苜蓿助干机制及添加剂贮藏技术的研究
摘要
本试验以草原2号苜蓿(Medicago varia Martin.cv.Caoyuan No.2)为试验材料,从苜蓿干草调制、贮藏到消化利用等方面进行系统研究,旨在探索适合我国华北地区苜蓿干草调制的关键技术,为苜蓿干草生产提供理论依据和技术支持。通过对苜蓿干草田间调制关键技术条件、最佳贮藏方法以及贮藏过程中体外消化特性进行综合分析,得出如下结论:
①从苜蓿水分散失规律、叶片损失率、主要营养指标变化以及不同干燥方法对苜蓿茎、叶解剖结构影响等方面进行对比分析,最终筛选出苜蓿干草田间调制最适条件。喷施2.5%碳酸钾溶液结合压扁处理,可明显加快苜蓿干燥速度,减少叶片损失,有效保存苜蓿干草营养成分,其总可消化营养物质(TDN)较对照处理提高5.6%。
②对比分析不同干燥方法对苜蓿茎、叶解剖结构的影响,对其干燥机理进行剖析。压扁处理能够破坏茎、叶表皮以及髓的结构;干燥助剂碳酸钾溶液对茎、叶表皮角质膜具有溶解作用,使角质膜变薄或呈间断性分布;苜蓿茎经碳酸钾溶液处理后,皮层薄壁细胞间隙明显增大,使其水分蒸发阻力有效减小,缩短茎部干燥时间。
③通过复合型天然防霉剂筛选试验,对霉菌数量、粗蛋白(CP)含量以及总可消化营养物质(TDN)等方面进行综合评定,得出复合型天然防霉剂FA各成分最适添加水平。当氧化钙添加量为1%,陈皮添加量为0.3%,沸石粉添加量为2%时,能够有效保存苜蓿干草营养成分,同时防霉效果显著,且成本明显低于市场现行销售的单一型防霉剂。
④对各处理苜蓿干草捆体外消化特性(体外产气量、pH值、挥发性脂肪酸浓度、动态降解率及降解参数)进行对比分析,打捆贮藏时添加复合型天然防霉剂FA,苜蓿干草降解率明显提高。
⑤综合各项试验结果,得出苜蓿最佳调制及贮藏方式,在田间调制过程中喷施2.5%碳酸钾溶液结合压扁处理,同时添加复合型天然防霉剂FA,进行高水分打捆(含水量为28%～30%)贮藏。利用此法调制的干草,贮藏至360天,粗蛋白含量仍可保持在18.17%,其相对饲喂价值(RFV)和干物质降解率分别为105.7%和66.67%,可达到II级干草标准。
This paper was took the Medicago varia Martin.cv.Caoyuan No.2 as the study object, systematic researched on the hay making, storage and digestion utilization of alfalfa hay, aimed at searching for the hay making key technology of alfalfa in North China, and provided technical support and theoretical foundation for the production of alfalfa hay. Based on correlation analyses, this paper discussed the key technology conditions of hay making, the best way to storage and digestion test in vitro during storage. The results are as follows.
By researching the moisture dissipation variation law, leaf lossed ratio, changes of chemical compositions and the effects of different treatment on alfalfa anatomical structure, the suitable means and key technical conditions for alfalfa hay making was selected in the end. Spraying chemical drying agents 2.5% potassium carbonate solution combined with steam-pressing could significantly accelerate the drying rate, even could keep nutritive value and improve the quality of alfalfa hay. Thus the loss of leave was reduced efficiently. The correlation of moisture and ratio of stem to leaf submitted index curve variety.
By researching the effect of different treatment on alfalfa anatomical structure, the experimental results showed that potassium carbonate had a certain destructive influence on the cuticle of stems and leaves. Meanwhile, the results showed that not only the epidermis cuticle was destroyed, the stem cortex parenchyma cells stem space significantly increased after treated by 2.5% potassium carbonate solution, thereby greatly reducing the drying time of stem, leading to its exemption from the control of moisture movement.
By measuring fungal count, content of protein and total digestion nutrition, the optimum proportion of materials obtained by the way of Orthogonal Test Design was confirmed as the following, calcium oxide addition was 1%, tangerine peel addition was 0.3% and zeolite powder addition was 2%. The nutrient composition could be preserved effectively and mould inhibition effect significantly by the compound natural antifungal agent, and the cost was significantly lower than the single-type antifungal agent which were sold on the market.
The gas production, pH value, volatile fatty acids and digestive rate in vitro of different treatment alfalfa hay bale were determined through in vitro digestion experiment, the results showed that: the digestive rate could be improved effectively by adding the compound natural antifungal agent FA during storage.
