海水养殖贝类苗种循环水高效净化技术研究
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摘要
本课题是中国科学院海洋研究所主持的国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)项目子课题的一部分。本文重点研究蛋白泡沫分离技术、臭氧消毒技术和生物滤池在海水养殖贝类苗种循环水处理技术的应用,并对海水养殖水进行了中试研究。工厂化水产养殖是提高生产力的重要途径,也是人们采用高科技手段实现可控化高效养殖,解决日益枯竭的海洋资源危机的有效措施。
工厂化养殖体系中由于养殖密度较大,以及投饵等所引起的水质恶化是该体系维持正常生产的制约因素之一,研究和建立高效的水质净化系统并应用于工厂化养殖循环水的净化处理是工厂化养殖体系正常运行的关键技术,也是实现其稳产高效的保证,具有重要理论意义和广阔的应用前景。
本文针对海水养殖贝类苗种循环水的水质特点探讨其高效净化的技术和方法,较系统深入地研究了泡沫分离、O3消毒灭菌、曝气生物滤池(简称BAF)和活性炭对水中有机物的去除率及其影响因素,优化了工艺参数,取得了良好的结果。得出采用砂滤——BAF——泡沫分离——O3灭菌——活性炭吸附联合处理工艺对该循环系统进行净化处理的可行性,实现了工厂化养殖水循环使用。本文所获得的主要结果如下:
1、利用泡沫分离器去除养殖循环水中的有机物是可行的,泡沫分离器的去除效率受有机物浓度和性质、最佳气液比等多种因素的影响。有机物的浓度和性质是影响泡沫分离器去除率的决定因素,在本文确定的最佳气液比、最小表面气体流速、最佳停留时间等工艺参数下,可使泡沫分离器对有机物的去除达到理想的效果。
2、经臭氧处理后的海水,其主要的水质指标pH、氧化还原电位(ORP)、化学耗氧量(COD)、溶解氧(DO)、氨氮(NH3-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2-N)、细菌总数等可以达到养殖海水循环水质要求,水质状况明显改善。
3、生物培养实验表明:采用经臭氧处理的海水培养小球藻(Chlorella sp.),发现臭氧生成氧化物对其生长具有明显影响。当其浓度低于0.735mg/L时,对小球藻不产生毒害作用;当浓度超过1.036 mg/L时,则对小球藻的生长具有明显的毒害作用。此时观察到大量小球藻死亡。在0.735mg/L和1.036 mg/L之间,稍有毒害作用。通过实验获得了臭氧投加量与小球藻生长量间的定量关系,提出了消除和控制其毒害作用的对策。
4、活性炭可以有效吸附臭氧生成氧化物。研究了在进水水质不变的前提下,活性炭吸附柱最佳高度;在进水量为45.6L/h时,炭层高度≥800mm。在该条件下能保证活性炭出水中残余臭氧生成氧化物浓度在0.1mg/L以下。既能使臭氧处理再循环用水达到较好的消毒目的,又可消除O3消毒过程中产生的不利影响。
5、实验结果表明水中残余臭氧生成氧化物(ORO)浓度与氧化还原电位之间具有一定的关系,因此通过体系中氧化还原电位的测定来跟踪ORO在处理水中的残存量,从而提供了一个简便可靠的监测ORO的方法,为工厂化养殖系统控制生物生长的不利因素提供技术支持和科学依据。
6、对滤池滤料进行了优选实验,其中陶粒滤料对COD的去除效果最好,悬浮滤料次之,竹球最差;实验初期,陶粒滤池与悬浮滤料滤池对氨氮的去除效果接近,出水水质都能达到养殖水水质的要求,但是随着实验的进行,陶粒对氨氮的去除效果逐渐超过悬浮滤料;竹球滤池对氨氮和亚硝酸盐表现出良好的去除效果,一直未出现亚硝酸盐的积累。由于悬浮滤料价格较贵,对氨氮和COD的去除效果也一般,本实验把它舍弃。在本实验条件下,三种滤料的曝气生物滤池出水COD和NH3-N浓度都随着进水有机负荷和氨氮负荷的提高而增加,但随着所选用滤料的不同,负荷对它们的影响又有所不同;本实验确定的三种滤料滤池的最佳水力停留时间是1h,最佳滤料层高60cm,最佳气水比为3:1,为BAF在实际中的推广应用提供了科学依据。
本研究的创新之处在于:
1、对蛋白泡沫分离技术和臭氧消毒技术在海水养殖贝类苗种循环水中的应用进行了现场中试研究,得到了一定水质下的蛋白泡沫分离器的相关参数;发现并首次定量探讨了臭氧生成氧化物对养殖循环水水质的影响和消除其影响的途径。得到了海水养殖贝类苗种循环水处理利用砂滤——BAF——泡沫分离——O3灭菌——活性炭吸附联合处理工艺中各处理单元的控制参数。
2、本文在研究臭氧水质净化的基础上,探讨了臭氧及其氧化产物对海水生态系中的微藻可能产生的影响,提出了防治对策。
3、提出一种检测有害成分的简便方法,对生产有指导作用和应用价值。
4、进行了不同滤料在海水中的挂膜研究,探讨了对挂膜可能产生影响的因素,同时还研究了氨氮负荷、有机负荷、水力停留时间、填料高度、水温、pH以及气水比对3种滤料去除氨氮、COD的影响,为BAF在工程中的推广应用提供了技术依据。
Industrialized mariculture is an important approach to increasing productivity. It is also an effective measure for mankind to realizing controllable and high effective mariculture and resolving the crisis of increasingly exhausted ocean resource by high technology.
The deterioration of water quality caused by high density of mariculture in industrialized mariculture system and bait casting is one of key factors that the system can be kept to normally produce. It is a key technique for normal work of industrialized mariculture system and ensuring of stable and effective production that study and establishment high effective water purified system and its application in circle water treatment of industrialized mariculture. So study and establishment high effective water purified system and its applications in circle water treatment of industrialized mariculture have important academic meaning and will have wide application.
