高层建筑布局对城市区域热环境影响的研究
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摘要
现今由于城市化的发展对土地资源消耗过大,因此高层建筑已成为城市建设的一个主要的选择。随着高层建筑的增多,其对城市环境的影响也越来越大,不同的建筑布局对环境产生的影响也有所不同。目前国内外对城市与环境的研究主要有两个方面：一是对地理环境的研究,即在一定区域内对气候变化规律的研究；另一方面则是对以城市局部环境现象为主的研究。这两方面的研究均忽视了城市化发展是城市区域环境变化与改变的根本因素,因此前人研究不能合理解释其环境变化发生的原理,而且研究的领域分散,局限性大,研究内容与方法也缺乏创新性。
现今国内外对城市高层建筑群形成的空间对环境演变的规律和影响的系统性解释理论的研究尚属空白,而且对有关城市中高层建筑布局的研究以及建筑所围合的外部空间与环境变化之间关联性的研究也相对薄弱,研究中对城市空间结构形成与环境演变的规律性认识也相互割裂,研究成果滞后于城市化的发展,不能应用于城市化发展过程。
基于上述研究现状,本论文综合建筑学、城市规划、建筑环境和传热学等多学科理论,就高层建筑布局对城市热环境的影响进行了系统性的研究,并提出了新的概念和研究方法。论文首先分析了城市热环境的影响因子,系统地阐述了城市高层建筑布局对环境的影响,并通过城市典型区域的实地调查和环境测量,对不同区域和不同类型的建筑空间与环境之间的相互影响及典型特征进行了研究,实测获得的相关数据亦可作为数值模拟的基础。其次论文以长沙市的主城区为研究对象,建立了相应的三维数字模型,对其高层建筑的分布与空间特点进行了研究。最后论文以CFD为工具,对整体城市的大、中、小尺度进行三级数值模拟计算,并综合实地测试数据研究和分析了城市中区域热环境的特点,提出了改善区域热环境的方法,避免城市建设中环境的进一步的恶化,使城市的环境更加舒适宜人。
本论文研究的创新性工作有以下几点：
(1)第一次对省会一级城市从城市的主城区到中心区再到组团一级区域进行高层建筑布局对热环境影响的研究,研究分三级梯度层次,具有系统性、连续性和一致性；
(2)第一次系统的从二维到三维对城市区域风、热环境进行研究,并建立了整个城市的三维数值模型,展开多维度、多层次的研究；
(3)提出了高层建筑布局多维空间的围合度概念,即以街区为面域的围合和以组团形式围合的概念；
(4)提出以道路布局构建城市通风走廊,并与河流构建城市低维度通风网络的概念；
(5)提出以高层建筑布局构建城市高维度的通风走廊的概念。
论文综合采用定性与定量分析方法,以具有夏热冬冷地区气候典型特征的城市为研究对象展开多尺度、多层级的分析研究。结合实测数据,运用CFD数值模拟技术对城市高层建筑布局对热环境的影响进行了深入研究,为今后定量研究城市区域的热环境和定性研究城市规划和建筑设计提供了清晰的综合性跨学科研究思路和方法,论文的研究结论可以为城市化的发展与调控措施提供有价值的参考作用。
As the development of cities, the consumption of land resource is much bigger today. High-rise buildings have become the main choice in urban construction. There are more and more high-rise buildings in cities, and different layout of high-rise buildings will have different effects on the environment. At present domestic and international study on city and environment is mainly focused in two ways. The first one is the study on geographical environment—study on the rules of climate changes within certain region. The second one is the local environment of the city. They both ignore that the development of the city is the basic factor of the changes of the city's local environment. These studies can not explain the principle of environmental changes reasonably. Fields of studies are scattered and circumscribed, and the contents and methods about the research are lack of innovation.
There is no systemic interpretive theory to describe rules and effects on environment change from interspace of high-rise buildings in the city. Study on layout of high-rise buildings and study of correlation between space among buildings and environment change are limited. Knowledge of city space structure and environment change is separate. Research achievement lags the development of cities and it can not be used in the development of cities.
Based on the above-mentioned research actualities, this paper presents the systemic study of the effects on urban thermal environment from high-rise buildings layout and new conception and research methods are proposed by combining architecture, urban planning, building environment and heat transfer and so on. Firstly, factors of urban thermal environment are analyzed. Effects on environment from urban high-rise buildings are described systematically. Through field investigation of representative regions, influence and characteristic between building space and environment are studied in different regions and different kinds of buildings. Measured data is used as the basis for numerical simulation. Secondly, three-dimensional numerical model for Changsha urban area is established, and distribution and space characteristic of high-rise buildings in urban area are analyzed. Thirdly, urban environment in large scale, middle scale, and small scale are simulated by using CFD. Urban regional thermal environment is analyzed and studied combined with measured data and methods improving regional thermal environment are proposed to avoid worse environment in city construction and to make urban environment comfortable.
The innovative studies in this paper are:
(1)Effects on thermal environment from high-rise buildings layout are studied firstly in provincial capital city from urban area to urban center and then to group area. The three study levels are systemic, continuous and consistent.
(2)Urban regional thermal environment are systematically studied firstly from two-dimension to three-dimension. Three-dimensional numerical model of the whole city is established, and the study is developed in multi-dimensions and multi-levels.
(3)Enclosure level of multi-dimensional space of high-rise buildings layout is proposed, which means block enclosure and group buildings enclosure.
(4)Ventilation corridor of the city structured by roads is suggested, and low dimensional ventilation network combined with rivers is developed.
(5)High dimensional ventilation corridor structured by high-rise buildings is proposed.
