小麦种质资源对酸和铝的耐性评价
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摘要
酸性土壤是指表土pH＜5.5的土壤,红壤、黄壤以及红黄壤等土壤属于酸性土壤。这是自然形成的酸性土壤。另一方面,随着环境变化,酸雨(pH＜5.6)问题变得更加突出和严重,导致土壤酸化面积增大。铝是地球上最丰富的元素之一,在酸性pH条件下,结合态的铝极易形成游离态的高活性铝并对作物致毒,而在非酸性土壤中则不易发生。因此,在酸性土壤中种植作物会遇到一个不可回避的现实,那就是极易发生铝毒害而生长受挫并最终导致产量损失。如何在这些“问题土壤”中提高作物产量是一项值得重点研究的问题。我国南方一直受此问题困绕,红壤和黄壤是我国南方热带、亚热带地区重要的土壤资源,主要分布在长江以南的云南、贵州等省的大部份以及四川、西藏、湖北、安徽和江苏等五省区南面。同时,中国南方也是酸雨危害最严重的地区,包括长江以南的四川盆地、贵州、湖南以及福建、广东等省,是仅次于欧洲和北美的世界第三大酸雨区。在西南小麦区,丘陵山地多、复杂的地理、气候因素、日照时数少、病虫害发生频繁而严重,更是加大了小麦育种的难度。我国南方小麦耐铝遗传育种一直以来都没有引起足够的重视。在这种现状下,本文对小麦种质资源对酸和铝的耐性进行了评价,主要结果如下:
1.设置了pH7.00(中性)、pH4.50(酸性)和pH4.50+50μM/L Al~(3+)(酸性含铝)的水培营养液处理了四川的45份主栽小麦品种、53份地方品种和26份育成品系,以期望了解它们在耐酸和耐铝方面的差异。结果显示,再生根伸长量在三种类型的小麦中均存在较大的变异,但都以中性pH7.00处理最长,酸性pH4.50处理居中,酸性pH4.50含铝处理最短。除育成品系在pH7.00和pH4.50处理下的差异不显著外,3种处理下再生根伸长量间的差异都达到显著或极显著水平。在pH7.00,pH4.50以及pH4.50含铝处理下的再生根伸长量,主栽小麦分别是7.93,7.59和5.83cm;地方品种分别是7.26,6.82和4.92cm;育成品系分别是8.01,7.84和5.57cm;三种类型的小麦在耐酸指数上也存在较大的遗传变异,但都在0.80以上,耐酸能力总体较强。主栽小麦耐酸指数变异范围为0.82-1.29,平均值为0.96,耐酸指数≥1.00的主栽小麦有12份(26.67%);地方品种耐酸指数变异范围为0.93-1.24,平均值为1.05。耐酸指数≥1.00的地方小麦有38份(71.70%);育成品系耐酸指数变异范围为0.83-1.15,平均值为0.98,耐酸指数≥1.00的育成品系有12份(46.15%);三种类型的小麦在耐铝指数上也存在较大的遗传变异。主栽小麦耐铝指数变异范围为0.55-1.00,平均值为0.78,有12份(26.67%)主栽小麦的耐铝程度与中国春接近或更强。其中,国审品种的耐铝能力较强;地方品种耐铝指数变异范围为0.50-1.03,平均值为0.73。有9份(16.98%)地方品种的耐铝程度与中国春接近或更强;育成品系耐铝指数变异范围为0.50-0.93,平均值为0.72,有5份品系的耐铝程度与中国春接近或更强(19.23%);三种类型的小麦比较,再生根伸长量在pH7.00、pH4.50以及pH4.50含铝处理都是主栽小麦和育成品系间没有显著差异,但极显著大于相应处理条件下地方品种的再生根伸长量;耐酸指数表现为地方品种极显著大于主栽品种和育成品系,而主栽品种和育成品系间差异不显著;耐铝指数表现为主栽品种显著大于地方品种和育成品系,而地方品种和育成品系间差异不显著;三种类型的小麦均是耐酸指数显著大于耐铝指数;从中筛选到了成都光头、射洪青冈麦、川育16和川麦32等耐铝小麦可供耐铝育种使用。
2.设置了pH7.00,pH4.50和pH4.50+50μM/L Al~(3+)三种水培营养液处理了155份西藏小麦以评价其耐酸和耐铝性能。再生根伸长量在每种处理下都存在较大的遗传变异。在pH4.50,pH7.00以及pH4.50含铝处理下平均值分别为7.35,7.14和4.41cm。3种处理下的平均再生根伸长量差异极显著;西藏小麦耐酸水平较高,耐酸指数变异范围为0.87-1.25,平均值为1.03,耐酸指数≥1.00的西藏小麦有92份(59.35%);西藏小麦耐铝指数变异范围为0.38-1.01,平均值为0.61,但总体耐铝能力较差,可筛选到7份材料(4.51%)的耐铝指标与中国春接近或更强;发现Asl543和Asl242的耐铝性能优于耐铝抗源中国春。
