生产性服务业集聚与制造业转型升级研究
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摘要
改革开放前三十多年取得高速发展的中国,当前正面临着经济转型发展的严峻挑战。在这一过程当中,制造业尽快摆脱要素投入与产品低端锁定、产业竞争力弱、大而不强的困境,实现整体转型和升级,成为最亟待破解的重要课题。而问题的真正解决,则在很大程度上有赖于发展生产性服务业。因为众所周知,生产性服务业对于增加制造业生产的迂回度和知识含量,提升制造业效率和竞争力,以及促进制造业转型升级具有十分重要的作用。
不过,上述基本认识只涉及到“应该发展”和“发展什么”的问题,而没有涉及到“如何发展”特别是“何地发展”的问题,也就未能真正把握以生产性服务业促进制造业转型升级的路径选择。随着地理因素被纳入主流经济学考察的视野,产业发展的空间集聚状态愈来愈得到关注和重视。因为一个显著的事实是,基于报酬递增和外部性的产业集聚及由此形成的集聚经济圈正有力地推动着一国及其区域的经济增长,并成为国家提升竞争力的重要战略工具。近年来,国内外生产性服务业显著出现了向集聚经济圈中心城市、城市中央商务区和制造业园区集聚的趋势。可以说,生产性服务业集聚已经成为区域和城市现代经济体系发展的显著规律,成为区域和城市的新兴增长极与转型升级的重要推动力；与此同时,生产性服务业集聚对制造业产生了积极的外溢效应,为制造业的转型升级提供了有力支持。那么,生产性服务业如何在空间上形成合理集聚,以推动制造业转型升级,值得重点研究。
产业集聚有着颇为久远的理论渊源,尤其是自20世纪90年代初新经济地理理论奠基以来,正式宣告产业的空间分布因素纳入经济增长的主流研究范式。其后,产业集聚的研究领域迅速丰富和扩大,伴随着主要发达国家服务经济崛起主导经济增长,对生产性服务业集聚的研究已成为这一领域研究的重要分支。然而在以往对生产性服务业集聚的研究中,多只是静态地讨论既有的不同生产性服务业空间分布特征及其对区域经济层面的影响,而很少结合与其他产业特别是其主要服务对象——制造业的联系,从产业发展升级动态匹配的视角来研究生产性服务业空间集聚的作用和对策问题。本文尝试弥补已有研究的不足,从我国制造业转型升级的现实背景和紧迫要求出发,从理论和实践两个层面来研究生产性服务业“何地发展”的问题,以期更好地通过生产性服务业集聚实现制造业的转型升级。
本文以产业集聚理论、产业结构和工业化理论为基础,以集聚经济圈和城市产业空间演化为现实背景,把握生产性服务业集聚与制造业转型升级关系与作用的主线,按生产性服务业“为何集聚——怎样集聚——如何促进集聚”的逻辑顺序渐次展开,为以生产性服务业在区域的合理集聚促进我国制造业转型升级提出对策。本文的研究框架和主要研究内容如下：
首先是理论与文献综述。本部分梳理产业集聚的理论渊源,以及产业转型升级的理论演变和最新实践,接着回顾了制造业集聚和生产性服务业集聚研究的主流方向和进展。进而,概括了生产性服务业及其集聚与制造业转型升级互动研究的现状。随后,提出了本文研究的切入点和需要重点突破的几个问题。
其次,从理论、实证和对策的角度,回答以生产性服务业集聚推动我国制造业转型升级的三个主要问题,即“为何集聚?怎样集聚?如何促进集聚?”这也是本文研究的主体和核心部分。具体来说：
第一,研究生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级的作用机理与关系,并寻找经验证据,回答“为何集聚”的问题。即在区分制造业价值链中的生产性服务职能基础上,分别探讨功能型服务业与知识密集型服务业空间集聚对制造业转型升级的作用机制,进而利用我国城市单元数据,验证生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级的外溢效应及其中介渠道,为后续对策研究提供可靠的理论基础和实证依据。
第二,基于城市分类的视角,研究不同类型城市发展有利于制造业转型升级的生产性服务业空间集聚的重点行业和区位分布,回答“怎样集聚”的问题。即把握区域不同类型城市的经济基础和区位禀赋特征,分别分析中心城市、先发工业化城市、后发工业化城市制造业转型升级的目标和内涵,探讨怎样形成与之相适应的生产性服务业集聚格局,进而构建城市形成生产性服务业集聚促进制造业转型升级的结构机理和一般性分析框架。
第三,研究以生产性服务业合理集聚促进我国制造业转型升级的保障政策和建议,回答“如何促进集聚”的问题。产业集聚离不开“有为政府”政策和措施的有力支持。基于当前影响我国生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级作用的关键性因素,并结合不同类型城市制造业转型升级中发展生产性服务业集聚的要求,提出相应的保障政策和建议,为产业集聚提供外部动力。
最后是本文的结尾部分,概括主要研究结论,并展望了未来研究拓展的可能方向。
本文研究的主要结论是：
(1)生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级具有积极的促进作用。一方面,为制造业价值链基本性活动服务的功能型服务业通过集聚,在服务业企业产生竞争和协同合作的基础上,为制造业提供了基于商业便利的外部性,其传导机制是降低了制造业的贸易成本,也就是说使制造业取得了一种成本上的剩余。另一方面,为制造业价值链支持性活动服务的知识密集型服务业则不仅集聚在制造业企业及其集群周边,还体现出向集聚经济圈中心城市及其中央商务区集中的趋势。该类型服务业集聚有利于知识的加速生产和积累,并通过知识空间溢出,为制造业提供更多的智力支持。而且,伴随着集聚经济圈内城市群产业空间结构的优化,在更广的区域范围内提升了产业资源配置效率,获得了整体经济性。即知识密集型服务业集聚使制造业取得了一种收益上的剩余。贸易成本的缩减和创新收益的提升为制造业转型升级注入了新的动力。反过来,制造业转型升级也将对生产性服务业提出更高的专业化要求,从而强化后者集聚的规模报酬递增效果,促进了生产性服务业升级和集聚程度加深,从而为更新一轮的制造业转型升级奠定基础。于是在一种累积循环因果机制中可以实现产业的良性互动。
(2)生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级外溢效应的发挥,与城市经济基础和区位禀赋密切相关,同时还需要克服阻碍这种外溢跨区域传递的制约条件；功能型服务业集聚完全通过降低贸易成本来促进制造业的转型升级,而知识密集型服务业集聚还未体现出对制造业转型升级明显的推动作用。基于我国城市样本2009年横截面数据的实证研究发现,城市生产性服务业集聚确实对制造业转型升级产生了积极的外溢效应,但这种作用只局限于集聚经济圈的中心城市和比较发达的城市,这说明生产性服务业集聚并发挥对制造业影响的有利作用,需要获得其所在城市经济基础和区位环境的有力支撑。也就是说,不同区域和城市制造业转型升级过程中利用生产性服务业集聚的方式要有所区别：对于中心城市和工业较发达的城市,可全面积极推进生产性服务业集聚促进制造业转型升级；而对中小城市,应围绕其主导或者支柱制造业转型发展和产业升级的具体目标,有侧重地形成相关生产性服务业的集聚发展。另外,区域性中心城市生产性服务业集聚也没有体现出显著的对相邻城市制造业转型升级的促进作用。而服务业的特殊属性、不恰当的区域保护主义和区域产业发展协调机制的缺位等都成为制约这种区域间外溢效应的主要因素。因而,需要努力创造破除这些障碍的环境和条件。
进一步的中介效应检验发现,在我国集聚经济圈的中心城市和经济较发达的城市,生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级的作用主要是通过功能型服务业集聚的贸易成本缩减中介效应来实现的;而知识密集型服务业集聚还缺乏对制造业的创新驱动作用,这和行业发展规模、集聚区运营管理及基础制度等方面的因素相关,合理加快和改进区域性中心城市和发达城市知识密集型服务业集聚,是支持区域全局制造业转型升级新的政策着力点。
(3)各类城市应根据自身经济基础和区位禀赋,在加强区域产业合作的基础上,发展有利于制造业转型升级的生产性服务业集聚。通过以集聚经济圈为基本单元,并根据其工业化特征和产业结构基础以及区位环境,将其中的城市划分为区域性中心城市、先发工业化城市和后发工业化城市,重点探讨了不同类型城市制造业转型升级过程中生产性服务业集聚的方向,及城市间怎样形成一个结构合理的生产性服务业集聚格局。首先,中心城市已经进入后工业化时期甚至服务经济时代,也适宜于集聚高端生产性服务要素。因而,中心城市制造业转型升级的目标在于以创新驱动制造业价值链层次的整体提升。为此,中心城市生产性服务业宜采用以城市中央商务区为核心的圈层式专业化集聚,重点集聚知识密集型服务业,兼顾集聚功能型服务业,推动中心城市及集聚经济圈区域范围内的制造业转型升级。其次,先发工业化城市已进入工业化中后期阶段,但它们的区位环境却决定了高端生产性服务要素集聚还缺乏比较深厚的基础。所以,先发工业化城市制造业转型升级重在产业内升级,即提高产业加工程度和附加价值。因此,生产性服务业集聚宜发展围绕特定产业集群配套的体系化集聚,并积极与中心城市加强协作,主动接受知识溢出和智力支持,依托若干主要产业集聚区形成合理集聚。第三,后发工业化城市尚处于工业化中期阶段,近年来在积极承接产业转移中快速发展；然而,这类城市在大力发展产业的同时需实现转型发展,重点关切提高人的素质,妥善处理经济与环境之间的关系,避免重走发达地区传统工业化弯路。为此,应以职业教育和劳动力培训、节能与环保服务业和商贸流通业为重点,发展和集聚有特色的生产性服务业,为制造业转型发展奠定坚实基础。
(4)制造业转型升级过程中要发挥生产性服务业集聚的有利作用,应着力提升发达区域知识生产和外溢的能力、后发达区域服务要素集聚的设施和制度保障力,及关键性基础制度环境的支持力。生产性服务业集聚离不开“有为政府”有效政策和措施的支持。为进一步发挥生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级的外溢作用,我国发达区域需要优化创新集聚环境,营造创新集聚氛围,善用创新集聚成果,协调创新集聚资源布局,提升知识生产和外溢的能力；后发达区域则需要加强现代化交通、通讯网络设施建设,降低服务业要素集聚的商务成本,推进制造业服务化的进程,夯实区域转型发展的制度基础。而在更根本的层次,需要改善关键性基础制度建设,构建一个良性竞争、健康公平、人尽其才的市场交易环境,提升基础制度环境的支持力。
本文的主要创新点在于：
(1)以产业集聚理论、产业结构和工业化理论为基础,对生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级的作用机理和关系进行了尝试性的系统梳理和归纳,区分了功能型服务业与知识密集型服务业集聚对制造业转型升级的外溢作用机制,并构造了相关的理论分析模型。同时,基于我国城市一级数据,提供了生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级外溢作用及其中介效应的经验证据。本文实证研究的贡献之一,是在全国范围城市层面上提供了生产性服务业集聚发展对制造业作用效果的经验证据;另一方面,则对不同类型服务业集聚对制造业转型升级的传导机制进行了中介效应检验,从经验证据上进一步印证和深化了对生产性服务业集聚促进制造业转型升级内在原因的认识,这是本文实证研究的又一增量贡献。
(2)从我国制造业转型升级的背景出发,基于不同类型城市的经济基础和区位禀赋,创新性地从统一完整的角度划分了三种城市类型,探寻了区域性中心城市、先发工业化城市、后发工业化城市生产性服务业集聚的发展思路,并凝炼了不同类型城市形成合理的生产性服务业集聚以促进制造业转型升级的结构机理与一般性分析框架。上述结构机理和一般性分析框架具有一定的理论意义和实践指导意义。
(3)对通过促进生产性服务业集聚推动我国制造业转型升级提出了一些具体的创新性对策建议,尤其是在生产性服务业集聚具体的业态模式和内容上有所创新。例如,从全球绿色创新浪潮的大背景切入,在总结广西南宁商品交易所发展基于循环利用资源的废弃物商品交易有益启示的基础上,将其提升至生产性服务业集聚协同创新的高度,并建议在区域性中心城市、先发工业化城市中积极发展这一新兴交易方式,推进区域制造业绿色转型。又如,建议在城市科技型制造业集聚区全面推进设立各商业银行的科技金融专营支行,为急需资金的科技型制造企业提供注重成长性、面向未来的金融支持;提出推广发展基于网络数字化平台的“虚拟性”集聚模式,创新对小微制造企业的高效金融支持。对于上述集聚创新,还提出了相关扶持政策的设想。
当然,本文研究仍存在一些不足之处。比如,在重点探讨生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级作用机制与外溢效应的基础上,关于后者对前者影响的研究还有待加强；同时,文中实证研究所采用的横截面分析也可能未能反映生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级影响的变化趋势。另外,对我国不同类型区域和城市发展生产性服务业集聚促进制造业转型升级的应用研究需要进一步细化,从而为其制造业转型升级中发展生产性服务业集聚的实践提供更有针对性的决策参考。
After a high-speed development brought by the Reform and Opening-up policy which has been carrying out since1978, nowadays China faces critical challenges to change the growth model. During the transitional period, it is the most important task to realize whole transformation and upgradation of manufacturing industry, including improving the situation featuring low-end lock-in of factors imputs and products, as well as large scale but with poor manufacturing competitiveness.Actually, the real solution depends heavily on development of producer services industry. As well known, producer services can significantly increases circuitous process and knowledge content, as well as efficiency and competitiveness of manufacturing, thus realizing manufacturing transformation and upgradation.
However, the above insights only covers " should develop " and " what to develop", and ignores "how to develop" particularly "where to develop", which is the key element for selecting reasonable path to push manufacturing transformation and upgradation by taking advantage of producer services.By company of geographical feature's inclusion into frameworks of mainstream economics, people attach more and more importance to spatial agglomeration of industry. We must note that nowadays, national and regional growth of economy is driven strongly by industry agglomeration based on increasing returns and externalities, as well as economic circle, as a result of industry agglomeration. In other words, industry agglomeration is becoming an important strategic tool to increase national competitiveness over recent years.Over recent years, producer services in and out of our country have been agglomerating dramatically towards central cities within economic circles, central businiess districts within city and agglomeration zones of manufacturing.Doubtlessly, producer services agglomeration has become a significant trend of modern economic system in region and urban area, pushing both economic growth and structural transformation and upgradation of region and city.At the same time,producer services agglomeration provides spillover effectcs on manufacturing transformation and upgradation. Then, it is quite worthy to discuss how to promote producer services agglomeration in space which is very important for manufacturing transformation and upgradation.
