牡蛎壳人工礁生态效应与生态系统服务价值评价
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摘要
实施海洋牧场建设能修复近海受损海洋生态系统、保护海洋环境、提高渔业资源。投放人工鱼礁为海洋牧场建设的生境构建阶段。人工鱼礁为水底能附着生物的水下构造物。人工鱼礁对邻近理化环境、生物环境产生影响。刺参为我国北方重要的增养殖生物，浅海底播增殖为其重要的养殖模式。牡蛎壳人工礁在山东、辽宁海域应用于生境改良、刺参适宜底播增殖区的建设，但其对生态系统的影响作用、生态系统服务价值等方面研究较少。本文以山东半岛荣成湾附近投放的牡蛎壳人工礁为主要研究对象，重点研究其生态效应与其生态系统服务价值评价。主要研究结果如下：
1.牡蛎壳人工礁礁体生物中甲壳动物栖息密度最大，由于底播刺参的存在，棘皮动物生物量最大。礁体生物群落中无固着生物存在。礁体生物同邻近软泥底质底栖生物群落结构差异显著，引起差异的主要种类为礁体上大量存在的甲壳动物等。根据碳氮稳定同位素，礁体生物（包括鱼类）共分为3个营养级5个功能群，包括以悬浮颗粒物、沉积物为食的初级消费者，以藻类及其它有机碎屑为食的初级消费者，以藻类及其它初级消费者为食的杂食性次级消费者，以初级消费者为食的肉食性次级消费者。刺参位于第二营养级，主要以沉积物为食，与其存在食物竞争关系的主要为甲壳动物。大泷六线鱼及许氏平鈾位于第二、三营养级，两者存在食性分化，前者为杂食性，后者为肉食性。
2.牡蛎壳人工礁礁区同非礁区沉积物理化性质相近，且具有明显的季节变化。礁区同非礁区大型底栖动物生物量及栖息密度相近。ANOSIM分析显示两区域部分月份大型底栖动物群落结构差异显著，PERMANOVA分析显示区域（礁区与非礁区)、采样站位与时间的交互对大型底栖动物影响显著,大型底栖动物群落具有明显的时间变化。基于大型底栖动物的生物多样性、生物指数及分类多样性显示,有机质供给较少的冬季,礁区环境质量明显高于非礁区。DistLM同AICs分析结果显示,叶绿素a,有机氮对礁区大型底栖动物群落影响最大,而非礁区则为总有机质、叶绿素a。
3.牡蛎壳人工礁区域全年水温最大为23℃,最低为2℃。水温为影响刺参生长的主要因素。牡蛎壳人工礁沉降颗粒物总量呈现春季高、夏、冬季节低的特点。根据沉降颗粒物与沉积物有机质含量,牡蛎壳海珍礁刺参养殖容量为212g m-2a-1。2011年4月-2012年6月刺参规格实验表明,中等个体刺参(15g/头-20g/头)由于冬季及春季生长明显,加之夏眠期间成活率较高,为牡蛎壳人工礁海域适宜投放的规格。刺参增殖密度实验显示,793g/m2可能为牡蛎壳人工礁区域刺参最大现存生物量。
4.牡蛎壳人工礁生态系统服务价值平均为1291万元/(km2a),直接使用价值为938.9万元/(km2a),间接使用价值为351.7万元/(km2a)。该区域较高的单位面积服务价值可能与牡蛎壳人工礁系统构建的多营养层次立体养殖模式有关。牡蛎壳人工礁上层水体养殖海带,中层水体为牡蛎壳人工礁诱集而来的各类游泳生物,底层为底播增殖的刺参。投放牡蛎壳人工礁后新增生态系统服务价值为193.73万元/(km2a),明显高于其它人工鱼礁区域。这主要与本人工礁采用的牡蛎壳具有固定碳、封存碳的作用从而提高了气候调节服务价值,同时牡蛎壳人工礁主要增殖对象为刺参,该种类市场价值较高,故牡蛎壳人工礁单位面积上食品供给服务价值增加量也较大。
5.通过本文调查研究,牡蛎壳人工礁形成了特殊的礁体生物群落,共分为3营养级5功能群,能够为利用水体中丰富的悬浮有机质为刺参及鱼类提供了良好的食物来源及栖息环境,在有机质输入较低的冬季对底栖生态系统影响显著。同时能够供给刺参等食品、调节水质、进行碳封存,具有较高的生态系统服务价值。下一步,应继续加强牡蛎壳海珍礁相关研究,进一步优化推广实施该类型礁体。
Marine ranching is a good method to restore offshore damaged marine ecosystem, protect marine environment and foster the marine fishery resources. The deployment of artificial reef is the main part of marine ranching construction. Artificial reef defines as a group of activities that aim to remodel the marine ecosystem by offering new habitats. Artificial reef has the impacts on adjoining environment and biotic community. Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka became the main marine culture species in the northern China coast. The shallow water culture is the main culture type. The artificial oyster shell reef has been used in Shandong and Liaoning province. The reef can provide convenient habitat and food to sea cucumber. The reef has obvious economic effects. We studied the ecological effects and investigated the ecosystem services of the artificial oyster shell reef in Rongcheng Bay eastern in Shandong Peninsula. The main results are as follows.