3.设置了pH7.00,pH4.50和pH4.50+50μM/L Al~(3+)三种水培营养液处理了野生二粒小麦、栽培二粒小麦、圆锥小麦、硬粒小麦、波斯小麦以及波兰小麦6个四倍体小麦亚种共计254份材料,以期评价四倍体小麦亚种的耐酸和耐铝性能。再生根伸长量、耐酸和耐铝指数分别在亚种内和亚种间存在较大的遗传变异;四倍体小麦总体耐酸能力较强,平均值在1.00以上,亚种间耐酸排序依次为波兰小麦≥栽培二粒小麦＞波斯小麦≥野生二粒小麦≥圆锥小麦≥硬粒小麦;四倍体小麦总体耐铝能力较差,但亚种间存在差异,平均耐铝指数最大的野生二粒小麦(0.70),最小的是栽培二粒小麦(0.40)。亚种间耐铝排序依次为野生二粒小麦≥硬粒小麦＞圆锥小麦≥波兰小麦≥波斯小麦＞栽培二粒小麦;虽然四倍体小麦总体耐铝能力较差,但一些亚种内仍存在一定比例的耐铝基因型,如野生二粒小麦等,但也有的亚种几乎没有,如栽培二粒小麦;筛选到波斯小麦PI341800和PI94752的耐铝性能优于耐铝抗源中国春。
4.设置了pH4.50和pH4.50+50μM/L Al~(3+)以及pH4.50+100μM/L Al~(3+)三种水培营养液处理了45份节节麦材料以评价其耐铝性能。再生根伸长量、耐铝指数分别在居群间存在较大的遗传变异。再生根伸长量以pH4.50的最长,pH4.50+100μM/LAl~(3+)的最短,pH4.50+50μM/LAl~(3+)的居中。pH4.50的再生根伸长量变异范围为2.46-5.53 cm,平均值为4.00cm,pH4.50+50μM/LAl~(3+)再生根伸长量变异范围为0.81-1.72cm,平均值为1.24cm。pH4.50+100μM/LAl~(3+)的再生根伸长量变异范围为0.36-1.13cm,平均值为0.67cm。pH4.50+50μM/L Al~(3+)的耐铝指数变异范围为0.18-0.49,平均值为0.33。pH4.50+100μM/L Al~(3+)的耐铝指数变异范围为0.09-0.32,平均值为0.18;节节麦材料在50μM/LAl~(3+)的苏木精染色除As65和As88的染色程度相对较轻,为2级,其余染色均较深,为3级,而中国春的染色程度更轻,为1级;综合耐铝指数以及苏木精染色结果认为所有节节麦都不耐铝,发现耐铝节节麦可能性较小。
5.设置了pH4.50和pH4.50+50μM/L Al~(3+)处理20份人工合成小麦,以期了解合成六倍体小麦的耐铝能力。再生根伸长量有较大的变异。pH4.50处理的比pH4.50+50μM/L Al~(3+)处理的更长。pH4.50的再生根伸长量变异范围为1.07-5.96cm,平均值为3.12cm,pH4.50+50μM/LAl~(3+)再生根伸长量变异范围为0.39-3.46cm,平均值为1.57cm;人工合成小麦耐铝指数变异范围为0.32-0.79,平均值为0.48。20份合成小麦中,有2份材料的耐铝指数在0.70以上,其余均在0.70以下。人工合成小麦的耐铝能力普遍较差,不及中国春。
When soil pH lower than 5.5,it is defined as acidic soil.Red,yellow,and red and yellow soils are naturally formed acid soils.On the other hand,as the environment changes, acid rain(pH below 5.6) highlight the problem to even more seriously,leading to an increased soil acidification area.Aluminum(Al) is one of the most abundant elements on earth.In the acidic pH conditions,combined aluminum can easily change to freely aluminum ions and finally injure to the roots of the crops.However,when corps cultivated on non-acidic soils it is not easily injured by aluminum toxicity.As a result,when crop are cultivated in acid soils,it will face an unavoidable reality that is prone to aluminum toxicity and the growth of frustration and eventually lead to yield loss.Therefore,it is very crucial to improve the crop yields on acid soil.