For theoretical evolution of industry agglomeration, we can recall so long.Yet until the beginning of1990s when New Economic Geography was founded, industrial spatial location could be included into mainstream paradigm of economic growth.From then on, research scope of industry agglomeration has been widening rapidly.Especially, with a trend that economic growth in developed countries has been clearly dominated by service economy, studies on producer services agglomeration becomes an important field within research on industry agglomeration.However, former studies on producer services agglomeration mostly focus on static discussion for spatial location feature of producer services, as well as its related effects over regional economy.Thus, seldom research covers the connection between producer services and other industries especially manufacturing, and discusses effects and countermeasures of producer services agglomeration with a view of matching manufacturing transformation and upgradation dynamically.Trying to make some additional contributions on related studies, this thesis explores " where to develop " theorectically and practically for producer services under the background and urgent need of manufacturing transformation and upgradation in our country.
Based on theories for industry agglomeration, industrial structure and industrialization, plus realistic background of spatial adjustment of industries within economic circle or city, this thesis mainly focuses on relationship and influence between producer services agglomeration and manufacturing transformation and upgradation.To be exact, the thesis makes efforts to solve three major problems in order:why to agglomerate——how to agglomerate—how to promote agglomerate, and put forward countermeasures and proposals for forming reasonably agglomeration of producer services during the process of manufacturing transformation and upgradation in our country.Research framework and main contents for the thesis are as followed:
First of all, it is a review of related theories and studies.Initially, theoretical developments of industry agglomeration and principles,latest practices of industrial transformation and upgradation are systematically introduced. Then, the author looks back upon major studying fields and developments regarding both manufacturing agglomeration and producer services agglomeration.Next,studies about interaction between producer services&its agglomeration and manufacturing transformation and upgradation are reviewed.Finally, the breaking point and several major problems to be resolved in this thesis are put forward.
Secondly, it is the main body and core section of the thesis.In theoretical,positive and practical way, this part answers three important questions regarding pushing manufacturing transformation and upgradation in our country through producer services agglomeration, i.e."why to agglomerate?how to agglomerate?how to promote agglomerate?" Further, it can also be divided into three sub-sections
The first sub-section explores the internal mechanism and experience evidences about spillover effects and relationship from producer services agglomeration over manufacturing transformation and upgradation, answering " why to agglomerate ".Based on distinguishing different functions provided by producer services in manufacturing's value chain, it discusses internal mechanism about spillover effects both from functional services agglomeration and" knowledge-intensive services agglomeration over manufacturing transformation and upgradation respectively. After that, by taking advantage of data of city level in our country, it has a positive analysis on internal mechanism of spillover effects including medium channel.Totally speaking, this part tries to provide solid basis of theory and positive evidences for later discussion about countermeasures.
In perspective of classifying cities in our country,the second sub-section explores the key producer services industries to be agglomerated and its location characteristics in different kinds of cities in order to promote manufacturing transformation and upgradation, answering" how to agglomerate ".After analyzing economic basis and location endowment of different kinds of cities within a economic circle,it discusses objectives and contents for manufacturing transformation and upgradation in central city, early-development city of industrialization and late-development city of industrialization respectively, and then explores those matched patterns of producer services agglomeration accordingly.In the end,the author provides structural mechanisms and a general analytical framework with which different kinds of cities can develope agglomeration of producer services to promote manufacturing transformation and upgradation.
The third sub-section explores supportive policies and proposals to push agglomeration of producer services during the process of China's manufacturing transformation and upgradation, answering " how to promote agglomerate" Basically speaking, industry agglomeration inevitably needs strong support from policies and measures implemented by positive-government.According to those key influences for spillover effects of producer services agglomeration over manufacturing transformation and upgradation, and development paths of producer services agglomeration in different kinds of cities, it put forwards some counter proposals of supportive policy, which is external power for industry agglomeration.
The last part of main contents in this thesis induces main conclusions and look forward some possible fields in future research.
The main conclusions in the thesis are:
(1) Theoretically speaking, producer services agglomeration has positive effects over manufacturing transformation and upgradation.For one thing,spatial agglomeration of functional services which serves basic tasks in manufacturing value chain, not only competition but also cooperation is established among services firms.As the result, an externality based on commercial convenience is offered to manufacturing by reducing trade cost of manufacturing,thus making manufacturing get one kind of cost surplus.On the other hand,knowledge-intensive services which serve supportive tasks in manufacturing value chain have not only been agglomerating near and around manufacturing clusters,but also toward central cities and its CBD within economic circle.Through accelerating production,accumulation and spatial spillover of knowledge, agglomeration of such kinds of services provides intellectual support for manufacturing.In addition,with restructuring and improvement of spatial structure for industries within economic circle's city groups, agglomeration of knowledge-intensive services increases allocative efficiency of industrial resources around wider region,getting a collective economy. In other words,one kind of benefit surplus is realized.According to the above analysis,reduction of trade cost and increase of innovation benefit offer new powers for manufacturing transformation and upgradation. Resulting from manufacturing transformation and upgradation,higher specialization for producer services is further needed.Thus,increasing return effects from producer services agglomeration will be enhanced,realizing producer services upgradation and more significant concentration in space which establish solid base for a new round transformation and upgradation of manufacturing.In this sense,sound interaction between services and manufacturing can be achieved through cumulative causation mechanism.