The small Crustacean were the most abundant species on the artificial oyster shell reef, while the Echnidomata was the most in density because the biomass of sea cucumber was high. There was no sessile organism in the reef. The difference between the macrobenthos in reef and nearby sediment area were significant. The species most contributed to the dissimilarity between the two area were Crustacean. According to the stable isotope, the fauna in the artificial reef area can be divided into3trophic levels and5ecological function groups. The primary consumer feeding on the particle organic matter and sediment, the primary consumer feeding on detritus, the second consumer feeding on detritus and primary consumer, and the second consumer feeding on the primary consumer were the main four function groups. Sea cucumber A. japonicus was on the second trophic level, feeding on the sediment and detritus. Hexagrammos otakii and Sebastes schlegeli were on the third trophic level, but those two species has different feeding preferences. The feeding of the former was more complex and the latter was more carnivorous.
The sediment environment and the abundance and biomass of macrobenths in reef and non-reef area were not significantly different. The ANOSIM test based on the every bimestrial data revealed that the artificial reef of oyster shell may change the macrobenthic community significantly in some months. The PERMANOVA test based on all sampling data showed that the time factor had significant effects on macrobenthos communities. The small polychaete, crustacean, and mollusk were most contribution species for multivariate dissimilarity between the two areas. The artificial oyster shell reef may slightly improve the environmental quality indicated by the ecological indicators based on the macrobenthos in winter. The DistLM and multi-model inference approach revealed that the ch1-a and TN were the important predictors in the reef area while TOM and ch1-a were in non-reef area.
The highest temperature in the oyster shell reef through the year was23℃in September, while the lowest was2℃in February. The settling particulate matter sediment in spring was high and was low in summer and winter. According to the physiochemical characteristics, the organic matter of natural deposited sediment and sediment, the carrying capacity for the ranching of sea cucumber in the artificial oyster shell reef was212g m-2a-1.The middle size (15g/ind.-20g/ind.) of sea cucumber was fitted to culture in the artificial oyster shell reef. The maximum stocking biomass for sea cucumber cultured in the artificial oyster shell reef was793g/m.
The ecosystem service value per unit area of the artificial oyster shell reef was estimated at￥12,910,000km-2a-1. The direct service value was93,89,000km-2a-1and the indirect service value was3,517,000km-2a-1. The high value of ecosystem service in this area may because the studied area was Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture model. The kelp was cultured in the upper water and the sea cucumber was on the reef, while the fish was in the middle. The add ecosystem service value after deploying the artificial oyster shell reef was estimated at￥1,937,300km-2a-1. The main service was the climate
regulating services as the oyster fixed more carbon. The second service was the foodprovision services because of the culture of sea cucumber on the reef.