In this paper, the effective purified technique and method for the circle water system of mariculture for young seashell were studied based on the water property. The circle water system of mariculture for young seashell was purified by foam fractionation- ozone disinfection- activated carbon adsorption coupled treatment technique. The removal rate of organic compounds and influence factors with foam fractionation- ozone disinfection- activated carbon adsorption method were systemically studied. The technique parameters were optimized. The satisfactory results were obtained. The circular use of industrialized mariculture water was realized. The following is the major results in this paper:
1. It is practicable to remove organic compounds in circle water of mariculture by foam separators. The removal rate of foam separator was affected by some factors, such as, the concentration of organic compounds and optimal vapor/liquid proportion. The concentration and quality of organic compounds were the key factors of effecting removal rate of foam separator. The removal results of organic compounds by foam separator were satisfactory under the condition of optimal vapor/liquid proportion, minimum velocity of surface vapor and optimal retention time.
2. The main water quality parameters of seawater after ozone disinfection, including pH, oxidation -reduction potential (ORP), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia (NH4-N), nitrite(NO2-N), total bacteria count, can achieve the demand of the aquaculture water quality. The water quality was distinctly modified after ozone disinfection.
3. The biology culture experiment shows that ozone produced oxidant (OPO) can heavily affect the growth of Chlorella sp. cultured by seawater after ozone treatment. When the concentration of OPO was under the level of 0.735mg/l, the ozone produced oxidant was harmless to the growth of Chlorella sp.; while it is obviously harmful when above 1.036mg/l, a lot of chlorella sp. had perished. The quantitative relation between dosage of ozone and growth of Chlorella sp. was obtained. The means to eliminating and controlling the harmful effect of ozone was proposed.
4. The activated carbon can effectively adsorb ozone and make the ozone transform to oxidant. The concentration of residual ozone-produced-oxidants in the water after activated carbon adsorption was less to 0.1 mg/l, under the condition that the imput water flow-rate was 45.6 l/h and the height of carbon bed was higher than 800mm, which was the optimal height of activated carbon adsorption column, the imput water quality was kept constant. Under the above condition, the re-circle water after ozone treatment can be sterilized, and the harmful effect produced during the ozone disinfection was avoided.