(2) The realization of spillover effects over manufacturing transformation and upgradation resulted from producer services agglomeration,not only highly relate to economic basis and location endowment of city.but also relate to breaking those constraints that prevent transition of such spillover effects across different rigions.In our country, functional services agglomeration promotes manufacturing transformation and upgradation completely through reducing trade cost,while knowledge-intensive services agglomeration still has no significant impacts on manufacturing transformation and upgradation.Based on a positive analysis with cross-sectional data of2009in city level,indeed producer services agglomeration provides beneficial spillover effects over manufacturing transformation and upgradation,but such effects are still confined to those central and relatively developed cities within an economic circle.According to that,the spillover effects over manufacturing transformation and upgradation brought by producer services agglomeration need key support of city's economic basis and locational environment.In other words, agglomeration modes adopted during the process of manufacturing transformation and upgradation within different regions and cities must be distinguished.Those central and relatively developed cities are suitable for promoting producer services agglomeration comprehensively in order to realize manufacturing transformation and upgradation.While for those cities of medium and small size,it is suitable to agglomerate adaptable producer services in conformity with the exact goals for transformation and upgradation of dominant or major manufacturing industries.Besides, producer services agglomeration within regionally central cities does not show any significant spillover effects over manufacturing transformation and upgradation in neighbouring cities. Special features of services,unreasonably regional protectionism as well as lack of coordinating mechanism for industrial development between different regions or cities are all possible influences preventing the region-cross spillover impacts.Therefore,we have to make efforts to create environments and conditions to eliminate the above negative influences.
Through further analysis about mediating effect by using data from central and relatively developed cities in Chinese major economic circles, the author discovers that the spillover effects over manufacturing transformation and upgradation resulted from producer services agglomeration are nearly interpreted by reduction effect brought by functional services agglomeration solely. On the other hand, agglomeration of knowledge-intensive services still offers no innovation-driving effects over manufacturing,which can be interpreted by some influences about industry scale of knowledge-intensive services,operation and management of agglomeration zones as well as basic institutions.Accordtingly,it is a fresh policy choice for promoting regional manufacturing transformation and upgradation to accelerate and improve knowledge-intensive services agglomeration reasonably in central and relatively developed cities within economic circle.
(3) Different kinds of cities should develope appropriate agglomeration of producer services,which is beneficial to manufacturing transformation and upgradation,based on economic basis and location endowment themselves and inter-region cooperation of industries.Those cities located inside an economic circle are classified into three kinds,i.e. central city, early-developed city and late-developed city according to their industrialization features,basis for industrial structure and locational environment.Then,the author explores modes or strategies for producer services agglomeration during the process of manufacturing transformation and upgradation in different kinds of cities,and in addition,how to establish a reasonable structure for producer services agglomeration between different kinds of cities.At first,regionally central city is at the final stage of industrialization or service economy period,and suitable for agglomerating advanced factors for producer services.Thus, central city's objective for manufacturing transformation and upgradation is to drive manufacturing value chain up to new level through innovation.Therefore,in order to push manufacturing transformation and upgradation in central city as well as within the scope of an economic circle,it is suitable to develop circling specialization agglomeration by taking CBD as the core, agglomerating knowledge-intensive services mainly and functional services properly.Secondly,city of early-developed industrialization is at middle or final stage of industrialization,and still not suitable to agglomerate advanced factors of producer services comprehensively due to its locational environment.So,its objective for manufacturing transformation and upgradation is to increase processing degree and value added of manufacturing,which means focusing on intra-industry upgradation.Therefore,it is suitable for city of early-developed industrialization to develop systematic agglomeration of producer services near or around specific major manufacturing clusters.At the same time,based on enhancing coorperation with central city,it should be active to accept knowledge spillover and intellectual support.Thirdly, city of late-developed industrialization is actually at middle stage of industrialization thanks to rapid development resulted from accepting industrial transfer from outside over the past few years.However,it is very important and urgent for such kind of city to realize development of a new pattern when manufacturing industries grow so fast.The key points for such new pattern lie in both increasing labor's quality and improving the relationship between economy and environment,which would lead such kind of city to avoid duplicating traditional industrialization pattern simply and suffering long term loss.Then.such servies as career education and labor training,energy consuming mitigation and environment protection,as well as commerce and circulation should be selected as key industries to be developed and agglomerated in city of late-developed industrialization in order to found solid basis for manufacturing transformation.
(4) In order to enjoy the beneficial spillover effects brought by producer services agglomeration over manufacturing transformation and upgradation,the supportive policies and measures ought to focus on increasing ability for knowledge production and spillover in developed regions,security ability of facility and institution for agglomeration of services factors in developing regions,and supportive ability from key basic institutions.Producer services agglomeration inevitably needs strong support from policies implemented by positive-government.For persuing better spillover effects from producer services agglomeration over manufacturing transformation and upgradation,the author puts forward the following policy proposals.Firstly,it is necessary for developed regions in our country to establish and improve agglomerating environment for innovative factors,and take full use of accomplishments from agglomeration of innovative factors,and coordinate spatial layout for agglomeration of innovative resources.Secondly,it is urgent for developing regions to strengthen construction of facilities of transportation and telecommunication network,decrease business cost of manufacturing, and establish institutional basis for regional transformation development.In a more essential way,key basic institutions must be improved,and market transaction environment featuring sound competition,fairness and positive effect of human capital should be founded,increasing supportive power from basic institutional environment.
The major innovation in this thesis are:
(1)Based on theories of industry agglomeration,industrial structure and industrialization,this thesis makes a big efforts to systematically explores the internal mechanisms of spillover effects brought by producer services agglomeration over manufacturing transformation and upgradation.In particular,it distinguishes different mechanisms of spillover from functional services agglomeration and knowledge-intensive services agglomeration,and then establish related theoretical models respectively.At the same time,by taking advantage of city level data in China,the thesis provides experience evidences for spillover and its mediating effects brought by producer services agglomeration over manufacturing transformation and upgradation.Through such evidences,it is helpful to prove and deepen those insights for internal reasons that producer services agglomeration can promote manufacturing transformation and upgradation.
(2)The thesis classifies three kinds of cities under an integral studying framework innovatively according to economic basis and location endowment in different cities,and explores development countermeasures for producer services agglomeration in regionally central city,city of early-developed industrialization as well as city of late-developed industrialization during the process of their manufacturing transformation and upgradation.Thus,the author generalizes structural mechanisms and a general analytical framework for different kinds of cities to form reasonable agglomeration of producer services to promote manufacturing transformation and upgradation.In theoretical and practical sense,such structural mechanisms and a general analytical framework might stand.
(3)The author puts forward some detailed countermeasures and proposals that is innovative concerning promotion of producer services agglomeration during the process of their manufacturing transformation and upgradation.Especially there are some exactly fresh industrial patterns and contents regarding producer services agglomeration.For example,noticing the movement of global green revolution, the thesis generalizes a few of beneficial enlightenment from the rejected materials exchange based on concept of recycling use of resource developed by Nanning(China-Asean) Commodity Exchange,and further points out that such a practice is actually a co-innovation of producer services agglomeration. Accordingly,the author suggests that such new exchange pattern should be developed positively in regionally central city and city of early-developed industrialization in order to push green transformation of regional manufacturing.For another example,it proposes to agglomerate specialized branches covering science&technology finance of commercial banks comprehensively in or around city's agglomerating zones of science&technology manufacturing providing financial support which focuses on growth and future potentiality for those science&technology manufacturing enterprises that Urgently need capital.Besides.in order to innovate financial support for small and micro manufacturing enterprises,development of "virtual" agglomeration of producer services based on network digitization platform has been proposed.As far as the above innovations of agglomeration are concerned,some related supportive policies are also put forward.
Of course,there are still some shortcomings in this thesis.For example,after mainly exploring internal mechanisms and spillover effects brought by producer services agglomeration over manufacturing transformation and upgradation,studies on the reversal influences should be enhanced.At the same time, cross-sectional analysis in this thesis may not reveal time tendencies concerning influences brought by producer services agglomeration over manufacturing transformation and upgradation.In addition,those application studies to promote producer services agglomeration during the process of manufacturing transformation and upgradation within different kinds of region or city in our country should be further developed,thus providing more detailed and constructive countermeasures.
