南黄海浮游动物群落及环境因子对其分布影响的研究
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摘要
浮游动物是海洋生态系统中最重要的次级生产者，在海洋生物链(网)中起着承上启下的关键作用，其在海区的分布受到水温、盐度、海流等环境条件的影响，并在食物链中受到上行控制和下行控制的影响，对浮游动物进行研究是了解特定海区生态系统功能与动力学的基础。
本论文基于2006年以来的多次现场调查资料，分析了南黄海浮游动物种类组成、丰度、生物量与多样性指数的时空变化及影响因素；不同取样网型对浮游动物丰度、生物量及多样性指数的影响；南黄海海樽类浮游动物主要种类的时空分布及环境因子对其的影响；鱼类浮游生物的种类组成、优势种的季节更替以及夏季不同的水文现象对鱼类浮游生物分布的影响；黄海冷水团内部结构对栖息于其中的浮游动物分布格的影响；冬季黄海暖流对浮游动物生物量及暖水种分布的影响及黄海暖流发生前后浮游动物昼夜垂直移动的变化。主要结论如下：
2006-2007年4个季度月调查共记录浮游动物191种，浮游幼体34种，刺胞动物和甲壳动物是浮游动物种类数最多的类群。夏季多样性指数最低，秋季最高。浮游动物多样性与水文现象密切相关。夏季多样性最低，与冷水团水域多样性指数较低有关；秋季，随着冷水团的缩小，多样性明显升高，且多样性高值区与沿岸流及长江冲淡水影响区相吻合，在东北部黄海暖流影响区多样性指数也较高；冬季多样性最高区恰好是黄海暖流侵入区；春季在黄海暖流残留水影响区浮游动物多样性也较高。
春季，随着水温和叶绿素a浓度的升高，浮游动物丰度和生物量最高；冬季丰度最低；秋季胶质性浮游动物生物量很低，致使总生物量最低。
不同网型获取的浮游动物丰度、生物量及多样性都存在差异。大网严重低估粒径较小浮游动物的丰度；两种网型生物量的差别要小于丰度；中网的Shannon多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数高于大网，但Margalef丰富度指数低于大网。
系统研究了南黄海海樽类的季节变化特征。梭形纽鳃樽冬、春、夏季在南黄海出现，秋季完全消失。夏季，较高的水温和较低的叶绿素a浓度可能是其最终消失的主要原因；冬季的重新出现与处于强盛期的黄海暖流及东海外陆架的种群有关；小齿海樽夏、秋季出现，秋季成为浮游动物优势种，这可能与长期以来的全球气候变化有关，但是还需要更多的调查数据与研究数据的支持。
2006-2007年4个季度月鱼类浮游生物的调查共记录鱼类浮游生物10目58种，其中鳀科种类最多。随着季节的变化，优势鱼类浮游动物的生态类型随之变化。如冬季，冷水性的玉筋鱼数量最多，而夏季则是暖水性的多鳞鱚数量最多。夏季，不同的水文现象如浅海陆架锋、长江冲淡水、台湾暖流等对主要种类，如鳀鱼和多鳞鱚鱼卵和仔稚幼鱼的分布有显著影响。
黄海冷水团对浮游动物的分布产生明显影响。夏季，黄海冷水团为主要的浮游动物种类如中华哲水蚤、太平洋磷虾等提供躲避高温的场所，同时其内部结构可能对浮游动物的分布格局产生影响，如内部暖中心可能会阻止中华哲水蚤种群向深水扩展，而自北向南的冷水冷中心可能对太平洋磷虾种群向岸的移动产生一定的影响。
冬季，黄海暖流对浮游动物生物量、暖水种分布及昼夜垂直移动都有一定的影响。在黄海暖流侵入区及影响海区，浮游动物生物量较低；暖水种主要分布在黄海暖流影响区；在黄海暖流处于强盛期前，浮游动物昼夜垂直移动现象明显，但处于强盛期后，昼夜垂直移动现象消失。
水文特征的变化可能引起浮游动物分布格局的变化。1959年春季和2007年春季，中华哲水蚤分布格局相似，但夏季却存在明显的差别，这可能与两年春季不同的水文特征，如青岛冷水团的范围和强度、海洋锋的分布以及长江冲淡水强度的变化等变化有关。
Zooplankton is the principal secondary producer in the marine ecosystem andplays a pivotal role in the marine food chain (web) as a connecting link between thepreceding and the following. Its distribution is impacted by the oceanic conditions,such as temperature, salinity and ocean current. Meanwhile, it is controlled by thebottom-up and top-down effects in the marine food chain. Therefore, the research onzooplankton is the foundation to understand the ecosystem function and dynamics inspecific sea area.