5. The experimental results show that there is a quantitative relation between TRO and ORP. Therefore, a simple and reliable mehtod to monitor the ORP was obtained, by determination of ORP tracing the TRO concentration in the water after treatment. The method gives guiding role and applied value in the practical production.
6.This experiment contrasts three different substrates. The granular ceramics media BAF is the best on COD removal,and the bamboo media BAF is the worst ;In the first term of this experiment the granular ceramics media BAF and the suspended media BAF is same on NH3-N removal,and the water quality can achieve the standard of mariculture effluent,but in the last term the granular ceramics media BAF is better than the suspended media BAF on NH3-N removal; The bamboo media BAF has a good effect on the removal of NH3-N and NO2-N. Because of the high price and normal removal on NH3-N and COD, we throw the suspended media. In this experiment, the COD and NH3-N concentrations of the effluent increase with the COD and NH3-N charge increasing. The optimum HRT、media hight and air:liquid in three different media BAF is 1h、60cm and 3:1 respectively.
The innovations of the study are the following:
1. The pilot study on application of Protein Foam Fractionation and Ozone Disinfection Technology in circle water system of mariculture for young seashell was carried. Some parameters of protein foam separator for certain quality of water were obtained. The harmful effect of ozone produced oxidant on mariculture recirculating water quality was first found, and the approach to eliminating the harmful effect was fist studied. The technique parameters of the circle water treatment of mariculture for young seashell by foam fractionation-ozone disinfection-activated carbon adsorption coupled treatment technique were obtained.
2. The influence of ozone and its oxidants in seawater on the growth of Marine Microalgae was discussed, based on study on improvement of recirculating mariculture water quilaty by the treatment of ozone.
3. A simple method to determination of harmful components was proposed, and it can give guiding role and applied value in the practical production.
4.This experiment studies the Start—up of different medias BAF in the seawater, the possible thing effecting Start—up,and the effect of NH3-N charg、COD charg、HRT、media hight、water temperature、pH and gas:liquid on the removal of NH3-N and COD.
工厂化养殖体系中由于养殖密度较大,以及投饵等所引起的水质恶化是该体系维持正常生产的制约因素之一,研究和建立高效的水质净化系统并应用于工厂化养殖循环水的净化处理是工厂化养殖体系正常运行的关键技术,也是实现其稳产高效的保证,具有重要理论意义和广阔的应用前景。