不过,上述基本认识只涉及到“应该发展”和“发展什么”的问题,而没有涉及到“如何发展”特别是“何地发展”的问题,也就未能真正把握以生产性服务业促进制造业转型升级的路径选择。随着地理因素被纳入主流经济学考察的视野,产业发展的空间集聚状态愈来愈得到关注和重视。因为一个显著的事实是,基于报酬递增和外部性的产业集聚及由此形成的集聚经济圈正有力地推动着一国及其区域的经济增长,并成为国家提升竞争力的重要战略工具。近年来,国内外生产性服务业显著出现了向集聚经济圈中心城市、城市中央商务区和制造业园区集聚的趋势。可以说,生产性服务业集聚已经成为区域和城市现代经济体系发展的显著规律,成为区域和城市的新兴增长极与转型升级的重要推动力；与此同时,生产性服务业集聚对制造业产生了积极的外溢效应,为制造业的转型升级提供了有力支持。那么,生产性服务业如何在空间上形成合理集聚,以推动制造业转型升级,值得重点研究。
产业集聚有着颇为久远的理论渊源,尤其是自20世纪90年代初新经济地理理论奠基以来,正式宣告产业的空间分布因素纳入经济增长的主流研究范式。其后,产业集聚的研究领域迅速丰富和扩大,伴随着主要发达国家服务经济崛起主导经济增长,对生产性服务业集聚的研究已成为这一领域研究的重要分支。然而在以往对生产性服务业集聚的研究中,多只是静态地讨论既有的不同生产性服务业空间分布特征及其对区域经济层面的影响,而很少结合与其他产业特别是其主要服务对象——制造业的联系,从产业发展升级动态匹配的视角来研究生产性服务业空间集聚的作用和对策问题。本文尝试弥补已有研究的不足,从我国制造业转型升级的现实背景和紧迫要求出发,从理论和实践两个层面来研究生产性服务业“何地发展”的问题,以期更好地通过生产性服务业集聚实现制造业的转型升级。
本文以产业集聚理论、产业结构和工业化理论为基础,以集聚经济圈和城市产业空间演化为现实背景,把握生产性服务业集聚与制造业转型升级关系与作用的主线,按生产性服务业“为何集聚——怎样集聚——如何促进集聚”的逻辑顺序渐次展开,为以生产性服务业在区域的合理集聚促进我国制造业转型升级提出对策。本文的研究框架和主要研究内容如下：
首先是理论与文献综述。本部分梳理产业集聚的理论渊源,以及产业转型升级的理论演变和最新实践,接着回顾了制造业集聚和生产性服务业集聚研究的主流方向和进展。进而,概括了生产性服务业及其集聚与制造业转型升级互动研究的现状。随后,提出了本文研究的切入点和需要重点突破的几个问题。
其次,从理论、实证和对策的角度,回答以生产性服务业集聚推动我国制造业转型升级的三个主要问题,即“为何集聚?怎样集聚?如何促进集聚?”这也是本文研究的主体和核心部分。具体来说：
第一,研究生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级的作用机理与关系,并寻找经验证据,回答“为何集聚”的问题。即在区分制造业价值链中的生产性服务职能基础上,分别探讨功能型服务业与知识密集型服务业空间集聚对制造业转型升级的作用机制,进而利用我国城市单元数据,验证生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级的外溢效应及其中介渠道,为后续对策研究提供可靠的理论基础和实证依据。
第二,基于城市分类的视角,研究不同类型城市发展有利于制造业转型升级的生产性服务业空间集聚的重点行业和区位分布,回答“怎样集聚”的问题。即把握区域不同类型城市的经济基础和区位禀赋特征,分别分析中心城市、先发工业化城市、后发工业化城市制造业转型升级的目标和内涵,探讨怎样形成与之相适应的生产性服务业集聚格局,进而构建城市形成生产性服务业集聚促进制造业转型升级的结构机理和一般性分析框架。
第三,研究以生产性服务业合理集聚促进我国制造业转型升级的保障政策和建议,回答“如何促进集聚”的问题。产业集聚离不开“有为政府”政策和措施的有力支持。基于当前影响我国生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级作用的关键性因素,并结合不同类型城市制造业转型升级中发展生产性服务业集聚的要求,提出相应的保障政策和建议,为产业集聚提供外部动力。
最后是本文的结尾部分,概括主要研究结论,并展望了未来研究拓展的可能方向。
本文研究的主要结论是：
(1)生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级具有积极的促进作用。一方面,为制造业价值链基本性活动服务的功能型服务业通过集聚,在服务业企业产生竞争和协同合作的基础上,为制造业提供了基于商业便利的外部性,其传导机制是降低了制造业的贸易成本,也就是说使制造业取得了一种成本上的剩余。另一方面,为制造业价值链支持性活动服务的知识密集型服务业则不仅集聚在制造业企业及其集群周边,还体现出向集聚经济圈中心城市及其中央商务区集中的趋势。该类型服务业集聚有利于知识的加速生产和积累,并通过知识空间溢出,为制造业提供更多的智力支持。而且,伴随着集聚经济圈内城市群产业空间结构的优化,在更广的区域范围内提升了产业资源配置效率,获得了整体经济性。即知识密集型服务业集聚使制造业取得了一种收益上的剩余。贸易成本的缩减和创新收益的提升为制造业转型升级注入了新的动力。反过来,制造业转型升级也将对生产性服务业提出更高的专业化要求,从而强化后者集聚的规模报酬递增效果,促进了生产性服务业升级和集聚程度加深,从而为更新一轮的制造业转型升级奠定基础。于是在一种累积循环因果机制中可以实现产业的良性互动。
(2)生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级外溢效应的发挥,与城市经济基础和区位禀赋密切相关,同时还需要克服阻碍这种外溢跨区域传递的制约条件；功能型服务业集聚完全通过降低贸易成本来促进制造业的转型升级,而知识密集型服务业集聚还未体现出对制造业转型升级明显的推动作用。基于我国城市样本2009年横截面数据的实证研究发现,城市生产性服务业集聚确实对制造业转型升级产生了积极的外溢效应,但这种作用只局限于集聚经济圈的中心城市和比较发达的城市,这说明生产性服务业集聚并发挥对制造业影响的有利作用,需要获得其所在城市经济基础和区位环境的有力支撑。也就是说,不同区域和城市制造业转型升级过程中利用生产性服务业集聚的方式要有所区别：对于中心城市和工业较发达的城市,可全面积极推进生产性服务业集聚促进制造业转型升级；而对中小城市,应围绕其主导或者支柱制造业转型发展和产业升级的具体目标,有侧重地形成相关生产性服务业的集聚发展。另外,区域性中心城市生产性服务业集聚也没有体现出显著的对相邻城市制造业转型升级的促进作用。而服务业的特殊属性、不恰当的区域保护主义和区域产业发展协调机制的缺位等都成为制约这种区域间外溢效应的主要因素。因而,需要努力创造破除这些障碍的环境和条件。
进一步的中介效应检验发现,在我国集聚经济圈的中心城市和经济较发达的城市,生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级的作用主要是通过功能型服务业集聚的贸易成本缩减中介效应来实现的;而知识密集型服务业集聚还缺乏对制造业的创新驱动作用,这和行业发展规模、集聚区运营管理及基础制度等方面的因素相关,合理加快和改进区域性中心城市和发达城市知识密集型服务业集聚,是支持区域全局制造业转型升级新的政策着力点。
(3)各类城市应根据自身经济基础和区位禀赋,在加强区域产业合作的基础上,发展有利于制造业转型升级的生产性服务业集聚。通过以集聚经济圈为基本单元,并根据其工业化特征和产业结构基础以及区位环境,将其中的城市划分为区域性中心城市、先发工业化城市和后发工业化城市,重点探讨了不同类型城市制造业转型升级过程中生产性服务业集聚的方向,及城市间怎样形成一个结构合理的生产性服务业集聚格局。首先,中心城市已经进入后工业化时期甚至服务经济时代,也适宜于集聚高端生产性服务要素。因而,中心城市制造业转型升级的目标在于以创新驱动制造业价值链层次的整体提升。为此,中心城市生产性服务业宜采用以城市中央商务区为核心的圈层式专业化集聚,重点集聚知识密集型服务业,兼顾集聚功能型服务业,推动中心城市及集聚经济圈区域范围内的制造业转型升级。其次,先发工业化城市已进入工业化中后期阶段,但它们的区位环境却决定了高端生产性服务要素集聚还缺乏比较深厚的基础。所以,先发工业化城市制造业转型升级重在产业内升级,即提高产业加工程度和附加价值。因此,生产性服务业集聚宜发展围绕特定产业集群配套的体系化集聚,并积极与中心城市加强协作,主动接受知识溢出和智力支持,依托若干主要产业集聚区形成合理集聚。第三,后发工业化城市尚处于工业化中期阶段,近年来在积极承接产业转移中快速发展；然而,这类城市在大力发展产业的同时需实现转型发展,重点关切提高人的素质,妥善处理经济与环境之间的关系,避免重走发达地区传统工业化弯路。为此,应以职业教育和劳动力培训、节能与环保服务业和商贸流通业为重点,发展和集聚有特色的生产性服务业,为制造业转型发展奠定坚实基础。
(4)制造业转型升级过程中要发挥生产性服务业集聚的有利作用,应着力提升发达区域知识生产和外溢的能力、后发达区域服务要素集聚的设施和制度保障力,及关键性基础制度环境的支持力。生产性服务业集聚离不开“有为政府”有效政策和措施的支持。为进一步发挥生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级的外溢作用,我国发达区域需要优化创新集聚环境,营造创新集聚氛围,善用创新集聚成果,协调创新集聚资源布局,提升知识生产和外溢的能力；后发达区域则需要加强现代化交通、通讯网络设施建设,降低服务业要素集聚的商务成本,推进制造业服务化的进程,夯实区域转型发展的制度基础。而在更根本的层次,需要改善关键性基础制度建设,构建一个良性竞争、健康公平、人尽其才的市场交易环境,提升基础制度环境的支持力。
本文的主要创新点在于：
(1)以产业集聚理论、产业结构和工业化理论为基础,对生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级的作用机理和关系进行了尝试性的系统梳理和归纳,区分了功能型服务业与知识密集型服务业集聚对制造业转型升级的外溢作用机制,并构造了相关的理论分析模型。同时,基于我国城市一级数据,提供了生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级外溢作用及其中介效应的经验证据。本文实证研究的贡献之一,是在全国范围城市层面上提供了生产性服务业集聚发展对制造业作用效果的经验证据;另一方面,则对不同类型服务业集聚对制造业转型升级的传导机制进行了中介效应检验,从经验证据上进一步印证和深化了对生产性服务业集聚促进制造业转型升级内在原因的认识,这是本文实证研究的又一增量贡献。
(2)从我国制造业转型升级的背景出发,基于不同类型城市的经济基础和区位禀赋,创新性地从统一完整的角度划分了三种城市类型,探寻了区域性中心城市、先发工业化城市、后发工业化城市生产性服务业集聚的发展思路,并凝炼了不同类型城市形成合理的生产性服务业集聚以促进制造业转型升级的结构机理与一般性分析框架。上述结构机理和一般性分析框架具有一定的理论意义和实践指导意义。
(3)对通过促进生产性服务业集聚推动我国制造业转型升级提出了一些具体的创新性对策建议,尤其是在生产性服务业集聚具体的业态模式和内容上有所创新。例如,从全球绿色创新浪潮的大背景切入,在总结广西南宁商品交易所发展基于循环利用资源的废弃物商品交易有益启示的基础上,将其提升至生产性服务业集聚协同创新的高度,并建议在区域性中心城市、先发工业化城市中积极发展这一新兴交易方式,推进区域制造业绿色转型。又如,建议在城市科技型制造业集聚区全面推进设立各商业银行的科技金融专营支行,为急需资金的科技型制造企业提供注重成长性、面向未来的金融支持;提出推广发展基于网络数字化平台的“虚拟性”集聚模式,创新对小微制造企业的高效金融支持。对于上述集聚创新,还提出了相关扶持政策的设想。
当然,本文研究仍存在一些不足之处。比如,在重点探讨生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级作用机制与外溢效应的基础上,关于后者对前者影响的研究还有待加强；同时,文中实证研究所采用的横截面分析也可能未能反映生产性服务业集聚对制造业转型升级影响的变化趋势。另外,对我国不同类型区域和城市发展生产性服务业集聚促进制造业转型升级的应用研究需要进一步细化,从而为其制造业转型升级中发展生产性服务业集聚的实践提供更有针对性的决策参考。
After a high-speed development brought by the Reform and Opening-up policy which has been carrying out since1978, nowadays China faces critical challenges to change the growth model. During the transitional period, it is the most important task to realize whole transformation and upgradation of manufacturing industry, including improving the situation featuring low-end lock-in of factors imputs and products, as well as large scale but with poor manufacturing competitiveness.Actually, the real solution depends heavily on development of producer services industry. As well known, producer services can significantly increases circuitous process and knowledge content, as well as efficiency and competitiveness of manufacturing, thus realizing manufacturing transformation and upgradation.