The wheat production in South China has been plagued by this issue.Red and yellow soil are the major soil types for South China tropical and subtropical regions,mainly in the south of the Yangtze River,Yunnan and Guizhou provinces as well as south of Sichuan, Tibet,Hubei,Anhui and Jiangsu provinces.At the same time,China Southern is also against the most serious acid rain areas,including the Yangtze River to the south of the Sichuan Basin,Guizhou,Hunan and Fujian and Guangdong provinces,is second only to North America,Europe and the world's third largest acid rain area.In the southwest of wheat area,complex geography,climate,combined with less sunshine,serious pests and diseases,lead to wheat breeding being difficult task.Attention has never been paid to the wheat genetic studies on Al tolerance in southern China.Thus,in this study,we evaluated the wheat germplasms for Al-tolerance.The main results were as follows:
1.In order to compare the differences in acid and aluminum tolerance among Sichuan wheats,three types of nutrient culture solutions,pH7.00 culture solutions(neutral),pH4.50 culture solution(acid) and pH4.50 +50μM/L Al~(3+) culture solutions(aluminum cintained acid),were used to treat 45 Sichuan wheat cultivars,53 landraces,as well as 26 local breeding lines.Higher variations were observed in the root regenerate length(RRL) in each of three groups of Sichuan wheats,and the tendency was similiar in three groups of Sichuan wheats.The mean RRL in the neutral pH7.00 culture solution was the longest, whereas that of the aluminum contained pH4.50 culture solution was the shortest.The RRLs among treatments were significantly different or different from each other except for there was no diffferance in pH7.00 and pH4.50 treatment in local breeding lines.In pH7.00, pH4.50 and aluminum contained pH4.50,the mean RRLs among Sichuan wheat cultivar were 7.93,7.59 and 5.83cm,respectively,and the mean RRLs were 7.26,6.82 and 4.92cm for wheat landraces and were 8.01,7.84 and 5.57cm for local breeding lines,respectively. Higher variations were also observed in acid tolerance index.Among Sichuan wheats,the acid tolerance indexes were higher than 0.80,indicating that Sichuan wheats had the strong capacity of acid tolerance.The acid tolerance index of cultivars varied from 0.82 to 1.29, with an average of 0.96,and 12(26.67%) of them were not less than 1.00.The acid tolerance index of landrances varied from 0.93 to 1.24,with an average of 1.05 and 38 (71.70%) of them were not less than 1.00.The acid tolerance index of breeding lines varied from 0.83 to 1.15,with an average of 0.98 and 12(46.15%) of them were not less than 1.00. There were rich diversities in Al tolerance index for three groups of Sichuan wheats.The Al-tolerant index of cultivars varied from 0.55 to 1.00,with an average of 0.78,and 12 (26.67%) of them showed much better aluminum tolerance than CS,a known tolerance wheat resource.It is interesting that the wheat cultivars register by country show much better aluminum tolerance than the others.The Al-tolerant index of landraces ranged from 0.50 to 1.03,with an average of 0.73,and 9(16.98%) of them showed the same or superior Al-tolerant as CS.The Al-tolerant index of breed lines varied from 0.50 to 0.93,with an average of 0.72,and 5 lines(19.23%) showed the same or much better aluminum tolerance as CS.When compared the RRLs among the three wheat groups,there was no siginificant difference between wheat cultivars and breeding lines in each of the treatments but both significantly higher than that of the corresponding treatment for wheat tandraces.For acid tolerance index,there was siginificant difference between wheat cultivars and breeding lines,but both were smaller than that of wheat landrances.For Al-tolerance index,there were no difference between Sichuan wheat landraces and breeding lines,but both were smaller than that of the wheat cultivars.When compared the acid tolerance index with aluminum tolerance index,the results were the same as acid tolerance index.In this study, some wheat with good aluminum tolerance,such as Chengduguangtou,Shehongqing-gangmai, Chuanmai No.32 and Chuanyu No.16 were screened out,and could be used in the improvement of wheat aluminum tolerance.