本文针对海水养殖贝类苗种循环水的水质特点探讨其高效净化的技术和方法,较系统深入地研究了泡沫分离、O3消毒灭菌、曝气生物滤池(简称BAF)和活性炭对水中有机物的去除率及其影响因素,优化了工艺参数,取得了良好的结果。得出采用砂滤——BAF——泡沫分离——O3灭菌——活性炭吸附联合处理工艺对该循环系统进行净化处理的可行性,实现了工厂化养殖水循环使用。本文所获得的主要结果如下:
1、利用泡沫分离器去除养殖循环水中的有机物是可行的,泡沫分离器的去除效率受有机物浓度和性质、最佳气液比等多种因素的影响。有机物的浓度和性质是影响泡沫分离器去除率的决定因素,在本文确定的最佳气液比、最小表面气体流速、最佳停留时间等工艺参数下,可使泡沫分离器对有机物的去除达到理想的效果。
2、经臭氧处理后的海水,其主要的水质指标pH、氧化还原电位(ORP)、化学耗氧量(COD)、溶解氧(DO)、氨氮(NH3-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2-N)、细菌总数等可以达到养殖海水循环水质要求,水质状况明显改善。
3、生物培养实验表明:采用经臭氧处理的海水培养小球藻(Chlorella sp.),发现臭氧生成氧化物对其生长具有明显影响。当其浓度低于0.735mg/L时,对小球藻不产生毒害作用;当浓度超过1.036 mg/L时,则对小球藻的生长具有明显的毒害作用。此时观察到大量小球藻死亡。在0.735mg/L和1.036 mg/L之间,稍有毒害作用。通过实验获得了臭氧投加量与小球藻生长量间的定量关系,提出了消除和控制其毒害作用的对策。
4、活性炭可以有效吸附臭氧生成氧化物。研究了在进水水质不变的前提下,活性炭吸附柱最佳高度;在进水量为45.6L/h时,炭层高度≥800mm。在该条件下能保证活性炭出水中残余臭氧生成氧化物浓度在0.1mg/L以下。既能使臭氧处理再循环用水达到较好的消毒目的,又可消除O3消毒过程中产生的不利影响。
5、实验结果表明水中残余臭氧生成氧化物(ORO)浓度与氧化还原电位之间具有一定的关系,因此通过体系中氧化还原电位的测定来跟踪ORO在处理水中的残存量,从而提供了一个简便可靠的监测ORO的方法,为工厂化养殖系统控制生物生长的不利因素提供技术支持和科学依据。
6、对滤池滤料进行了优选实验,其中陶粒滤料对COD的去除效果最好,悬浮滤料次之,竹球最差;实验初期,陶粒滤池与悬浮滤料滤池对氨氮的去除效果接近,出水水质都能达到养殖水水质的要求,但是随着实验的进行,陶粒对氨氮的去除效果逐渐超过悬浮滤料;竹球滤池对氨氮和亚硝酸盐表现出良好的去除效果,一直未出现亚硝酸盐的积累。由于悬浮滤料价格较贵,对氨氮和COD的去除效果也一般,本实验把它舍弃。在本实验条件下,三种滤料的曝气生物滤池出水COD和NH3-N浓度都随着进水有机负荷和氨氮负荷的提高而增加,但随着所选用滤料的不同,负荷对它们的影响又有所不同;本实验确定的三种滤料滤池的最佳水力停留时间是1h,最佳滤料层高60cm,最佳气水比为3:1,为BAF在实际中的推广应用提供了科学依据。
本研究的创新之处在于:
1、对蛋白泡沫分离技术和臭氧消毒技术在海水养殖贝类苗种循环水中的应用进行了现场中试研究,得到了一定水质下的蛋白泡沫分离器的相关参数;发现并首次定量探讨了臭氧生成氧化物对养殖循环水水质的影响和消除其影响的途径。得到了海水养殖贝类苗种循环水处理利用砂滤——BAF——泡沫分离——O3灭菌——活性炭吸附联合处理工艺中各处理单元的控制参数。
2、本文在研究臭氧水质净化的基础上,探讨了臭氧及其氧化产物对海水生态系中的微藻可能产生的影响,提出了防治对策。
3、提出一种检测有害成分的简便方法,对生产有指导作用和应用价值。
4、进行了不同滤料在海水中的挂膜研究,探讨了对挂膜可能产生影响的因素,同时还研究了氨氮负荷、有机负荷、水力停留时间、填料高度、水温、pH以及气水比对3种滤料去除氨氮、COD的影响,为BAF在工程中的推广应用提供了技术依据。
Industrialized mariculture is an important approach to increasing productivity. It is also an effective measure for mankind to realizing controllable and high effective mariculture and resolving the crisis of increasingly exhausted ocean resource by high technology.
The deterioration of water quality caused by high density of mariculture in industrialized mariculture system and bait casting is one of key factors that the system can be kept to normally produce. It is a key technique for normal work of industrialized mariculture system and ensuring of stable and effective production that study and establishment high effective water purified system and its application in circle water treatment of industrialized mariculture. So study and establishment high effective water purified system and its applications in circle water treatment of industrialized mariculture have important academic meaning and will have wide application.