However, the above insights only covers " should develop " and " what to develop", and ignores "how to develop" particularly "where to develop", which is the key element for selecting reasonable path to push manufacturing transformation and upgradation by taking advantage of producer services.By company of geographical feature's inclusion into frameworks of mainstream economics, people attach more and more importance to spatial agglomeration of industry. We must note that nowadays, national and regional growth of economy is driven strongly by industry agglomeration based on increasing returns and externalities, as well as economic circle, as a result of industry agglomeration. In other words, industry agglomeration is becoming an important strategic tool to increase national competitiveness over recent years.Over recent years, producer services in and out of our country have been agglomerating dramatically towards central cities within economic circles, central businiess districts within city and agglomeration zones of manufacturing.Doubtlessly, producer services agglomeration has become a significant trend of modern economic system in region and urban area, pushing both economic growth and structural transformation and upgradation of region and city.At the same time,producer services agglomeration provides spillover effectcs on manufacturing transformation and upgradation. Then, it is quite worthy to discuss how to promote producer services agglomeration in space which is very important for manufacturing transformation and upgradation.
For theoretical evolution of industry agglomeration, we can recall so long.Yet until the beginning of1990s when New Economic Geography was founded, industrial spatial location could be included into mainstream paradigm of economic growth.From then on, research scope of industry agglomeration has been widening rapidly.Especially, with a trend that economic growth in developed countries has been clearly dominated by service economy, studies on producer services agglomeration becomes an important field within research on industry agglomeration.However, former studies on producer services agglomeration mostly focus on static discussion for spatial location feature of producer services, as well as its related effects over regional economy.Thus, seldom research covers the connection between producer services and other industries especially manufacturing, and discusses effects and countermeasures of producer services agglomeration with a view of matching manufacturing transformation and upgradation dynamically.Trying to make some additional contributions on related studies, this thesis explores " where to develop " theorectically and practically for producer services under the background and urgent need of manufacturing transformation and upgradation in our country.
Based on theories for industry agglomeration, industrial structure and industrialization, plus realistic background of spatial adjustment of industries within economic circle or city, this thesis mainly focuses on relationship and influence between producer services agglomeration and manufacturing transformation and upgradation.To be exact, the thesis makes efforts to solve three major problems in order:why to agglomerate——how to agglomerate—how to promote agglomerate, and put forward countermeasures and proposals for forming reasonably agglomeration of producer services during the process of manufacturing transformation and upgradation in our country.Research framework and main contents for the thesis are as followed:
First of all, it is a review of related theories and studies.Initially, theoretical developments of industry agglomeration and principles,latest practices of industrial transformation and upgradation are systematically introduced. Then, the author looks back upon major studying fields and developments regarding both manufacturing agglomeration and producer services agglomeration.Next,studies about interaction between producer services&its agglomeration and manufacturing transformation and upgradation are reviewed.Finally, the breaking point and several major problems to be resolved in this thesis are put forward.
Secondly, it is the main body and core section of the thesis.In theoretical,positive and practical way, this part answers three important questions regarding pushing manufacturing transformation and upgradation in our country through producer services agglomeration, i.e."why to agglomerate?how to agglomerate?how to promote agglomerate?" Further, it can also be divided into three sub-sections
The first sub-section explores the internal mechanism and experience evidences about spillover effects and relationship from producer services agglomeration over manufacturing transformation and upgradation, answering " why to agglomerate ".Based on distinguishing different functions provided by producer services in manufacturing's value chain, it discusses internal mechanism about spillover effects both from functional services agglomeration and" knowledge-intensive services agglomeration over manufacturing transformation and upgradation respectively. After that, by taking advantage of data of city level in our country, it has a positive analysis on internal mechanism of spillover effects including medium channel.Totally speaking, this part tries to provide solid basis of theory and positive evidences for later discussion about countermeasures.
In perspective of classifying cities in our country,the second sub-section explores the key producer services industries to be agglomerated and its location characteristics in different kinds of cities in order to promote manufacturing transformation and upgradation, answering" how to agglomerate ".After analyzing economic basis and location endowment of different kinds of cities within a economic circle,it discusses objectives and contents for manufacturing transformation and upgradation in central city, early-development city of industrialization and late-development city of industrialization respectively, and then explores those matched patterns of producer services agglomeration accordingly.In the end,the author provides structural mechanisms and a general analytical framework with which different kinds of cities can develope agglomeration of producer services to promote manufacturing transformation and upgradation.
The third sub-section explores supportive policies and proposals to push agglomeration of producer services during the process of China's manufacturing transformation and upgradation, answering " how to promote agglomerate" Basically speaking, industry agglomeration inevitably needs strong support from policies and measures implemented by positive-government.According to those key influences for spillover effects of producer services agglomeration over manufacturing transformation and upgradation, and development paths of producer services agglomeration in different kinds of cities, it put forwards some counter proposals of supportive policy, which is external power for industry agglomeration.
The last part of main contents in this thesis induces main conclusions and look forward some possible fields in future research.
The main conclusions in the thesis are:
(1) Theoretically speaking, producer services agglomeration has positive effects over manufacturing transformation and upgradation.For one thing,spatial agglomeration of functional services which serves basic tasks in manufacturing value chain, not only competition but also cooperation is established among services firms.As the result, an externality based on commercial convenience is offered to manufacturing by reducing trade cost of manufacturing,thus making manufacturing get one kind of cost surplus.On the other hand,knowledge-intensive services which serve supportive tasks in manufacturing value chain have not only been agglomerating near and around manufacturing clusters,but also toward central cities and its CBD within economic circle.Through accelerating production,accumulation and spatial spillover of knowledge, agglomeration of such kinds of services provides intellectual support for manufacturing.In addition,with restructuring and improvement of spatial structure for industries within economic circle's city groups, agglomeration of knowledge-intensive services increases allocative efficiency of industrial resources around wider region,getting a collective economy. In other words,one kind of benefit surplus is realized.According to the above analysis,reduction of trade cost and increase of innovation benefit offer new powers for manufacturing transformation and upgradation. Resulting from manufacturing transformation and upgradation,higher specialization for producer services is further needed.Thus,increasing return effects from producer services agglomeration will be enhanced,realizing producer services upgradation and more significant concentration in space which establish solid base for a new round transformation and upgradation of manufacturing.In this sense,sound interaction between services and manufacturing can be achieved through cumulative causation mechanism.
(2) The realization of spillover effects over manufacturing transformation and upgradation resulted from producer services agglomeration,not only highly relate to economic basis and location endowment of city.but also relate to breaking those constraints that prevent transition of such spillover effects across different rigions.In our country, functional services agglomeration promotes manufacturing transformation and upgradation completely through reducing trade cost,while knowledge-intensive services agglomeration still has no significant impacts on manufacturing transformation and upgradation.Based on a positive analysis with cross-sectional data of2009in city level,indeed producer services agglomeration provides beneficial spillover effects over manufacturing transformation and upgradation,but such effects are still confined to those central and relatively developed cities within an economic circle.According to that,the spillover effects over manufacturing transformation and upgradation brought by producer services agglomeration need key support of city's economic basis and locational environment.In other words, agglomeration modes adopted during the process of manufacturing transformation and upgradation within different regions and cities must be distinguished.Those central and relatively developed cities are suitable for promoting producer services agglomeration comprehensively in order to realize manufacturing transformation and upgradation.While for those cities of medium and small size,it is suitable to agglomerate adaptable producer services in conformity with the exact goals for transformation and upgradation of dominant or major manufacturing industries.Besides, producer services agglomeration within regionally central cities does not show any significant spillover effects over manufacturing transformation and upgradation in neighbouring cities. Special features of services,unreasonably regional protectionism as well as lack of coordinating mechanism for industrial development between different regions or cities are all possible influences preventing the region-cross spillover impacts.Therefore,we have to make efforts to create environments and conditions to eliminate the above negative influences.
Through further analysis about mediating effect by using data from central and relatively developed cities in Chinese major economic circles, the author discovers that the spillover effects over manufacturing transformation and upgradation resulted from producer services agglomeration are nearly interpreted by reduction effect brought by functional services agglomeration solely. On the other hand, agglomeration of knowledge-intensive services still offers no innovation-driving effects over manufacturing,which can be interpreted by some influences about industry scale of knowledge-intensive services,operation and management of agglomeration zones as well as basic institutions.Accordtingly,it is a fresh policy choice for promoting regional manufacturing transformation and upgradation to accelerate and improve knowledge-intensive services agglomeration reasonably in central and relatively developed cities within economic circle.