The fauna in the artificial reef area can be divided into3trophic levels and5ecological function groups. The artificial oyster shell reef can use natural deposit andprovide suitable habitat for sea cucumber and other fishery resources. The artificial reefhad significant effects to the benthic ecosystem in winter. The artificial oyster shell reefprovided seafood，controlled water quality, had effects of Carbon sequestration, and sothe reef had high ecosystem services. Enhancement of oyster shell reef studies are neededand this kind of artificial reef is needed to be optimized，prompted and implemented inmore area in the next step.
1.牡蛎壳人工礁礁体生物中甲壳动物栖息密度最大，由于底播刺参的存在，棘皮动物生物量最大。礁体生物群落中无固着生物存在。礁体生物同邻近软泥底质底栖生物群落结构差异显著，引起差异的主要种类为礁体上大量存在的甲壳动物等。根据碳氮稳定同位素，礁体生物（包括鱼类）共分为3个营养级5个功能群，包括以悬浮颗粒物、沉积物为食的初级消费者，以藻类及其它有机碎屑为食的初级消费者，以藻类及其它初级消费者为食的杂食性次级消费者，以初级消费者为食的肉食性次级消费者。刺参位于第二营养级，主要以沉积物为食，与其存在食物竞争关系的主要为甲壳动物。大泷六线鱼及许氏平鈾位于第二、三营养级，两者存在食性分化，前者为杂食性，后者为肉食性。
2.牡蛎壳人工礁礁区同非礁区沉积物理化性质相近，且具有明显的季节变化。礁区同非礁区大型底栖动物生物量及栖息密度相近。ANOSIM分析显示两区域部分月份大型底栖动物群落结构差异显著，PERMANOVA分析显示区域（礁区与非礁区)、采样站位与时间的交互对大型底栖动物影响显著,大型底栖动物群落具有明显的时间变化。基于大型底栖动物的生物多样性、生物指数及分类多样性显示,有机质供给较少的冬季,礁区环境质量明显高于非礁区。DistLM同AICs分析结果显示,叶绿素a,有机氮对礁区大型底栖动物群落影响最大,而非礁区则为总有机质、叶绿素a。
3.牡蛎壳人工礁区域全年水温最大为23℃,最低为2℃。水温为影响刺参生长的主要因素。牡蛎壳人工礁沉降颗粒物总量呈现春季高、夏、冬季节低的特点。根据沉降颗粒物与沉积物有机质含量,牡蛎壳海珍礁刺参养殖容量为212g m-2a-1。2011年4月-2012年6月刺参规格实验表明,中等个体刺参(15g/头-20g/头)由于冬季及春季生长明显,加之夏眠期间成活率较高,为牡蛎壳人工礁海域适宜投放的规格。刺参增殖密度实验显示,793g/m2可能为牡蛎壳人工礁区域刺参最大现存生物量。
4.牡蛎壳人工礁生态系统服务价值平均为1291万元/(km2a),直接使用价值为938.9万元/(km2a),间接使用价值为351.7万元/(km2a)。该区域较高的单位面积服务价值可能与牡蛎壳人工礁系统构建的多营养层次立体养殖模式有关。牡蛎壳人工礁上层水体养殖海带,中层水体为牡蛎壳人工礁诱集而来的各类游泳生物,底层为底播增殖的刺参。投放牡蛎壳人工礁后新增生态系统服务价值为193.73万元/(km2a),明显高于其它人工鱼礁区域。这主要与本人工礁采用的牡蛎壳具有固定碳、封存碳的作用从而提高了气候调节服务价值,同时牡蛎壳人工礁主要增殖对象为刺参,该种类市场价值较高,故牡蛎壳人工礁单位面积上食品供给服务价值增加量也较大。
5.通过本文调查研究,牡蛎壳人工礁形成了特殊的礁体生物群落,共分为3营养级5功能群,能够为利用水体中丰富的悬浮有机质为刺参及鱼类提供了良好的食物来源及栖息环境,在有机质输入较低的冬季对底栖生态系统影响显著。同时能够供给刺参等食品、调节水质、进行碳封存,具有较高的生态系统服务价值。下一步,应继续加强牡蛎壳海珍礁相关研究,进一步优化推广实施该类型礁体。
Marine ranching is a good method to restore offshore damaged marine ecosystem, protect marine environment and foster the marine fishery resources. The deployment of artificial reef is the main part of marine ranching construction. Artificial reef defines as a group of activities that aim to remodel the marine ecosystem by offering new habitats. Artificial reef has the impacts on adjoining environment and biotic community. Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka became the main marine culture species in the northern China coast. The shallow water culture is the main culture type. The artificial oyster shell reef has been used in Shandong and Liaoning province. The reef can provide convenient habitat and food to sea cucumber. The reef has obvious economic effects. We studied the ecological effects and investigated the ecosystem services of the artificial oyster shell reef in Rongcheng Bay eastern in Shandong Peninsula. The main results are as follows.