2.One hounded and fifty-five Tibet wheat landraces were evaluated for acid tolerance and aluminum tolerance using three hydroponic nutrient solutions(i.e.pH7.00 culture solution,pH4.50 culture solution and pH4.50 contained 50μMAl~(3+) culture solution).The RRLs in each of treatment showed rich diversities.The RRLs for treatment pH4.50, pH7.00 and pH4.50 contained solution were different from each other,and were 7.35,7.14 and 4.41 cm,respectively.Tibet wheat had good acid tolerance.The acid tolerance indexes of Tibet wheat varied from 0.87 to 1.25,with an average of 1.03,and the acid tolerance indexes of 92 accessions(59.35%) were higher than 1.00.However,Tibet wheat showed poor aluminum tolerance.The aluminum tolerance indexes of Tibet wheat varied from 0.38 to 1.01,with a mean of 0.61.Only 7 accessions of Tibet wheat(4.51%) had the tolerance index equal to or higher than that of CS.Much better aluminum tolerance was observed in As1543 and As1242.
3.For comparison the acid tolerance and aluminum tolerance among six tetraploid wheats,three treatment of pH7.00,pH4.50 and pH4.50 plus 50μM/L Al~(3+) hydroponic nutrient solutions were performed on a total of 254 accessions of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides,T.turgidum ssp.dicoccon,T.turgidum ssp.turgidum,T.turgidum ssp.durum, T.turgidum ssp.carthlicum and T.turgidum ssp.polinicum.The RRLs,acid tolerance index and aluminum tolerance index showed rich diversities either among or within subspecies.The tetraploid wheats showed good acid tolerance with an average of above 1.00 in terms of acid tolerance index.The order for acid tolerance among six subspecies were T.turgidum ssp.polinicum≥T.turgidum ssp.dicoccon> T.turgidum ssp.carthlicum≥T.turgidum ssp.dicoccoides≥T.turgidum ssp.turgidum≥T.turgidum ssp.durum.The tetraploid wheat species showed poor aluminum tolerance.However,there were great differences in aluminum tolerance among the six tetraploid wheat species.T.turgidum ssp. dicoccoides was the most tolerance specie with an average tolerance,index of 0.70,while T. turgidum ssp.dicoccon was the most sensitive specie with an average tolerance index of 0.40.The order of aluminum tolerance for tetraploid wheats were Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides≥T.turgidum ssp.durum>T.turgidum ssp.turgidum≥T.turgidum ssp. polinicum≥T.turgidum ssp.carthlicum>T,turgidum ssp.dicoccon.Thought tetraploid wheats showed poor aluminum tolerance,some tolerance genotypes could be screened out. In this study,two T.turgidum ssp.carthlicum accessions(i.e.PI341800 and PI94752) with the Al-tolerance superior to Chinese Spring were found.
4.Forty-five accessions of Aegilops tauschii were evaluated for aluminum tolerance using three treatments of pH4.50,pH4.50 plus 50μM/L Al~(3+),as well as pH4.50 plus100μM/L Al~(3+) hydroponic nutrient solutions.There were abundant variations in RRLs and Al tolerance index among the Ae.tauschii accessions.The RRLs at pH4.50 were the longest, while those in pH4.50 plus100μM/L Al~(3+) were the shortest.The RRLs at pH4.50 varied from 2.46 to 5.53 cm,with an average of 4.00cm.The RRLs at pH4.50 plus 50μM/L Al~(3+) varied from 0.81 to 1.72cm,with an average of 1.24cm.The RRLs at pH4.50 plus 100μM/L Al~(3+) varied from 0.36 to 1.13cm,with an average of 0.67cm.The aluminum tolerance indexes at pH4.50 plus 50μM/L Al~(3+) varied from 0.18 to 0.49,with an average of 0.33,while those at pH4.50 plus100μM/L Al~(3+) varied from 0.09 to 0.32,with an average of 0.18.When stained with hematoxylin at 50M/LAl~(3+),all of the accesions,except for As65 and As88 stained light as scale 2,were all stained heavy as scale 3,while CS stained much lighter than all of them with scale 1.Combined with hematoxylin staining and aluminum tolerance index,it was suggested that all of the Aegilops tauschii accessions were aluminum sensitive.