(3) Different kinds of cities should develope appropriate agglomeration of producer services,which is beneficial to manufacturing transformation and upgradation,based on economic basis and location endowment themselves and inter-region cooperation of industries.Those cities located inside an economic circle are classified into three kinds,i.e. central city, early-developed city and late-developed city according to their industrialization features,basis for industrial structure and locational environment.Then,the author explores modes or strategies for producer services agglomeration during the process of manufacturing transformation and upgradation in different kinds of cities,and in addition,how to establish a reasonable structure for producer services agglomeration between different kinds of cities.At first,regionally central city is at the final stage of industrialization or service economy period,and suitable for agglomerating advanced factors for producer services.Thus, central city's objective for manufacturing transformation and upgradation is to drive manufacturing value chain up to new level through innovation.Therefore,in order to push manufacturing transformation and upgradation in central city as well as within the scope of an economic circle,it is suitable to develop circling specialization agglomeration by taking CBD as the core, agglomerating knowledge-intensive services mainly and functional services properly.Secondly,city of early-developed industrialization is at middle or final stage of industrialization,and still not suitable to agglomerate advanced factors of producer services comprehensively due to its locational environment.So,its objective for manufacturing transformation and upgradation is to increase processing degree and value added of manufacturing,which means focusing on intra-industry upgradation.Therefore,it is suitable for city of early-developed industrialization to develop systematic agglomeration of producer services near or around specific major manufacturing clusters.At the same time,based on enhancing coorperation with central city,it should be active to accept knowledge spillover and intellectual support.Thirdly, city of late-developed industrialization is actually at middle stage of industrialization thanks to rapid development resulted from accepting industrial transfer from outside over the past few years.However,it is very important and urgent for such kind of city to realize development of a new pattern when manufacturing industries grow so fast.The key points for such new pattern lie in both increasing labor's quality and improving the relationship between economy and environment,which would lead such kind of city to avoid duplicating traditional industrialization pattern simply and suffering long term loss.Then.such servies as career education and labor training,energy consuming mitigation and environment protection,as well as commerce and circulation should be selected as key industries to be developed and agglomerated in city of late-developed industrialization in order to found solid basis for manufacturing transformation.
(4) In order to enjoy the beneficial spillover effects brought by producer services agglomeration over manufacturing transformation and upgradation,the supportive policies and measures ought to focus on increasing ability for knowledge production and spillover in developed regions,security ability of facility and institution for agglomeration of services factors in developing regions,and supportive ability from key basic institutions.Producer services agglomeration inevitably needs strong support from policies implemented by positive-government.For persuing better spillover effects from producer services agglomeration over manufacturing transformation and upgradation,the author puts forward the following policy proposals.Firstly,it is necessary for developed regions in our country to establish and improve agglomerating environment for innovative factors,and take full use of accomplishments from agglomeration of innovative factors,and coordinate spatial layout for agglomeration of innovative resources.Secondly,it is urgent for developing regions to strengthen construction of facilities of transportation and telecommunication network,decrease business cost of manufacturing, and establish institutional basis for regional transformation development.In a more essential way,key basic institutions must be improved,and market transaction environment featuring sound competition,fairness and positive effect of human capital should be founded,increasing supportive power from basic institutional environment.
The major innovation in this thesis are:
(1)Based on theories of industry agglomeration,industrial structure and industrialization,this thesis makes a big efforts to systematically explores the internal mechanisms of spillover effects brought by producer services agglomeration over manufacturing transformation and upgradation.In particular,it distinguishes different mechanisms of spillover from functional services agglomeration and knowledge-intensive services agglomeration,and then establish related theoretical models respectively.At the same time,by taking advantage of city level data in China,the thesis provides experience evidences for spillover and its mediating effects brought by producer services agglomeration over manufacturing transformation and upgradation.Through such evidences,it is helpful to prove and deepen those insights for internal reasons that producer services agglomeration can promote manufacturing transformation and upgradation.
(2)The thesis classifies three kinds of cities under an integral studying framework innovatively according to economic basis and location endowment in different cities,and explores development countermeasures for producer services agglomeration in regionally central city,city of early-developed industrialization as well as city of late-developed industrialization during the process of their manufacturing transformation and upgradation.Thus,the author generalizes structural mechanisms and a general analytical framework for different kinds of cities to form reasonable agglomeration of producer services to promote manufacturing transformation and upgradation.In theoretical and practical sense,such structural mechanisms and a general analytical framework might stand.
(3)The author puts forward some detailed countermeasures and proposals that is innovative concerning promotion of producer services agglomeration during the process of their manufacturing transformation and upgradation.Especially there are some exactly fresh industrial patterns and contents regarding producer services agglomeration.For example,noticing the movement of global green revolution, the thesis generalizes a few of beneficial enlightenment from the rejected materials exchange based on concept of recycling use of resource developed by Nanning(China-Asean) Commodity Exchange,and further points out that such a practice is actually a co-innovation of producer services agglomeration. Accordingly,the author suggests that such new exchange pattern should be developed positively in regionally central city and city of early-developed industrialization in order to push green transformation of regional manufacturing.For another example,it proposes to agglomerate specialized branches covering science&technology finance of commercial banks comprehensively in or around city's agglomerating zones of science&technology manufacturing providing financial support which focuses on growth and future potentiality for those science&technology manufacturing enterprises that Urgently need capital.Besides.in order to innovate financial support for small and micro manufacturing enterprises,development of "virtual" agglomeration of producer services based on network digitization platform has been proposed.As far as the above innovations of agglomeration are concerned,some related supportive policies are also put forward.
Of course,there are still some shortcomings in this thesis.For example,after mainly exploring internal mechanisms and spillover effects brought by producer services agglomeration over manufacturing transformation and upgradation,studies on the reversal influences should be enhanced.At the same time, cross-sectional analysis in this thesis may not reveal time tendencies concerning influences brought by producer services agglomeration over manufacturing transformation and upgradation.In addition,those application studies to promote producer services agglomeration during the process of manufacturing transformation and upgradation within different kinds of region or city in our country should be further developed,thus providing more detailed and constructive countermeasures.
引文
① 曾向荣,冯禹丁.中国制造两头失血[N].南方周末,2012-9-27.
② 有学者认为,新中国成立后的头两次工业化分别是1978年前以发展重工业为主的第一次工业化、1978年后到本次国际金融危机时近30年里以发展加工制造业为主的第二次工业化,之后开始进入以生产性服务业为核心产业的第三次工业化,即通过生产性服务业振兴制造业的阶段,参孙建波,张志鹏.第三次工业化：铸造跨越“中等收入陷阱“的国家价值链[J].南京大学学报(哲学·人文科学·社会科学),2011(5)：15—26,158.
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① 能源、环境、气候变化等可持续发展的重要因素长期为主流经济学所排除在外,直到20多年前开始才因为能源短缺、环境恶化、气候变暖等全球性问题进入经济增长须统筹考虑的范畴。中国也不例外,其传统工业化模式付出了巨大的环境与资源代价。一项研究结果显示：1996—2007年中国13个主要工业省市环境与经济效率整体较低且稳中趋降,反映出粗放式的工业和经济发展方式,见詹浩勇,冯金丽.我国主要工业省市的环境—经济综合效率——基于SBM模型的实证研究[J].生态经济,2010(9)：42—46.
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① 党的十八大将生态文明建设提升到了一个前所未有的高度,它与物质文明、精神文明、政治文明、社会文明一起构成了中国特色社会主义“五位一体”建设不可或缺的重要组成部分。
② 具有清洁表象的高新技术产业也可能存在环境污染问题,多晶硅产业就是典型例子。参见吴海贤,王鹏,吴涛.中国高新技术产业环境治理的困境与突破——以多晶硅为例[J].现代经济探讨,2010(3)：75—78.
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② 创意阶层较之人力资本也许更能反映内生增长理论中要求的人的内涵,因为它更强调人的创造性和创新能力。一般认为,所有产生新观念、新知识、新技术的人和管理精英都属于创意阶层。参见洪进,余文涛,杨凤丽.人力资本、创意阶层及其区域空间分布研究[J].经济学家,2011(9)：28—35.
① 资源再配置和产业重组所导致的微观层面的资源配置效率改善,已成为我国制造业生产率增长的重要源泉,见简泽.企业间的生产率差异、资源再配置与制造业部门的生产率[J].管理世界,2011(5)：11—23.
② (日)藤田昌久,(比)雅克·弗朗西斯·蒂斯.集聚经济学——城市、产业区位与区域增长[M].刘峰等译.成都：西南财经大学出版社,2004：506—515.
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① 胡晨光,程惠芳,俞斌.“有为政府”与集聚经济圈的演进——一个基于长三角集聚经济圈的分析框架[J].管理世界,2011(2)：61—69,80.
② 孙建波,张志鹏.第三次工业化：铸造跨越“中等收入陷阱“的国家价值链[J].南京大学学报(哲学·人文科学·社会科学),2011(5)：15—26,158.
① Duranton, G., Puga, D. From Sectoral to Functional Urban Specialisation[J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 2005,57:343-370.
① 陈建军,陈国亮,黄洁.新经济地理学视角下的生产性服务业集聚及其影响因素研究——来自中国222个城市的经验证据[J].管理世界,2009(4)：83—95;江小涓.服务业增长：真实含义、多重影响和发展趋势[J].经济研究,2011(4)：4-14,79.
① 国内有关学者分别就我国城市生产性服务业集聚对工业获利能力和全要素生产率的外溢作用进行过实证研究,并发现这一作用在所有样本城市中均是显著的。参见顾乃华.生产性服务业对工业获利能力的影响和渠道——基于城市面板数据和SFA模型的实证研究[J].中国工业经济,2010(5)：48-58;顾乃华.我国城市生产性服务业集聚对工业的外溢效应及其区域边界——基于HLM模型的实证研究[J].财贸经济,2011(5)：115—122,44.
① 顾乃华.我国城市生产性服务业集聚对工业的外溢效应及其区域边界——基于HLM模型的实证研究[J].财贸经济,2011(5)：115—122,44.
② 汪德华,张再金,白重恩.政府规模、法治水平与服务业发展[J].经济研究,2007(6)：51—64,118.
② 周振华.服务经济发展与制度环境.实证篇[M].上海：格致出版社,上海人民出版社,2011：128-131.
③ 我国一家知名企业的新闻发言人抱怨,国内城际贸易壁垒甚至比海外贸易还要大。见黄金萍.造车运动政府推动[N].南方周末,2012-12—27.