Based on several field investigation data since2006, the temporal and spatialvariations and influencing factors of the zooplankton species compostion, abundance,biomass and diversity index were analysed; he effects of different sampling gears onzooplankton abundance, biomass and diversity index were analysed; the temporal andspatial variations of Salps and the effects of environmental factors on Salps werefirstly studied in the western southern YS; the species composition, seasonal alterationof dominant species of ichthyoplankton and the effects of different hydrographicalconditions in summer on the distribution of ichthyoplankton were analysed; theinternal structure of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM) on the distributionpattern of dominant zooplankton species were analysed; the influence of the YellowSea Warm Current (YSWC) on zooplankton biomass, the distribution warm waterspecies and the diel vertical migration of zooplankton before and after the occurrenceof YSWC were analysed. The main results are as follows:
191zooplankton taxa and34pelagic larvae were identified in different seasonsin2006-2007. The species number of Cnidaria and Crustacea were the highest amonggroups. The zooplankton diversity was highest in autumn and lowest in summer. Thezooplankton diversity was closely correlated with the hydrographical phenomena. The diversity in summer was the lowest, which was correlated with the low diversity inthe YSCWM; in autumn, as the shrink of the YSCWM, the diversity increasedevidently and the area with high diversity was identical with the the sea area affectedby the Changjiang River Diluted Water (CRDW) and coastal current; the sea area withthe highest diversity was just where the YSWC intruded in winter; in spring, thediversity was also high in the sea area with residual water of YSWC.
In spring, as the increase of water temperature and Chl a concentration, thezooplankton abundance and biomass were the highest; the abundance was the lowestin winter and the biomass was the lowest in autumn due to the low biomass ofgelatinous zooplankton.
Differences were observed in the zooplankton abundance, biomass and diversitybetween different net types. The samples of large net severely underestimated theabundance of zooplankton with smaller size; the difference of biomass was less thanthat of abundance; the Shannon diversity, Pielou evenness index of the medium netwere higher than that of large net, but the Margalef richness index of the medium netwas lower than that of large net.
The seasonal variations of Salps were studied systematically. Salpa fusiformisoccurred in winter, spring and summer in the southern YS, but totally disappeared inautumn. In summer, the high temperature and low Chl a concentration might be theprimary cause for the disappearance in autumn; the recurrence of S. fusiformis inwinter was correlated with strong period of YSWC and the population in the outercontinental shelf of the East China Sea. Doliolum denticulatum occurred in summerand autumn in the southern YS and became one of the dominant zooplankton speciesin autumn, which might be related with the long-term climate change.
A total of58taxa of ichthyoplankton were identified in the yearly investigationsin the southern YS in2006-2007. The ichthyoplankton of different ecological typedominated as the season changed. For example, cold-water species Ammodytespersonatus dominated in winter and warm-water species Sillago sihama dominated insummer. In summer, the distribution patterns of the dominant ichthyoplankton,Engraulis japonicus and S. sihama were affected by the hydrographical conditions, such as tidal front, CRDW, Taiwan Warm Current.
The YSCWM has significant effects on zooplankton distribution. In summer, theYSCWM provides refuge for the warm-temperate zooplankton species, such asCalanus sinicua and Euphausia pacifica to avoid the high temperature. Meawhile, thedistribution pattern of these dominant species might be affected by the internalstructure of the YSCWM, for example, the warm core might hold back the furthermigration of C. sinicus into the deep water area, in contrary, the cold water core mighthold back the shoreward migration of E. pacifica.
In winter，the YSWC might affect the biomass, the distribution of warm-waterspecies and the diel vertical migration of zooplankton. The zooplankton biomass waslow in the sea area impacted by the YSWC; the warm-water species mainlydistributed in the sea area impacted by the YSWC; the diel vertical migration ofzooplankton was evident before the strong period of the YSWC, but the diel verticalmigration disappeared after the strong period of the YSWC.