5.Twenty synthetic wheat lines were evaluated for aluminum tolerance using pH4.50 and pH4.50 plus 50μM/L Al~(3+) hydroponic nutrient solutions.The result indicated that RRLs in each of the treatment showed higher diversity.The RRLs in pH4.50 varied from 1.07 to 5.96cm,with an average of 3.12cm,while those in pH4.50 +50μM/L Al~(3+) varied from 0.39 to 3.46cm,with an average of 1.57cm.The aluminum tolerance index of synthetic wheat varied from 0.32 to 0.79,with an average of 0.48.The aluminum tolerance indexes of 2 synthetic wheat lines were larger than 0.70,while the aluminum tolerance indexes of the remaining lines were below 0.70.These results suggested that the synthetic wheat had poor aluminum tolerance than tolerance common wheat cultivar CS.
1.设置了pH7.00(中性)、pH4.50(酸性)和pH4.50+50μM/L Al~(3+)(酸性含铝)的水培营养液处理了四川的45份主栽小麦品种、53份地方品种和26份育成品系,以期望了解它们在耐酸和耐铝方面的差异。结果显示,再生根伸长量在三种类型的小麦中均存在较大的变异,但都以中性pH7.00处理最长,酸性pH4.50处理居中,酸性pH4.50含铝处理最短。除育成品系在pH7.00和pH4.50处理下的差异不显著外,3种处理下再生根伸长量间的差异都达到显著或极显著水平。在pH7.00,pH4.50以及pH4.50含铝处理下的再生根伸长量,主栽小麦分别是7.93,7.59和5.83cm;地方品种分别是7.26,6.82和4.92cm;育成品系分别是8.01,7.84和5.57cm;三种类型的小麦在耐酸指数上也存在较大的遗传变异,但都在0.80以上,耐酸能力总体较强。主栽小麦耐酸指数变异范围为0.82-1.29,平均值为0.96,耐酸指数≥1.00的主栽小麦有12份(26.67%);地方品种耐酸指数变异范围为0.93-1.24,平均值为1.05。耐酸指数≥1.00的地方小麦有38份(71.70%);育成品系耐酸指数变异范围为0.83-1.15,平均值为0.98,耐酸指数≥1.00的育成品系有12份(46.15%);三种类型的小麦在耐铝指数上也存在较大的遗传变异。主栽小麦耐铝指数变异范围为0.55-1.00,平均值为0.78,有12份(26.67%)主栽小麦的耐铝程度与中国春接近或更强。其中,国审品种的耐铝能力较强;地方品种耐铝指数变异范围为0.50-1.03,平均值为0.73。有9份(16.98%)地方品种的耐铝程度与中国春接近或更强;育成品系耐铝指数变异范围为0.50-0.93,平均值为0.72,有5份品系的耐铝程度与中国春接近或更强(19.23%);三种类型的小麦比较,再生根伸长量在pH7.00、pH4.50以及pH4.50含铝处理都是主栽小麦和育成品系间没有显著差异,但极显著大于相应处理条件下地方品种的再生根伸长量;耐酸指数表现为地方品种极显著大于主栽品种和育成品系,而主栽品种和育成品系间差异不显著;耐铝指数表现为主栽品种显著大于地方品种和育成品系,而地方品种和育成品系间差异不显著;三种类型的小麦均是耐酸指数显著大于耐铝指数;从中筛选到了成都光头、射洪青冈麦、川育16和川麦32等耐铝小麦可供耐铝育种使用。
2.设置了pH7.00,pH4.50和pH4.50+50μM/L Al~(3+)三种水培营养液处理了155份西藏小麦以评价其耐酸和耐铝性能。再生根伸长量在每种处理下都存在较大的遗传变异。在pH4.50,pH7.00以及pH4.50含铝处理下平均值分别为7.35,7.14和4.41cm。3种处理下的平均再生根伸长量差异极显著;西藏小麦耐酸水平较高,耐酸指数变异范围为0.87-1.25,平均值为1.03,耐酸指数≥1.00的西藏小麦有92份(59.35%);西藏小麦耐铝指数变异范围为0.38-1.01,平均值为0.61,但总体耐铝能力较差,可筛选到7份材料(4.51%)的耐铝指标与中国春接近或更强;发现Asl543和Asl242的耐铝性能优于耐铝抗源中国春。