Qualitative and quantitative research methods are adopted synthetically in this paper. Multi-scale and multi-level analysis is developed in the city which has the climate of hot summer and cold winter. Effect on thermal environment from high-rise buildings is further studied by using numerical simulation combined with actual measurement synthetically. It provides clear synthetic transdisciplinary research mentality and methods to study urban regional thermal environment quantitatively and urban planning and building design qualitatively. And research conclusions of the paper can be valuable referenced suggestion to development and adjustment of urbanization.
现今国内外对城市高层建筑群形成的空间对环境演变的规律和影响的系统性解释理论的研究尚属空白,而且对有关城市中高层建筑布局的研究以及建筑所围合的外部空间与环境变化之间关联性的研究也相对薄弱,研究中对城市空间结构形成与环境演变的规律性认识也相互割裂,研究成果滞后于城市化的发展,不能应用于城市化发展过程。
基于上述研究现状,本论文综合建筑学、城市规划、建筑环境和传热学等多学科理论,就高层建筑布局对城市热环境的影响进行了系统性的研究,并提出了新的概念和研究方法。论文首先分析了城市热环境的影响因子,系统地阐述了城市高层建筑布局对环境的影响,并通过城市典型区域的实地调查和环境测量,对不同区域和不同类型的建筑空间与环境之间的相互影响及典型特征进行了研究,实测获得的相关数据亦可作为数值模拟的基础。其次论文以长沙市的主城区为研究对象,建立了相应的三维数字模型,对其高层建筑的分布与空间特点进行了研究。最后论文以CFD为工具,对整体城市的大、中、小尺度进行三级数值模拟计算,并综合实地测试数据研究和分析了城市中区域热环境的特点,提出了改善区域热环境的方法,避免城市建设中环境的进一步的恶化,使城市的环境更加舒适宜人。
本论文研究的创新性工作有以下几点：
(1)第一次对省会一级城市从城市的主城区到中心区再到组团一级区域进行高层建筑布局对热环境影响的研究,研究分三级梯度层次,具有系统性、连续性和一致性；
(2)第一次系统的从二维到三维对城市区域风、热环境进行研究,并建立了整个城市的三维数值模型,展开多维度、多层次的研究；
(3)提出了高层建筑布局多维空间的围合度概念,即以街区为面域的围合和以组团形式围合的概念；
(4)提出以道路布局构建城市通风走廊,并与河流构建城市低维度通风网络的概念；
(5)提出以高层建筑布局构建城市高维度的通风走廊的概念。
论文综合采用定性与定量分析方法,以具有夏热冬冷地区气候典型特征的城市为研究对象展开多尺度、多层级的分析研究。结合实测数据,运用CFD数值模拟技术对城市高层建筑布局对热环境的影响进行了深入研究,为今后定量研究城市区域的热环境和定性研究城市规划和建筑设计提供了清晰的综合性跨学科研究思路和方法,论文的研究结论可以为城市化的发展与调控措施提供有价值的参考作用。
As the development of cities, the consumption of land resource is much bigger today. High-rise buildings have become the main choice in urban construction. There are more and more high-rise buildings in cities, and different layout of high-rise buildings will have different effects on the environment. At present domestic and international study on city and environment is mainly focused in two ways. The first one is the study on geographical environment—study on the rules of climate changes within certain region. The second one is the local environment of the city. They both ignore that the development of the city is the basic factor of the changes of the city's local environment. These studies can not explain the principle of environmental changes reasonably. Fields of studies are scattered and circumscribed, and the contents and methods about the research are lack of innovation.
There is no systemic interpretive theory to describe rules and effects on environment change from interspace of high-rise buildings in the city. Study on layout of high-rise buildings and study of correlation between space among buildings and environment change are limited. Knowledge of city space structure and environment change is separate. Research achievement lags the development of cities and it can not be used in the development of cities.
Based on the above-mentioned research actualities, this paper presents the systemic study of the effects on urban thermal environment from high-rise buildings layout and new conception and research methods are proposed by combining architecture, urban planning, building environment and heat transfer and so on. Firstly, factors of urban thermal environment are analyzed. Effects on environment from urban high-rise buildings are described systematically. Through field investigation of representative regions, influence and characteristic between building space and environment are studied in different regions and different kinds of buildings. Measured data is used as the basis for numerical simulation. Secondly, three-dimensional numerical model for Changsha urban area is established, and distribution and space characteristic of high-rise buildings in urban area are analyzed. Thirdly, urban environment in large scale, middle scale, and small scale are simulated by using CFD. Urban regional thermal environment is analyzed and studied combined with measured data and methods improving regional thermal environment are proposed to avoid worse environment in city construction and to make urban environment comfortable.
The innovative studies in this paper are:
(1)Effects on thermal environment from high-rise buildings layout are studied firstly in provincial capital city from urban area to urban center and then to group area. The three study levels are systemic, continuous and consistent.
(2)Urban regional thermal environment are systematically studied firstly from two-dimension to three-dimension. Three-dimensional numerical model of the whole city is established, and the study is developed in multi-dimensions and multi-levels.
(3)Enclosure level of multi-dimensional space of high-rise buildings layout is proposed, which means block enclosure and group buildings enclosure.
(4)Ventilation corridor of the city structured by roads is suggested, and low dimensional ventilation network combined with rivers is developed.
(5)High dimensional ventilation corridor structured by high-rise buildings is proposed.
Qualitative and quantitative research methods are adopted synthetically in this paper. Multi-scale and multi-level analysis is developed in the city which has the climate of hot summer and cold winter. Effect on thermal environment from high-rise buildings is further studied by using numerical simulation combined with actual measurement synthetically. It provides clear synthetic transdisciplinary research mentality and methods to study urban regional thermal environment quantitatively and urban planning and building design qualitatively. And research conclusions of the paper can be valuable referenced suggestion to development and adjustment of urbanization.
引文
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