
The biological filter media, hydraulic retention time and hydraulic loading are optimized by indoor test. The optimized conditions of the system are as follows: the filler is bio-ceramic, HRT is144h, hydraulic loading is 0.139m/d. The removal rates of TN, TP, CODMn andChl a under the optimized condition are 60.2%, 69.3%, 56.8% and 70.6% respectively.
(5) PSAFS is used to restrain phosphorus release of the sediment at the first time.
The results show that the restraining result is significant as the cumulative release concentration of TP in blank test is more than twice compared to the test which is added PSAFS, and the volatility of the cumulative release concentration of TP in blank test exceeds the sample which is added PSAFS.
(6) The new technology of ecological operation to control nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in sediment is proposed.
The results show that when the water temperature is 25℃, the treatment effect of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in sediment is better with shorter water- changing period and larger water-transferring proportion.
本文在区域自然环境概况调查的基础上,分析了水库水质的时空分布特征,根据现有水质监测资料,建立了改良的模糊综合评判模型,对水库的富营养化现状进行了综合评价。针对产芝水库独特的环境背景,对底泥的污染特征进行了深入地研究,并通过室内柱状试验,建立了不同温度和不同扰动条件下底泥氮磷释放通量与释放时间之间的方程式。另外,通过建立含底泥释放的平面二维水流-水质模型,对多污染源共同影响下不同水文年水库的水质分布进行预测。最后,通过室内试验,研究了两级垂直流土地系统处理入库河水的最佳工况和去除效果;优化了聚硅硫酸铝铁抑制底泥磷释放的内部配比和投加量,且研究了优化条件下的抑磷效果;深入分析了各因素对生态调度治理底泥氮磷污染的影响。本文获得的主要结论如下:
(1)改良了模糊综合评判模型,并利用模型对水库富营养化现状进行了评价。
应用改良的模糊综合评判模型,对产芝水库富营养化现状进行了综合评价,评价结果显示产芝水库库区为富营养化水平,入库支流为重富营养化水平。
(2)建立了沉积物氮磷释放通量与释放时间的定量表达式。
通过室内柱状模拟试验,研究了沉积物中氮磷的释放规律,建立了不同温度和不同扰动条件下氮磷释放通量与释放时间的定量表达式,其中,静态释放可用对数方程y = a+bln( x)表示,动态释放可以用幂指数方程y = axb来表示。
(3)构建了含平面二维内源释放耦合水流-水质模型。
将内源释放因子耦合于平面二维水流-水质模型中,通过对初始条件、边界条件和参数的确定及模型的验证,建立了含内源释放项的二维水流-水质模型,对多污染源共同影响下不同水文年水库的水质分布进行了预测,预测结果表明,中营养占7.4%,中富营养化占16.7%,富营养化占75.9%。
(4)研发了适宜于入库河水污染治理的两级垂直流土地系统。
通过室内试验,对生物填料、水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)和水力负荷进行了优选,得到的优化工况为:填料为生物陶粒,HRT为144h,水力负荷为0.139m/d。优化工况下对TN、TP、CODMn和叶绿素-a平均去除率分别为60.2%、69.3%、56.8%和70.6%。
(5)首次把聚硅硫酸铝铁(PSAFS)应用于抑制底泥磷释放。
试验结果表明,优化条件下空白实验上覆水中TP的累积浓度是投加PSAFS的2倍多,且空白试验TP累积释放浓度的波动性远大于投加PSAFS的样品,抑制效果显著。
(6)提出了生态调度治理底泥氮磷污染的新技术。
通过室内模拟试验,研究了不同温度、不同调水周期和不同调水比例对生态调度技术治理底泥氮磷污染的影响。研究证明,当水体温度为25℃、换水周期越短和调水比例越大时,对底泥中氮磷污染的治理效果越好。
The Chanzhi Reservoir is located in the upper reach of the Dagu River , which is a typical water-type reservoir and the biggest reservoir of Qingdao. But the nitrogen and phosphorus in the reservoir have exceeded the environmental quality standards for surface water under the influences of agriculture cultivation and domestic sewage. With the rapid development of agriculture and industry and urban growth, the contradiction between water demand and supply is aggravating. Therefore, it is urgent to study the eutrophication prediction and control technologies of the Chanzhi Reservoir of Qingdao.
Based on the natural environment investigation in the area of the Chanzhi Reservoir, spatial and temporal distribution of water quality in the Chanzhi Reservoir is analyzed. According to the existing water quality monitoring datas, a modified fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is established to evaluate the eutrophication status of the Chanzhi Reservoir. According to unique environmental background of the Chanzhi Reservoir, the features of sediment pollution are studied. The equations of nitrogen and phosphorus flux and release time are established under circumstances of different temperatures and disturbances by indoor column test. In addition, a plane 2D water flow-water quality model with sediment release is developed to simulate the water quality distribution of the Chanzhi Reservoir in different hydrological years with the joint effects of different pollution sources. At last, the optimized condition and removal effect of the two-stage vertical-flow land system for input rivers water treatment, the effectiveness of using PSAFS to control phosphorus release from sediment and the feasibility of ecological operation to control nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in sediment are deeply studied by the lab test. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows:
(1) The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is modified and employed to evaluate the eutrophication status of the Chanzhi Reservoir.
Modified fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is employed to evaluate the eutrophication status of the Chanzhi Reservoir. The evaluation results show that the reservoir is in eutrophication level and the input rivers are in heavy eutrophication level.
(2) The equations of nitrogen and phosphorus flux and release time are established.
The release regularity of nitrogen and phosphorus is studied and the equations of nitrogen and phosphorus flux and release time were established under circumstances of different temperatures and disturbances by indoor column test.. static release can be expressed by logarithmic equation: y = a+bln( x), the dynamic release can be expressed by power exponential equation: y = axb.
(3) A plane 2D water flow-quality model with internal release is established.
The internal release factors are coupled in the plane 2D water flow-quality model, and the plane 2D water flow-water quality model with internal release is established through determining of initial conditions, boundary conditions and parameters and the validation of model. The water quality distribution of the Chanzhi Reservoir is predicted in different hydrological years with the joint effects of different pollution sources. And the predicting results show that, the moderate nutrition accounts for 7.4%, moderate eutrophication accounts for 16.7%, and eutrophication accounts for 75.9%.
(4) The two-stage vertical-flow land system which is suitable for input rivers treatment is proposed.
The biological filter media, hydraulic retention time and hydraulic loading are optimized by indoor test. The optimized conditions of the system are as follows: the filler is bio-ceramic, HRT is144h, hydraulic loading is 0.139m/d. The removal rates of TN, TP, CODMn andChl a under the optimized condition are 60.2%, 69.3%, 56.8% and 70.6% respectively.
(5) PSAFS is used to restrain phosphorus release of the sediment at the first time.
The results show that the restraining result is significant as the cumulative release concentration of TP in blank test is more than twice compared to the test which is added PSAFS, and the volatility of the cumulative release concentration of TP in blank test exceeds the sample which is added PSAFS.
(6) The new technology of ecological operation to control nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in sediment is proposed.
The results show that when the water temperature is 25℃, the treatment effect of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in sediment is better with shorter water- changing period and larger water-transferring proportion.
引文
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