In this paper, the effective purified technique and method for the circle water system of mariculture for young seashell were studied based on the water property. The circle water system of mariculture for young seashell was purified by foam fractionation- ozone disinfection- activated carbon adsorption coupled treatment technique. The removal rate of organic compounds and influence factors with foam fractionation- ozone disinfection- activated carbon adsorption method were systemically studied. The technique parameters were optimized. The satisfactory results were obtained. The circular use of industrialized mariculture water was realized. The following is the major results in this paper:
1. It is practicable to remove organic compounds in circle water of mariculture by foam separators. The removal rate of foam separator was affected by some factors, such as, the concentration of organic compounds and optimal vapor/liquid proportion. The concentration and quality of organic compounds were the key factors of effecting removal rate of foam separator. The removal results of organic compounds by foam separator were satisfactory under the condition of optimal vapor/liquid proportion, minimum velocity of surface vapor and optimal retention time.
2. The main water quality parameters of seawater after ozone disinfection, including pH, oxidation -reduction potential (ORP), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia (NH4-N), nitrite(NO2-N), total bacteria count, can achieve the demand of the aquaculture water quality. The water quality was distinctly modified after ozone disinfection.
3. The biology culture experiment shows that ozone produced oxidant (OPO) can heavily affect the growth of Chlorella sp. cultured by seawater after ozone treatment. When the concentration of OPO was under the level of 0.735mg/l, the ozone produced oxidant was harmless to the growth of Chlorella sp.; while it is obviously harmful when above 1.036mg/l, a lot of chlorella sp. had perished. The quantitative relation between dosage of ozone and growth of Chlorella sp. was obtained. The means to eliminating and controlling the harmful effect of ozone was proposed.
4. The activated carbon can effectively adsorb ozone and make the ozone transform to oxidant. The concentration of residual ozone-produced-oxidants in the water after activated carbon adsorption was less to 0.1 mg/l, under the condition that the imput water flow-rate was 45.6 l/h and the height of carbon bed was higher than 800mm, which was the optimal height of activated carbon adsorption column, the imput water quality was kept constant. Under the above condition, the re-circle water after ozone treatment can be sterilized, and the harmful effect produced during the ozone disinfection was avoided.
5. The experimental results show that there is a quantitative relation between TRO and ORP. Therefore, a simple and reliable mehtod to monitor the ORP was obtained, by determination of ORP tracing the TRO concentration in the water after treatment. The method gives guiding role and applied value in the practical production.
6.This experiment contrasts three different substrates. The granular ceramics media BAF is the best on COD removal,and the bamboo media BAF is the worst ;In the first term of this experiment the granular ceramics media BAF and the suspended media BAF is same on NH3-N removal,and the water quality can achieve the standard of mariculture effluent,but in the last term the granular ceramics media BAF is better than the suspended media BAF on NH3-N removal; The bamboo media BAF has a good effect on the removal of NH3-N and NO2-N. Because of the high price and normal removal on NH3-N and COD, we throw the suspended media. In this experiment, the COD and NH3-N concentrations of the effluent increase with the COD and NH3-N charge increasing. The optimum HRT、media hight and air:liquid in three different media BAF is 1h、60cm and 3:1 respectively.
The innovations of the study are the following:
1. The pilot study on application of Protein Foam Fractionation and Ozone Disinfection Technology in circle water system of mariculture for young seashell was carried. Some parameters of protein foam separator for certain quality of water were obtained. The harmful effect of ozone produced oxidant on mariculture recirculating water quality was first found, and the approach to eliminating the harmful effect was fist studied. The technique parameters of the circle water treatment of mariculture for young seashell by foam fractionation-ozone disinfection-activated carbon adsorption coupled treatment technique were obtained.
2. The influence of ozone and its oxidants in seawater on the growth of Marine Microalgae was discussed, based on study on improvement of recirculating mariculture water quilaty by the treatment of ozone.
3. A simple method to determination of harmful components was proposed, and it can give guiding role and applied value in the practical production.
4.This experiment studies the Start—up of different medias BAF in the seawater, the possible thing effecting Start—up,and the effect of NH3-N charg、COD charg、HRT、media hight、water temperature、pH and gas:liquid on the removal of NH3-N and COD.
引文
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