① 时任安徽省马鞍山市主要领导曾提到这样一件事：江苏省南京市当时搞“半小时经济圈”、“一小时都市圈“,实际上没有起到对外辐射的效果,反而把与之相邻的马鞍山本地优质资源给吸走了,参见陈燕.产业承接“三城记”[J].财经,2011(8)：92.
① 赵伟,郑雯雯.生产性服务业—贸易成本与制造业集聚：机理与实证[J].经济学家,2011(2)：67—75.
① 侯杰泰,温思麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用[M].北京：教育科学出版社,2004.
① 侯杰泰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用[M].北京：教育科学出版社,2004.
① 举例看,中小企业板上市公司绿大地造假案是近年来中国资本市场继银广厦之后又一起空前、典型的恶性欺诈上市案件,该公司为达上市目的用尽“一切招数”：虚增资本、虚增收入、伪造银行单据、虚构银行交易、篡改财务资料、内幕交易等,但实际上对其原董事长等高管的刑罚却只有区区2—3年且缓刑,至于失职的中介机构如证券公司、会计师事务所、律师事务所等均无一被追究刑事责任,仅由深交所对两名保荐代表人进行通报批评。处罚可谓轻描淡写。不惟如此,云南省政府还主导了“保壳”行动,使得该公司改头换面,继续维持着上市地位。参文芳,赵俊,陈永谦.绿大地VS中概股造假的不同成本[J].新财富,2012(3)：78—80.
② 袁瑛,张馨苑.碳市,离我们有多远[N].南方周末,2012—3—8.
① 李钢,廖建辉.中国省域工业结构的聚类与时空演化[J].经济管理,2011(8)：18-27.
② 对部分东、西部城市制造业发展的新趋势,可参见沈正言坚持走中国特色自主创新道路——深圳市推进国家创新型城市建设的经验与启示[N].人民日报,2012-1-17;梁小琴.成都迈向西部核心增长极[N].人民日报,2012—3-1等资料
① 詹浩勇,冯金丽,李德伟.中国新型工业化道路探索[J].贵州社会科学,2007(11)：94—99.
① 顾乃华,陈丰哲.文化创意产业与城市服务业竞争力：基于全球城市数据的实证研究[J].宁夏社会科学,2011(1)：39-43.
② 江小涓.服务业增长：真实含义、多重影响和发展趋势[J].经济研究,2011(4)：4-14,79.
③ 王艳玲.区域物流整合与产业集聚联动发展[J].经济理论与经济管理,2011(11)：78—87.
① 芮明杰,王子军.产业发展与结构转型研究：后金融危机时代上海先进制造业发展战略与政策[M].上海：上海财经大学出版社,2012：74.
① 根据刘曙华.生产性服务业集聚与区域空间重构[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2012：160-167整理.
① 参考芮明杰,王子军.产业发展与结构转型研究：后金融危机时代上海先进制造业发展战略与政策[M].上海：上海财经大学出版社,2012整理.
① 珠三角有“世界工厂”之称的东莞市正经历着这种产业转型升级前的阵痛和煎熬,2012年一季度,该市GDP增速在广东全省垫底。见吕宗恕,朱红军.东莞,不做中国的“希腊”——访东莞市委书记徐建华[N].南方周末,2012-5—17.
② 朱卫平,陈林.产业升级的内涵与模式研究——以广东产业升级为例[J].经济学家,2011(2)：60-66.
① 以珠三角经济圈重要先发工业化城市东莞为例,该市从农业县发展起来成为区域主要制造业基地,但全市没有一所像样的大学,也没有工业研究所。见罗琼.“公共秘书”科技局[N].南方周末,2012-11-15.
① 顾乃华,夏杰长.服务业发展与城市转型：基于广东实践的分类研究[J].广东社会科学,2011(4)：67—72.
② 陆军.城市老工业区转型与再开发：理论、经验与实践[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2011.
① 罗侠,黎攀,刘兴标.广西柳州汽车城奠基[N].广西日报,2011—2—17.
② 陈熠.第1000万辆柳州造汽车下线[N].柳州晚报,2012—12-28.
③ 侯雁等.基于区·圈·带视角的产业发展与城市经济转型·柳州[M].广西工学院音像电子出版社,2012.
① 国家统计局城市社会经济调查司.中国城市统计年鉴—2011[M].北京：中国统计出版社,2011.
① 2013年1月,广西区政府批准实施《柳州、来宾、河池市区域一体化发展规划》,培育以柳州超大城市为核心、在西南乃至全国有重要影响的广西中部城市群,打造继北部湾经济区之后广西又一经济增长极。参吴丽萍,李冠霖.“广西中部地区”迎来发展春天.[N].广西日报,2013—1-18.
① 禹伟良,杨彦等.从“速度”迈向“均衡”——探析东部沿海地区发展新导向[N].人民日报,2012—3-18.
② 简文湘,覃柳丹.广西北部湾经济区继续领跑全区经济增长[N].广西日报,2012—2—21.
① 詹浩勇,冯金丽.广西北部湾经济区新型工业化评价与发展研究——基于区域比较的视角[J].广西社会科学,2010(10)：26—30.
② 国家环保总局2007年资料显示,中国有2万多家化工企业建在江河旁边,其中,有2000多家企业建在水源地附近。见董良杰.重金属污染：正在发生的灾难[J].中国改革,2012(3)：87.
① 詹浩勇.我国产业结构变迁与就业的互动关系探讨[J].现代经济探讨,2010(3)：31-34,62.
② 庞革平,谢振华,谢建伟.防城港市后发加速赶超[N].人民日报,2012—8-4.
① 国家统计局城市社会经济调查司.中国城市统计年鉴-2011[M].北京：中国统计出版社,2011.
② 2012年8月,江苏省启东市部分民众为阻止“王子纸业”公司排污入海项目,爆发了群体请愿行动。见鞠靖,汪韬.启东事件后,江苏官员首谈环评工作得失[N].南方周末,2012-11—29.
① 杨洁,刘家顺.循环型工业理论与实证研究[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2008.
① 胡晨光,程惠芳,俞斌.“有为政府”与集聚经济圈的演进——一个基于长三角集聚经济圈的分析框架[J].管理世界,2011(2)：61—69,80.
① 林兰,曾刚.纽约产业结构高级化及其对上海的启示[J].世界地理研究,2003,12(3)：44—50.
① 高运胜.上海生产性服务业集聚区发展模式研究[M].北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社,2009：176-177.
② 本文开篇曾提到,近年来发达国家的跨国公司陆续将生产基地转移出中国。然而这却并非故事的全部：就在这一过程的同时,跨国公司如耐克、阿迪达斯和优衣库将中国的定位从生产基地调整为核心市场,纷纷在中国城市设立生产性服务企业。如阿迪达斯宣布在天津新建北方物流中心,与苏州的另一个物流中心相互呼应;耐克则在太仓打造全球第二大物流中心。同时,这两家公司还计划开设更多门店,把眼光瞄准了我国二三线城市。发达国家跨国公司布局战略的调整和实践,恰恰为我国积极发展生产性服务业集聚带动制造业转型升级提供了先行的市场信号,也为各地政府把握发展趋势明确了方向。参曾向荣.冯禹丁.中国制造两头失血[N].南方周末,2012—9-27.
① 陆军等.城市老工业区转型与再开发：理论、经验与实践[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2011：81—105.
① 周振华.服务经济发展与制度环境.实证篇[M].上海：格致出版社,上海人民出版社,2011：175-187.
② 现代政府不可能完全规划到细而又细的各个产业,但是最基本的产业发展概念是应该有的。参李稻葵.政府与市场有机结合的城镇化——中国模式能否成器的关键之举[J].新财富,2013(2)：31.
① 参高运胜.上海生产性服务业集聚区发展模式研究[M].北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社,2009相关章节.
① 研发设计机构等知识密集型服务业集聚除了注重目标地的经济发展水平、政府优惠政策和市场规模外,还会重点考虑其科研资源是否比较丰富,能否与大学、科研机构等便利接触以共享知识和信息等 因素,参Coe D T, Helpman E.International R&D Spillovers[J].European Economic Review,1995,39 (5): 859-887.
① 研究表明,跨区域行业协会的建立对破除地方市场分割有相当显著的作用,参徐现祥、李郇.市场一体化与区域协调发展[J].经济研究,2005(12)：57—67.
① 詹浩勇,论信息产业融合的意义及其对策[D].成都：西南财经大学,2004.
② 对后发工业化城市劳动力的培训就可以通过远程网络获得来自发达城市的培训服务.
① 王永进,李坤望,盛丹.契约制度与产业集聚：基于中国的理论及经验研究[J].世界经济,2010(1)141—156.
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② 具有清洁表象的高新技术产业也可能存在环境污染问题,多晶硅产业就是典型例子。参见吴海贤,王鹏,吴涛.中国高新技术产业环境治理的困境与突破——以多晶硅为例[J].现代经济探讨,2010(3)：75—78.
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② 创意阶层较之人力资本也许更能反映内生增长理论中要求的人的内涵,因为它更强调人的创造性和创新能力。一般认为,所有产生新观念、新知识、新技术的人和管理精英都属于创意阶层。参见洪进,余文涛,杨凤丽.人力资本、创意阶层及其区域空间分布研究[J].经济学家,2011(9)：28—35.
① 资源再配置和产业重组所导致的微观层面的资源配置效率改善,已成为我国制造业生产率增长的重要源泉,见简泽.企业间的生产率差异、资源再配置与制造业部门的生产率[J].管理世界,2011(5)：11—23.
② (日)藤田昌久,(比)雅克·弗朗西斯·蒂斯.集聚经济学——城市、产业区位与区域增长[M].刘峰等译.成都：西南财经大学出版社,2004：506—515.
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① 胡晨光,程惠芳,俞斌.“有为政府”与集聚经济圈的演进——一个基于长三角集聚经济圈的分析框架[J].管理世界,2011(2)：61—69,80.
② 孙建波,张志鹏.第三次工业化：铸造跨越“中等收入陷阱“的国家价值链[J].南京大学学报(哲学·人文科学·社会科学),2011(5)：15—26,158.
① Duranton, G., Puga, D. From Sectoral to Functional Urban Specialisation[J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 2005,57:343-370.