The small Crustacean were the most abundant species on the artificial oyster shell reef, while the Echnidomata was the most in density because the biomass of sea cucumber was high. There was no sessile organism in the reef. The difference between the macrobenthos in reef and nearby sediment area were significant. The species most contributed to the dissimilarity between the two area were Crustacean. According to the stable isotope, the fauna in the artificial reef area can be divided into3trophic levels and5ecological function groups. The primary consumer feeding on the particle organic matter and sediment, the primary consumer feeding on detritus, the second consumer feeding on detritus and primary consumer, and the second consumer feeding on the primary consumer were the main four function groups. Sea cucumber A. japonicus was on the second trophic level, feeding on the sediment and detritus. Hexagrammos otakii and Sebastes schlegeli were on the third trophic level, but those two species has different feeding preferences. The feeding of the former was more complex and the latter was more carnivorous.
The sediment environment and the abundance and biomass of macrobenths in reef and non-reef area were not significantly different. The ANOSIM test based on the every bimestrial data revealed that the artificial reef of oyster shell may change the macrobenthic community significantly in some months. The PERMANOVA test based on all sampling data showed that the time factor had significant effects on macrobenthos communities. The small polychaete, crustacean, and mollusk were most contribution species for multivariate dissimilarity between the two areas. The artificial oyster shell reef may slightly improve the environmental quality indicated by the ecological indicators based on the macrobenthos in winter. The DistLM and multi-model inference approach revealed that the ch1-a and TN were the important predictors in the reef area while TOM and ch1-a were in non-reef area.
The highest temperature in the oyster shell reef through the year was23℃in September, while the lowest was2℃in February. The settling particulate matter sediment in spring was high and was low in summer and winter. According to the physiochemical characteristics, the organic matter of natural deposited sediment and sediment, the carrying capacity for the ranching of sea cucumber in the artificial oyster shell reef was212g m-2a-1.The middle size (15g/ind.-20g/ind.) of sea cucumber was fitted to culture in the artificial oyster shell reef. The maximum stocking biomass for sea cucumber cultured in the artificial oyster shell reef was793g/m.
The ecosystem service value per unit area of the artificial oyster shell reef was estimated at￥12,910,000km-2a-1. The direct service value was93,89,000km-2a-1and the indirect service value was3,517,000km-2a-1. The high value of ecosystem service in this area may because the studied area was Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture model. The kelp was cultured in the upper water and the sea cucumber was on the reef, while the fish was in the middle. The add ecosystem service value after deploying the artificial oyster shell reef was estimated at￥1,937,300km-2a-1. The main service was the climate
regulating services as the oyster fixed more carbon. The second service was the foodprovision services because of the culture of sea cucumber on the reef.
The fauna in the artificial reef area can be divided into3trophic levels and5ecological function groups. The artificial oyster shell reef can use natural deposit andprovide suitable habitat for sea cucumber and other fishery resources. The artificial reefhad significant effects to the benthic ecosystem in winter. The artificial oyster shell reefprovided seafood，controlled water quality, had effects of Carbon sequestration, and sothe reef had high ecosystem services. Enhancement of oyster shell reef studies are neededand this kind of artificial reef is needed to be optimized，prompted and implemented inmore area in the next step.
引文
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