海南岛西南海域海底沙波沙脊形成演化及其工程意义
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摘要
海南岛西南海域海底发育大量沙波沙脊，是威胁海底工程设施安全的重要因素之一，由于相关研究仍处于初步阶段，许多科学问题仍待深入研究。本文根据原位观测数据、沉积物及实测水动力、最新多波束重复测深数据、浅地层剖面，对海南岛西南海域海底沙波沙脊的沉积物特征、形态、分布、成因和迁移演化进行研究。通过研究，得到以下认识：（1）沙波沙脊不仅是现代沉积动力过程形成的，沙脊Ⅰ和沙脊Ⅲ为古近岸残余砂体经过后期改造形成，沙脊Ⅱ和沙脊Ⅳ为现代成因。沙脊Ⅱ两侧沙波倾向相反，与沉积物粒径趋势和水动力表现一致，表层沉积物表现为“槽细脊粗”和“远岸细近岸粗”的特征。（2）研究区发育大量新月形沙丘，其形态受有限水深、往复潮流和泥沙供应的共同影响，沉积物供应及流的强度影响新月形沙丘活动性及形态稳定性。沙丘翼末端能够脱离沙丘产生小沙丘，为沙丘区提供了新的沉积物输运机制，并可能在控制新月形沙丘形态和沙丘规模的演化过程中起了重要作用。（3）研究区集中出现具有残留性质的近对称沙波，为受海平面上升期间多期潮流共同作用的结果。沙波内部层理发生反转，可能发生于琼州海峡贯通后。沙脊之间的小型近对称沙波为现代成因，两侧沉积物相向输运。（4）原位观测发现海底底床高度伴随潮周期变化，底床高程出现周期性厘米级波动，底床高程的快速变化与沙纹的演化和运移有关，是由往复潮流及其不对称性造成的。（5）基于实测水动力数据和沉积物参数的沙波迁移速率计算值与实际观测值较为一致，波浪加入使沙波迁移速度增大8.6%-81.2%。海南岛以南的台风向西移动过程中，研究区近岸水动力及沉积物输运呈现出阶段性的变化，台风能在短期内导致高强度沉积物输运并严重影响沙波迁移，但在长时间尺度不能改变沙波迁移方向，仅能影响沙波的分布。（6）对海底沙波沙脊的研究有助于及时发现管线危险段，有效支持管线的安全运营维护并节约成本。
Lots of sand waves and sand ridges have been identified offshore southwesternHainan Island, which make threats to submarine facilities. The sand waves and ridgesneed to be further studied because related researches are still in the initial stage.Surface sediment, hydrodynamics, latest repeated multi-beam bathymetry, andsubbottom profiles have been obtained to study morphology, distribution, formation,and migration of sand waves and sand ridges. Through the study, followingconclusions are obtained:(1) Sand waves and sand ridges are not always produced bymodern sediment dynamics. Sand ridge Ⅰ and ridge Ⅲ are reformed from residualbedforms by modern hydrodynamics while sand ridge Ⅱ and ridge IV are formodern origin. Sand wave asymmetries, consistent with grain size trends andhydrodynamics, are in opposite directions in the two sides of sand ridges. Sediment ischaracterized with “finer in groove and coarser on ridge” and is finer far offshore.(2)The morphology of barchans is affected by the finite water depth, reversing tidalcurrents and sediment supply. The intensities of flow and sediment supply influencedbarchans’ activity and morphological stability. The separation of small dunes from thehost barchans provides a new sediment transport mechanism in the barchan area,which may play an important role in the evolution of barchans.(3) Symmetrical sandwaves with residual properties are identified. These large sand waves are thesynthetical results of hydrodynamics in different periods during sea level rise. Thebeddings in symmetrical sand waves are found reversed and are inferred to appearafter the Qiongzhou Strait formed. Small modern symmetrical sand waves betweensand ridges take sediments from two sides.(4) In situ observation indicated cyclicalcm level fluctuations of bed elevation. They were confirmed to be related to theevolution and migration of sand ripples and be caused by asymmetrical tidal currents.(5) Simulated sand wave migration velocities on basis of measured hydrodynamicsand sediment parameters are mostly consistent with observation. The calculatedvalues increase8.6%-81.2%in view of surface waves. When a typhoon movedwestward to the mouth of the Beibu Gulf, nearshore hydrodynamics and sedimenttransport were strengthened and showed the phasic changes. A typhoon leads highsediment transport and seriously affects sand wave migration in short term, but cannot change the migration direction in the long time scale. It can only influence thedistribution of sand waves.(6) Study on the sand wave and sand ridge is helpful to pipeline risk detection, safe maintenance of pipeline and also cost saving.
Lots of sand waves and sand ridges have been identified offshore southwesternHainan Island, which make threats to submarine facilities. The sand waves and ridgesneed to be further studied because related researches are still in the initial stage.Surface sediment, hydrodynamics, latest repeated multi-beam bathymetry, andsubbottom profiles have been obtained to study morphology, distribution, formation,and migration of sand waves and sand ridges. Through the study, followingconclusions are obtained:(1) Sand waves and sand ridges are not always produced bymodern sediment dynamics. Sand ridge Ⅰ and ridge Ⅲ are reformed from residualbedforms by modern hydrodynamics while sand ridge Ⅱ and ridge IV are formodern origin. Sand wave asymmetries, consistent with grain size trends andhydrodynamics, are in opposite directions in the two sides of sand ridges. Sediment ischaracterized with “finer in groove and coarser on ridge” and is finer far offshore.(2)The morphology of barchans is affected by the finite water depth, reversing tidalcurrents and sediment supply. The intensities of flow and sediment supply influencedbarchans’ activity and morphological stability. The separation of small dunes from thehost barchans provides a new sediment transport mechanism in the barchan area,which may play an important role in the evolution of barchans.(3) Symmetrical sandwaves with residual properties are identified. These large sand waves are thesynthetical results of hydrodynamics in different periods during sea level rise. Thebeddings in symmetrical sand waves are found reversed and are inferred to appearafter the Qiongzhou Strait formed. Small modern symmetrical sand waves betweensand ridges take sediments from two sides.(4) In situ observation indicated cyclicalcm level fluctuations of bed elevation. They were confirmed to be related to theevolution and migration of sand ripples and be caused by asymmetrical tidal currents.(5) Simulated sand wave migration velocities on basis of measured hydrodynamicsand sediment parameters are mostly consistent with observation. The calculatedvalues increase8.6%-81.2%in view of surface waves. When a typhoon movedwestward to the mouth of the Beibu Gulf, nearshore hydrodynamics and sedimenttransport were strengthened and showed the phasic changes. A typhoon leads highsediment transport and seriously affects sand wave migration in short term, but cannot change the migration direction in the long time scale. It can only influence thedistribution of sand waves.(6) Study on the sand wave and sand ridge is helpful to pipeline risk detection, safe maintenance of pipeline and also cost saving.
引文
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