3.设置了pH7.00,pH4.50和pH4.50+50μM/L Al~(3+)三种水培营养液处理了野生二粒小麦、栽培二粒小麦、圆锥小麦、硬粒小麦、波斯小麦以及波兰小麦6个四倍体小麦亚种共计254份材料,以期评价四倍体小麦亚种的耐酸和耐铝性能。再生根伸长量、耐酸和耐铝指数分别在亚种内和亚种间存在较大的遗传变异;四倍体小麦总体耐酸能力较强,平均值在1.00以上,亚种间耐酸排序依次为波兰小麦≥栽培二粒小麦＞波斯小麦≥野生二粒小麦≥圆锥小麦≥硬粒小麦;四倍体小麦总体耐铝能力较差,但亚种间存在差异,平均耐铝指数最大的野生二粒小麦(0.70),最小的是栽培二粒小麦(0.40)。亚种间耐铝排序依次为野生二粒小麦≥硬粒小麦＞圆锥小麦≥波兰小麦≥波斯小麦＞栽培二粒小麦;虽然四倍体小麦总体耐铝能力较差,但一些亚种内仍存在一定比例的耐铝基因型,如野生二粒小麦等,但也有的亚种几乎没有,如栽培二粒小麦;筛选到波斯小麦PI341800和PI94752的耐铝性能优于耐铝抗源中国春。
4.设置了pH4.50和pH4.50+50μM/L Al~(3+)以及pH4.50+100μM/L Al~(3+)三种水培营养液处理了45份节节麦材料以评价其耐铝性能。再生根伸长量、耐铝指数分别在居群间存在较大的遗传变异。再生根伸长量以pH4.50的最长,pH4.50+100μM/LAl~(3+)的最短,pH4.50+50μM/LAl~(3+)的居中。pH4.50的再生根伸长量变异范围为2.46-5.53 cm,平均值为4.00cm,pH4.50+50μM/LAl~(3+)再生根伸长量变异范围为0.81-1.72cm,平均值为1.24cm。pH4.50+100μM/LAl~(3+)的再生根伸长量变异范围为0.36-1.13cm,平均值为0.67cm。pH4.50+50μM/L Al~(3+)的耐铝指数变异范围为0.18-0.49,平均值为0.33。pH4.50+100μM/L Al~(3+)的耐铝指数变异范围为0.09-0.32,平均值为0.18;节节麦材料在50μM/LAl~(3+)的苏木精染色除As65和As88的染色程度相对较轻,为2级,其余染色均较深,为3级,而中国春的染色程度更轻,为1级;综合耐铝指数以及苏木精染色结果认为所有节节麦都不耐铝,发现耐铝节节麦可能性较小。
5.设置了pH4.50和pH4.50+50μM/L Al~(3+)处理20份人工合成小麦,以期了解合成六倍体小麦的耐铝能力。再生根伸长量有较大的变异。pH4.50处理的比pH4.50+50μM/L Al~(3+)处理的更长。pH4.50的再生根伸长量变异范围为1.07-5.96cm,平均值为3.12cm,pH4.50+50μM/LAl~(3+)再生根伸长量变异范围为0.39-3.46cm,平均值为1.57cm;人工合成小麦耐铝指数变异范围为0.32-0.79,平均值为0.48。20份合成小麦中,有2份材料的耐铝指数在0.70以上,其余均在0.70以下。人工合成小麦的耐铝能力普遍较差,不及中国春。
When soil pH lower than 5.5,it is defined as acidic soil.Red,yellow,and red and yellow soils are naturally formed acid soils.On the other hand,as the environment changes, acid rain(pH below 5.6) highlight the problem to even more seriously,leading to an increased soil acidification area.Aluminum(Al) is one of the most abundant elements on earth.In the acidic pH conditions,combined aluminum can easily change to freely aluminum ions and finally injure to the roots of the crops.However,when corps cultivated on non-acidic soils it is not easily injured by aluminum toxicity.As a result,when crop are cultivated in acid soils,it will face an unavoidable reality that is prone to aluminum toxicity and the growth of frustration and eventually lead to yield loss.Therefore,it is very crucial to improve the crop yields on acid soil.