① 陈建军,陈国亮,黄洁.新经济地理学视角下的生产性服务业集聚及其影响因素研究——来自中国222个城市的经验证据[J].管理世界,2009(4)：83—95;江小涓.服务业增长：真实含义、多重影响和发展趋势[J].经济研究,2011(4)：4-14,79.
① 国内有关学者分别就我国城市生产性服务业集聚对工业获利能力和全要素生产率的外溢作用进行过实证研究,并发现这一作用在所有样本城市中均是显著的。参见顾乃华.生产性服务业对工业获利能力的影响和渠道——基于城市面板数据和SFA模型的实证研究[J].中国工业经济,2010(5)：48-58;顾乃华.我国城市生产性服务业集聚对工业的外溢效应及其区域边界——基于HLM模型的实证研究[J].财贸经济,2011(5)：115—122,44.
① 顾乃华.我国城市生产性服务业集聚对工业的外溢效应及其区域边界——基于HLM模型的实证研究[J].财贸经济,2011(5)：115—122,44.
② 汪德华,张再金,白重恩.政府规模、法治水平与服务业发展[J].经济研究,2007(6)：51—64,118.
② 周振华.服务经济发展与制度环境.实证篇[M].上海：格致出版社,上海人民出版社,2011：128-131.
③ 我国一家知名企业的新闻发言人抱怨,国内城际贸易壁垒甚至比海外贸易还要大。见黄金萍.造车运动政府推动[N].南方周末,2012-12—27.
① 时任安徽省马鞍山市主要领导曾提到这样一件事：江苏省南京市当时搞“半小时经济圈”、“一小时都市圈“,实际上没有起到对外辐射的效果,反而把与之相邻的马鞍山本地优质资源给吸走了,参见陈燕.产业承接“三城记”[J].财经,2011(8)：92.
① 赵伟,郑雯雯.生产性服务业—贸易成本与制造业集聚：机理与实证[J].经济学家,2011(2)：67—75.
① 侯杰泰,温思麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用[M].北京：教育科学出版社,2004.
① 侯杰泰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用[M].北京：教育科学出版社,2004.
① 举例看,中小企业板上市公司绿大地造假案是近年来中国资本市场继银广厦之后又一起空前、典型的恶性欺诈上市案件,该公司为达上市目的用尽“一切招数”：虚增资本、虚增收入、伪造银行单据、虚构银行交易、篡改财务资料、内幕交易等,但实际上对其原董事长等高管的刑罚却只有区区2—3年且缓刑,至于失职的中介机构如证券公司、会计师事务所、律师事务所等均无一被追究刑事责任,仅由深交所对两名保荐代表人进行通报批评。处罚可谓轻描淡写。不惟如此,云南省政府还主导了“保壳”行动,使得该公司改头换面,继续维持着上市地位。参文芳,赵俊,陈永谦.绿大地VS中概股造假的不同成本[J].新财富,2012(3)：78—80.
② 袁瑛,张馨苑.碳市,离我们有多远[N].南方周末,2012—3—8.
① 李钢,廖建辉.中国省域工业结构的聚类与时空演化[J].经济管理,2011(8)：18-27.
② 对部分东、西部城市制造业发展的新趋势,可参见沈正言坚持走中国特色自主创新道路——深圳市推进国家创新型城市建设的经验与启示[N].人民日报,2012-1-17;梁小琴.成都迈向西部核心增长极[N].人民日报,2012—3-1等资料
① 詹浩勇,冯金丽,李德伟.中国新型工业化道路探索[J].贵州社会科学,2007(11)：94—99.
① 顾乃华,陈丰哲.文化创意产业与城市服务业竞争力：基于全球城市数据的实证研究[J].宁夏社会科学,2011(1)：39-43.
② 江小涓.服务业增长：真实含义、多重影响和发展趋势[J].经济研究,2011(4)：4-14,79.
③ 王艳玲.区域物流整合与产业集聚联动发展[J].经济理论与经济管理,2011(11)：78—87.
① 芮明杰,王子军.产业发展与结构转型研究：后金融危机时代上海先进制造业发展战略与政策[M].上海：上海财经大学出版社,2012：74.
① 根据刘曙华.生产性服务业集聚与区域空间重构[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2012：160-167整理.
① 参考芮明杰,王子军.产业发展与结构转型研究：后金融危机时代上海先进制造业发展战略与政策[M].上海：上海财经大学出版社,2012整理.
① 珠三角有“世界工厂”之称的东莞市正经历着这种产业转型升级前的阵痛和煎熬,2012年一季度,该市GDP增速在广东全省垫底。见吕宗恕,朱红军.东莞,不做中国的“希腊”——访东莞市委书记徐建华[N].南方周末,2012-5—17.
② 朱卫平,陈林.产业升级的内涵与模式研究——以广东产业升级为例[J].经济学家,2011(2)：60-66.
① 以珠三角经济圈重要先发工业化城市东莞为例,该市从农业县发展起来成为区域主要制造业基地,但全市没有一所像样的大学,也没有工业研究所。见罗琼.“公共秘书”科技局[N].南方周末,2012-11-15.
① 顾乃华,夏杰长.服务业发展与城市转型：基于广东实践的分类研究[J].广东社会科学,2011(4)：67—72.
② 陆军.城市老工业区转型与再开发：理论、经验与实践[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2011.
① 罗侠,黎攀,刘兴标.广西柳州汽车城奠基[N].广西日报,2011—2—17.
② 陈熠.第1000万辆柳州造汽车下线[N].柳州晚报,2012—12-28.
③ 侯雁等.基于区·圈·带视角的产业发展与城市经济转型·柳州[M].广西工学院音像电子出版社,2012.
① 国家统计局城市社会经济调查司.中国城市统计年鉴—2011[M].北京：中国统计出版社,2011.
① 2013年1月,广西区政府批准实施《柳州、来宾、河池市区域一体化发展规划》,培育以柳州超大城市为核心、在西南乃至全国有重要影响的广西中部城市群,打造继北部湾经济区之后广西又一经济增长极。参吴丽萍,李冠霖.“广西中部地区”迎来发展春天.[N].广西日报,2013—1-18.
① 禹伟良,杨彦等.从“速度”迈向“均衡”——探析东部沿海地区发展新导向[N].人民日报,2012—3-18.
② 简文湘,覃柳丹.广西北部湾经济区继续领跑全区经济增长[N].广西日报,2012—2—21.
① 詹浩勇,冯金丽.广西北部湾经济区新型工业化评价与发展研究——基于区域比较的视角[J].广西社会科学,2010(10)：26—30.
② 国家环保总局2007年资料显示,中国有2万多家化工企业建在江河旁边,其中,有2000多家企业建在水源地附近。见董良杰.重金属污染：正在发生的灾难[J].中国改革,2012(3)：87.
① 詹浩勇.我国产业结构变迁与就业的互动关系探讨[J].现代经济探讨,2010(3)：31-34,62.
② 庞革平,谢振华,谢建伟.防城港市后发加速赶超[N].人民日报,2012—8-4.
① 国家统计局城市社会经济调查司.中国城市统计年鉴-2011[M].北京：中国统计出版社,2011.
② 2012年8月,江苏省启东市部分民众为阻止“王子纸业”公司排污入海项目,爆发了群体请愿行动。见鞠靖,汪韬.启东事件后,江苏官员首谈环评工作得失[N].南方周末,2012-11—29.
① 杨洁,刘家顺.循环型工业理论与实证研究[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2008.
① 胡晨光,程惠芳,俞斌.“有为政府”与集聚经济圈的演进——一个基于长三角集聚经济圈的分析框架[J].管理世界,2011(2)：61—69,80.
① 林兰,曾刚.纽约产业结构高级化及其对上海的启示[J].世界地理研究,2003,12(3)：44—50.
① 高运胜.上海生产性服务业集聚区发展模式研究[M].北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社,2009：176-177.
② 本文开篇曾提到,近年来发达国家的跨国公司陆续将生产基地转移出中国。然而这却并非故事的全部：就在这一过程的同时,跨国公司如耐克、阿迪达斯和优衣库将中国的定位从生产基地调整为核心市场,纷纷在中国城市设立生产性服务企业。如阿迪达斯宣布在天津新建北方物流中心,与苏州的另一个物流中心相互呼应;耐克则在太仓打造全球第二大物流中心。同时,这两家公司还计划开设更多门店,把眼光瞄准了我国二三线城市。发达国家跨国公司布局战略的调整和实践,恰恰为我国积极发展生产性服务业集聚带动制造业转型升级提供了先行的市场信号,也为各地政府把握发展趋势明确了方向。参曾向荣.冯禹丁.中国制造两头失血[N].南方周末,2012—9-27.
① 陆军等.城市老工业区转型与再开发：理论、经验与实践[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2011：81—105.
① 周振华.服务经济发展与制度环境.实证篇[M].上海：格致出版社,上海人民出版社,2011：175-187.
② 现代政府不可能完全规划到细而又细的各个产业,但是最基本的产业发展概念是应该有的。参李稻葵.政府与市场有机结合的城镇化——中国模式能否成器的关键之举[J].新财富,2013(2)：31.
① 参高运胜.上海生产性服务业集聚区发展模式研究[M].北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社,2009相关章节.
① 研发设计机构等知识密集型服务业集聚除了注重目标地的经济发展水平、政府优惠政策和市场规模外,还会重点考虑其科研资源是否比较丰富,能否与大学、科研机构等便利接触以共享知识和信息等 因素,参Coe D T, Helpman E.International R&D Spillovers[J].European Economic Review,1995,39 (5): 859-887.
① 研究表明,跨区域行业协会的建立对破除地方市场分割有相当显著的作用,参徐现祥、李郇.市场一体化与区域协调发展[J].经济研究,2005(12)：57—67.
① 詹浩勇,论信息产业融合的意义及其对策[D].成都：西南财经大学,2004.
② 对后发工业化城市劳动力的培训就可以通过远程网络获得来自发达城市的培训服务.
① 王永进,李坤望,盛丹.契约制度与产业集聚：基于中国的理论及经验研究[J].世界经济,2010(1)141—156.
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