The variation of the hydrographical features might lead to the variation of thedistribution pattern of zooplankton. The distribution pattern of C. sinicus in the springof1959and2007was similar. But, the distribution pattern in summer had significantdifference in summer, which might be related with the variations of thehydrographical conditions, such as the coverage and strength of the Qingdao ColdWater Mass, the distribution of the tidal front and the variation of the strength of theCRDW.
本论文基于2006年以来的多次现场调查资料，分析了南黄海浮游动物种类组成、丰度、生物量与多样性指数的时空变化及影响因素；不同取样网型对浮游动物丰度、生物量及多样性指数的影响；南黄海海樽类浮游动物主要种类的时空分布及环境因子对其的影响；鱼类浮游生物的种类组成、优势种的季节更替以及夏季不同的水文现象对鱼类浮游生物分布的影响；黄海冷水团内部结构对栖息于其中的浮游动物分布格的影响；冬季黄海暖流对浮游动物生物量及暖水种分布的影响及黄海暖流发生前后浮游动物昼夜垂直移动的变化。主要结论如下：
2006-2007年4个季度月调查共记录浮游动物191种，浮游幼体34种，刺胞动物和甲壳动物是浮游动物种类数最多的类群。夏季多样性指数最低，秋季最高。浮游动物多样性与水文现象密切相关。夏季多样性最低，与冷水团水域多样性指数较低有关；秋季，随着冷水团的缩小，多样性明显升高，且多样性高值区与沿岸流及长江冲淡水影响区相吻合，在东北部黄海暖流影响区多样性指数也较高；冬季多样性最高区恰好是黄海暖流侵入区；春季在黄海暖流残留水影响区浮游动物多样性也较高。
春季，随着水温和叶绿素a浓度的升高，浮游动物丰度和生物量最高；冬季丰度最低；秋季胶质性浮游动物生物量很低，致使总生物量最低。
不同网型获取的浮游动物丰度、生物量及多样性都存在差异。大网严重低估粒径较小浮游动物的丰度；两种网型生物量的差别要小于丰度；中网的Shannon多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数高于大网，但Margalef丰富度指数低于大网。
系统研究了南黄海海樽类的季节变化特征。梭形纽鳃樽冬、春、夏季在南黄海出现，秋季完全消失。夏季，较高的水温和较低的叶绿素a浓度可能是其最终消失的主要原因；冬季的重新出现与处于强盛期的黄海暖流及东海外陆架的种群有关；小齿海樽夏、秋季出现，秋季成为浮游动物优势种，这可能与长期以来的全球气候变化有关，但是还需要更多的调查数据与研究数据的支持。
2006-2007年4个季度月鱼类浮游生物的调查共记录鱼类浮游生物10目58种，其中鳀科种类最多。随着季节的变化，优势鱼类浮游动物的生态类型随之变化。如冬季，冷水性的玉筋鱼数量最多，而夏季则是暖水性的多鳞鱚数量最多。夏季，不同的水文现象如浅海陆架锋、长江冲淡水、台湾暖流等对主要种类，如鳀鱼和多鳞鱚鱼卵和仔稚幼鱼的分布有显著影响。
黄海冷水团对浮游动物的分布产生明显影响。夏季，黄海冷水团为主要的浮游动物种类如中华哲水蚤、太平洋磷虾等提供躲避高温的场所，同时其内部结构可能对浮游动物的分布格局产生影响，如内部暖中心可能会阻止中华哲水蚤种群向深水扩展，而自北向南的冷水冷中心可能对太平洋磷虾种群向岸的移动产生一定的影响。
冬季，黄海暖流对浮游动物生物量、暖水种分布及昼夜垂直移动都有一定的影响。在黄海暖流侵入区及影响海区，浮游动物生物量较低；暖水种主要分布在黄海暖流影响区；在黄海暖流处于强盛期前，浮游动物昼夜垂直移动现象明显，但处于强盛期后，昼夜垂直移动现象消失。
水文特征的变化可能引起浮游动物分布格局的变化。1959年春季和2007年春季，中华哲水蚤分布格局相似，但夏季却存在明显的差别，这可能与两年春季不同的水文特征，如青岛冷水团的范围和强度、海洋锋的分布以及长江冲淡水强度的变化等变化有关。
Zooplankton is the principal secondary producer in the marine ecosystem andplays a pivotal role in the marine food chain (web) as a connecting link between thepreceding and the following. Its distribution is impacted by the oceanic conditions,such as temperature, salinity and ocean current. Meanwhile, it is controlled by thebottom-up and top-down effects in the marine food chain. Therefore, the research onzooplankton is the foundation to understand the ecosystem function and dynamics inspecific sea area.