The wheat production in South China has been plagued by this issue.Red and yellow soil are the major soil types for South China tropical and subtropical regions,mainly in the south of the Yangtze River,Yunnan and Guizhou provinces as well as south of Sichuan, Tibet,Hubei,Anhui and Jiangsu provinces.At the same time,China Southern is also against the most serious acid rain areas,including the Yangtze River to the south of the Sichuan Basin,Guizhou,Hunan and Fujian and Guangdong provinces,is second only to North America,Europe and the world's third largest acid rain area.In the southwest of wheat area,complex geography,climate,combined with less sunshine,serious pests and diseases,lead to wheat breeding being difficult task.Attention has never been paid to the wheat genetic studies on Al tolerance in southern China.Thus,in this study,we evaluated the wheat germplasms for Al-tolerance.The main results were as follows:
1.In order to compare the differences in acid and aluminum tolerance among Sichuan wheats,three types of nutrient culture solutions,pH7.00 culture solutions(neutral),pH4.50 culture solution(acid) and pH4.50 +50μM/L Al~(3+) culture solutions(aluminum cintained acid),were used to treat 45 Sichuan wheat cultivars,53 landraces,as well as 26 local breeding lines.Higher variations were observed in the root regenerate length(RRL) in each of three groups of Sichuan wheats,and the tendency was similiar in three groups of Sichuan wheats.The mean RRL in the neutral pH7.00 culture solution was the longest, whereas that of the aluminum contained pH4.50 culture solution was the shortest.The RRLs among treatments were significantly different or different from each other except for there was no diffferance in pH7.00 and pH4.50 treatment in local breeding lines.In pH7.00, pH4.50 and aluminum contained pH4.50,the mean RRLs among Sichuan wheat cultivar were 7.93,7.59 and 5.83cm,respectively,and the mean RRLs were 7.26,6.82 and 4.92cm for wheat landraces and were 8.01,7.84 and 5.57cm for local breeding lines,respectively. Higher variations were also observed in acid tolerance index.Among Sichuan wheats,the acid tolerance indexes were higher than 0.80,indicating that Sichuan wheats had the strong capacity of acid tolerance.The acid tolerance index of cultivars varied from 0.82 to 1.29, with an average of 0.96,and 12(26.67%) of them were not less than 1.00.The acid tolerance index of landrances varied from 0.93 to 1.24,with an average of 1.05 and 38 (71.70%) of them were not less than 1.00.The acid tolerance index of breeding lines varied from 0.83 to 1.15,with an average of 0.98 and 12(46.15%) of them were not less than 1.00. There were rich diversities in Al tolerance index for three groups of Sichuan wheats.The Al-tolerant index of cultivars varied from 0.55 to 1.00,with an average of 0.78,and 12 (26.67%) of them showed much better aluminum tolerance than CS,a known tolerance wheat resource.It is interesting that the wheat cultivars register by country show much better aluminum tolerance than the others.The Al-tolerant index of landraces ranged from 0.50 to 1.03,with an average of 0.73,and 9(16.98%) of them showed the same or superior Al-tolerant as CS.The Al-tolerant index of breed lines varied from 0.50 to 0.93,with an average of 0.72,and 5 lines(19.23%) showed the same or much better aluminum tolerance as CS.When compared the RRLs among the three wheat groups,there was no siginificant difference between wheat cultivars and breeding lines in each of the treatments but both significantly higher than that of the corresponding treatment for wheat tandraces.For acid tolerance index,there was siginificant difference between wheat cultivars and breeding lines,but both were smaller than that of wheat landrances.For Al-tolerance index,there were no difference between Sichuan wheat landraces and breeding lines,but both were smaller than that of the wheat cultivars.When compared the acid tolerance index with aluminum tolerance index,the results were the same as acid tolerance index.In this study, some wheat with good aluminum tolerance,such as Chengduguangtou,Shehongqing-gangmai, Chuanmai No.32 and Chuanyu No.16 were screened out,and could be used in the improvement of wheat aluminum tolerance.
2.One hounded and fifty-five Tibet wheat landraces were evaluated for acid tolerance and aluminum tolerance using three hydroponic nutrient solutions(i.e.pH7.00 culture solution,pH4.50 culture solution and pH4.50 contained 50μMAl~(3+) culture solution).The RRLs in each of treatment showed rich diversities.The RRLs for treatment pH4.50, pH7.00 and pH4.50 contained solution were different from each other,and were 7.35,7.14 and 4.41 cm,respectively.Tibet wheat had good acid tolerance.The acid tolerance indexes of Tibet wheat varied from 0.87 to 1.25,with an average of 1.03,and the acid tolerance indexes of 92 accessions(59.35%) were higher than 1.00.However,Tibet wheat showed poor aluminum tolerance.The aluminum tolerance indexes of Tibet wheat varied from 0.38 to 1.01,with a mean of 0.61.Only 7 accessions of Tibet wheat(4.51%) had the tolerance index equal to or higher than that of CS.Much better aluminum tolerance was observed in As1543 and As1242.