The results indicated that: the contents of crude protein was 18.17%, the relative feed value was 105.7%, and the digestion rate of dry matter was 66.67%, it could reach 2 grade quality standards after 360 days storing by spraying potassium carbonate solution combined with steam-pressing during the hay making, while adding the compound natural antifungal agent FA during storage(water content 28%～30%).
①从苜蓿水分散失规律、叶片损失率、主要营养指标变化以及不同干燥方法对苜蓿茎、叶解剖结构影响等方面进行对比分析,最终筛选出苜蓿干草田间调制最适条件。喷施2.5%碳酸钾溶液结合压扁处理,可明显加快苜蓿干燥速度,减少叶片损失,有效保存苜蓿干草营养成分,其总可消化营养物质(TDN)较对照处理提高5.6%。
②对比分析不同干燥方法对苜蓿茎、叶解剖结构的影响,对其干燥机理进行剖析。压扁处理能够破坏茎、叶表皮以及髓的结构;干燥助剂碳酸钾溶液对茎、叶表皮角质膜具有溶解作用,使角质膜变薄或呈间断性分布;苜蓿茎经碳酸钾溶液处理后,皮层薄壁细胞间隙明显增大,使其水分蒸发阻力有效减小,缩短茎部干燥时间。
③通过复合型天然防霉剂筛选试验,对霉菌数量、粗蛋白(CP)含量以及总可消化营养物质(TDN)等方面进行综合评定,得出复合型天然防霉剂FA各成分最适添加水平。当氧化钙添加量为1%,陈皮添加量为0.3%,沸石粉添加量为2%时,能够有效保存苜蓿干草营养成分,同时防霉效果显著,且成本明显低于市场现行销售的单一型防霉剂。
④对各处理苜蓿干草捆体外消化特性(体外产气量、pH值、挥发性脂肪酸浓度、动态降解率及降解参数)进行对比分析,打捆贮藏时添加复合型天然防霉剂FA,苜蓿干草降解率明显提高。
⑤综合各项试验结果,得出苜蓿最佳调制及贮藏方式,在田间调制过程中喷施2.5%碳酸钾溶液结合压扁处理,同时添加复合型天然防霉剂FA,进行高水分打捆(含水量为28%～30%)贮藏。利用此法调制的干草,贮藏至360天,粗蛋白含量仍可保持在18.17%,其相对饲喂价值(RFV)和干物质降解率分别为105.7%和66.67%,可达到II级干草标准。
This paper was took the Medicago varia Martin.cv.Caoyuan No.2 as the study object, systematic researched on the hay making, storage and digestion utilization of alfalfa hay, aimed at searching for the hay making key technology of alfalfa in North China, and provided technical support and theoretical foundation for the production of alfalfa hay. Based on correlation analyses, this paper discussed the key technology conditions of hay making, the best way to storage and digestion test in vitro during storage. The results are as follows.
By researching the moisture dissipation variation law, leaf lossed ratio, changes of chemical compositions and the effects of different treatment on alfalfa anatomical structure, the suitable means and key technical conditions for alfalfa hay making was selected in the end. Spraying chemical drying agents 2.5% potassium carbonate solution combined with steam-pressing could significantly accelerate the drying rate, even could keep nutritive value and improve the quality of alfalfa hay. Thus the loss of leave was reduced efficiently. The correlation of moisture and ratio of stem to leaf submitted index curve variety.
By researching the effect of different treatment on alfalfa anatomical structure, the experimental results showed that potassium carbonate had a certain destructive influence on the cuticle of stems and leaves. Meanwhile, the results showed that not only the epidermis cuticle was destroyed, the stem cortex parenchyma cells stem space significantly increased after treated by 2.5% potassium carbonate solution, thereby greatly reducing the drying time of stem, leading to its exemption from the control of moisture movement.
By measuring fungal count, content of protein and total digestion nutrition, the optimum proportion of materials obtained by the way of Orthogonal Test Design was confirmed as the following, calcium oxide addition was 1%, tangerine peel addition was 0.3% and zeolite powder addition was 2%. The nutrient composition could be preserved effectively and mould inhibition effect significantly by the compound natural antifungal agent, and the cost was significantly lower than the single-type antifungal agent which were sold on the market.
The gas production, pH value, volatile fatty acids and digestive rate in vitro of different treatment alfalfa hay bale were determined through in vitro digestion experiment, the results showed that: the digestive rate could be improved effectively by adding the compound natural antifungal agent FA during storage.
The results indicated that: the contents of crude protein was 18.17%, the relative feed value was 105.7%, and the digestion rate of dry matter was 66.67%, it could reach 2 grade quality standards after 360 days storing by spraying potassium carbonate solution combined with steam-pressing during the hay making, while adding the compound natural antifungal agent FA during storage(water content 28%～30%).
引文
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