Based on several field investigation data since2006, the temporal and spatialvariations and influencing factors of the zooplankton species compostion, abundance,biomass and diversity index were analysed; he effects of different sampling gears onzooplankton abundance, biomass and diversity index were analysed; the temporal andspatial variations of Salps and the effects of environmental factors on Salps werefirstly studied in the western southern YS; the species composition, seasonal alterationof dominant species of ichthyoplankton and the effects of different hydrographicalconditions in summer on the distribution of ichthyoplankton were analysed; theinternal structure of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM) on the distributionpattern of dominant zooplankton species were analysed; the influence of the YellowSea Warm Current (YSWC) on zooplankton biomass, the distribution warm waterspecies and the diel vertical migration of zooplankton before and after the occurrenceof YSWC were analysed. The main results are as follows:
191zooplankton taxa and34pelagic larvae were identified in different seasonsin2006-2007. The species number of Cnidaria and Crustacea were the highest amonggroups. The zooplankton diversity was highest in autumn and lowest in summer. Thezooplankton diversity was closely correlated with the hydrographical phenomena. The diversity in summer was the lowest, which was correlated with the low diversity inthe YSCWM; in autumn, as the shrink of the YSCWM, the diversity increasedevidently and the area with high diversity was identical with the the sea area affectedby the Changjiang River Diluted Water (CRDW) and coastal current; the sea area withthe highest diversity was just where the YSWC intruded in winter; in spring, thediversity was also high in the sea area with residual water of YSWC.
In spring, as the increase of water temperature and Chl a concentration, thezooplankton abundance and biomass were the highest; the abundance was the lowestin winter and the biomass was the lowest in autumn due to the low biomass ofgelatinous zooplankton.
Differences were observed in the zooplankton abundance, biomass and diversitybetween different net types. The samples of large net severely underestimated theabundance of zooplankton with smaller size; the difference of biomass was less thanthat of abundance; the Shannon diversity, Pielou evenness index of the medium netwere higher than that of large net, but the Margalef richness index of the medium netwas lower than that of large net.
The seasonal variations of Salps were studied systematically. Salpa fusiformisoccurred in winter, spring and summer in the southern YS, but totally disappeared inautumn. In summer, the high temperature and low Chl a concentration might be theprimary cause for the disappearance in autumn; the recurrence of S. fusiformis inwinter was correlated with strong period of YSWC and the population in the outercontinental shelf of the East China Sea. Doliolum denticulatum occurred in summerand autumn in the southern YS and became one of the dominant zooplankton speciesin autumn, which might be related with the long-term climate change.
A total of58taxa of ichthyoplankton were identified in the yearly investigationsin the southern YS in2006-2007. The ichthyoplankton of different ecological typedominated as the season changed. For example, cold-water species Ammodytespersonatus dominated in winter and warm-water species Sillago sihama dominated insummer. In summer, the distribution patterns of the dominant ichthyoplankton,Engraulis japonicus and S. sihama were affected by the hydrographical conditions, such as tidal front, CRDW, Taiwan Warm Current.
The YSCWM has significant effects on zooplankton distribution. In summer, theYSCWM provides refuge for the warm-temperate zooplankton species, such asCalanus sinicua and Euphausia pacifica to avoid the high temperature. Meawhile, thedistribution pattern of these dominant species might be affected by the internalstructure of the YSCWM, for example, the warm core might hold back the furthermigration of C. sinicus into the deep water area, in contrary, the cold water core mighthold back the shoreward migration of E. pacifica.
In winter，the YSWC might affect the biomass, the distribution of warm-waterspecies and the diel vertical migration of zooplankton. The zooplankton biomass waslow in the sea area impacted by the YSWC; the warm-water species mainlydistributed in the sea area impacted by the YSWC; the diel vertical migration ofzooplankton was evident before the strong period of the YSWC, but the diel verticalmigration disappeared after the strong period of the YSWC.
The variation of the hydrographical features might lead to the variation of thedistribution pattern of zooplankton. The distribution pattern of C. sinicus in the springof1959and2007was similar. But, the distribution pattern in summer had significantdifference in summer, which might be related with the variations of thehydrographical conditions, such as the coverage and strength of the Qingdao ColdWater Mass, the distribution of the tidal front and the variation of the strength of theCRDW.
引文
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