3.For comparison the acid tolerance and aluminum tolerance among six tetraploid wheats,three treatment of pH7.00,pH4.50 and pH4.50 plus 50μM/L Al~(3+) hydroponic nutrient solutions were performed on a total of 254 accessions of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides,T.turgidum ssp.dicoccon,T.turgidum ssp.turgidum,T.turgidum ssp.durum, T.turgidum ssp.carthlicum and T.turgidum ssp.polinicum.The RRLs,acid tolerance index and aluminum tolerance index showed rich diversities either among or within subspecies.The tetraploid wheats showed good acid tolerance with an average of above 1.00 in terms of acid tolerance index.The order for acid tolerance among six subspecies were T.turgidum ssp.polinicum≥T.turgidum ssp.dicoccon> T.turgidum ssp.carthlicum≥T.turgidum ssp.dicoccoides≥T.turgidum ssp.turgidum≥T.turgidum ssp.durum.The tetraploid wheat species showed poor aluminum tolerance.However,there were great differences in aluminum tolerance among the six tetraploid wheat species.T.turgidum ssp. dicoccoides was the most tolerance specie with an average tolerance,index of 0.70,while T. turgidum ssp.dicoccon was the most sensitive specie with an average tolerance index of 0.40.The order of aluminum tolerance for tetraploid wheats were Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides≥T.turgidum ssp.durum>T.turgidum ssp.turgidum≥T.turgidum ssp. polinicum≥T.turgidum ssp.carthlicum>T,turgidum ssp.dicoccon.Thought tetraploid wheats showed poor aluminum tolerance,some tolerance genotypes could be screened out. In this study,two T.turgidum ssp.carthlicum accessions(i.e.PI341800 and PI94752) with the Al-tolerance superior to Chinese Spring were found.
4.Forty-five accessions of Aegilops tauschii were evaluated for aluminum tolerance using three treatments of pH4.50,pH4.50 plus 50μM/L Al~(3+),as well as pH4.50 plus100μM/L Al~(3+) hydroponic nutrient solutions.There were abundant variations in RRLs and Al tolerance index among the Ae.tauschii accessions.The RRLs at pH4.50 were the longest, while those in pH4.50 plus100μM/L Al~(3+) were the shortest.The RRLs at pH4.50 varied from 2.46 to 5.53 cm,with an average of 4.00cm.The RRLs at pH4.50 plus 50μM/L Al~(3+) varied from 0.81 to 1.72cm,with an average of 1.24cm.The RRLs at pH4.50 plus 100μM/L Al~(3+) varied from 0.36 to 1.13cm,with an average of 0.67cm.The aluminum tolerance indexes at pH4.50 plus 50μM/L Al~(3+) varied from 0.18 to 0.49,with an average of 0.33,while those at pH4.50 plus100μM/L Al~(3+) varied from 0.09 to 0.32,with an average of 0.18.When stained with hematoxylin at 50M/LAl~(3+),all of the accesions,except for As65 and As88 stained light as scale 2,were all stained heavy as scale 3,while CS stained much lighter than all of them with scale 1.Combined with hematoxylin staining and aluminum tolerance index,it was suggested that all of the Aegilops tauschii accessions were aluminum sensitive.
5.Twenty synthetic wheat lines were evaluated for aluminum tolerance using pH4.50 and pH4.50 plus 50μM/L Al~(3+) hydroponic nutrient solutions.The result indicated that RRLs in each of the treatment showed higher diversity.The RRLs in pH4.50 varied from 1.07 to 5.96cm,with an average of 3.12cm,while those in pH4.50 +50μM/L Al~(3+) varied from 0.39 to 3.46cm,with an average of 1.57cm.The aluminum tolerance index of synthetic wheat varied from 0.32 to 0.79,with an average of 0.48.The aluminum tolerance indexes of 2 synthetic wheat lines were larger than 0.70,while the aluminum tolerance indexes of the remaining lines were below 0.70.These results suggested that the synthetic wheat had poor aluminum tolerance than tolerance common wheat cultivar CS.
引文
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