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海事扣押船舶法律问题研究
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摘要
海事扣押船舶是海商法中极其重要的一项内容,是出现海事纠纷后被频繁运用的措施。船舶因海事请求被扣押后所引发的法律问题很复杂,且普通法系和民法法系对船舶扣押的法律定性不同,国际协调也出现不和谐。
     中世纪在英美出现的事物,在中国却是到1967年才出现首例法院扣押船舶的案例。中国和国际上船舶扣押制度比较成熟的国家相比,尚有不小的距离。实务界的法官、律师对该问题也进行了些研究,但多是面对实务中的问题而做的应急之作。《1999国际扣船公约》在20世纪末终于制定出来了。在我国极有可能加入该公约的情形下,笔者研究海事扣船中的法律问题显得很有理论价值和现实意义。
     全文从船舶、扣船、对物诉讼的基本理论起笔,对扣船当中比较重要、问题比较多的部分:海事请求的种类、申请扣船的程序、担保设立,进行详细的法律分析。最后对我国扣押船舶制度中存在的四个问题:反担保问题、错扣问题、利益关系方协调、多个债权人间的关系进行阐述,提出个人的见解,以结束行文。全文分五个部分,行文三万九千余字。
     第一部分是与海事扣押船舶紧密相关的基本理论的说明和介绍。通过对一些国际公约用语的分析,来推断国际扣船公约适用的船舶的特征和范围;先引出海事扣船在我国的法律定性,再用英美法系国家中的对物诉讼理论和玛瑞瓦禁令来阐述对物诉讼这一典型的对物诉讼的特点,归纳扣押船舶在海事海商实践中的作用,阐明扣押船舶制度得以存在的制度价值。
     第二部分主要是介绍能够引起扣押船舶的海事请求的新变化。《1999年国际扣船公约》相比于《1952年国际扣船公约》,在海事请求方面,有了一些变化。笔者清晰列出这些变化,对新海事请求的用语的含义进行分析、解释,以免在实务中因理解差异造成适用法律错误。
     第三部分结合国际扣船公约和国际扣船的现状,阐述两个内容。一是可扣押船舶的范围,分别是当事船舶、姊妹船舶和联营船舶。从三类船舶的定义、扣押船舶时适用的情形进行详细说明。重点阐述我国在扣押当事船舶问题上立法的发展和变化。二是讲述在我国海事法院申请扣押船舶需要满足的条件:实质要件和形式要件。实质要件分为中请人具有海事请求,被申请人对海事请求负有责任,被扣押船舶属于可扣押的范围,情况紧急,不立即扣船将会遭受难以弥补的损害,申请人的海事请求没有超出诉讼时效。形式要件分为申请人应向海事法院提交书面的申请,并提供相应的证
    
    据,提供担保,交纳申请费。
     第四部分阐述扣船过程中涉及到的几项重要的程序.重点讳退两部分
    内容一是阐述有权扣押船舶的法院在三个不同的阶段:诉讼前扣押来的白、
    诉讼中扣押来呐白、仲裁中扣押船舶的扣船法院的认定和学理分析.重点讲
    述诉讼过程中,永呐白不在实体管辖法院的管辖范围内的情形.阐明此时的
    实体审理和扣船可以在两个法院进行.二是扣押船舶中涉及到的担保。担
    保问题是扣船制度中的重心。扣船的目的就是获得责任人提供的担保。此
    部分从担保数额的确定、担保审查、担保的保存和发还三个方面阐述扣船
    中的担保问题。最后在整个扣船程序的末尾,简述被申请人提供担保以后
    的法律后果.
     第五部分从完善我国扣船制度的角度,对我国扣船制度中存在的四个
    问题:放宽反担保的限制,明确错误扣船的法律认定和赔偿范围,建立保
    护船方利益的救济程序,确定申请扣船的海事请求人与其他债权人.之关
    系,从理论、从其他国家的立法及实践,对我国绷于立法提出建议。放宽
    反担保的限制要求立法明确列出例外情形。错误扣船问题明确错误认定的
    标准:申请人具有海事请求,删白可扣押.损害的范围:船期损失加担保
    费用加其他损失。建议建立听证程序,以取代先现法律中的复议程序。有
    力地保护船舶利益关系人的利益,防止船舶滥扣。建立申请扣船人优先于
    其他一般债权人的优先权。
Arrest of ship is very important in Maritime law. It is often used after maritime disputes occur. Law problems are complicated due to arrest of ship. What's more, the common and the civil law system have not agreed on the nature of arrest.
    Fortunately, International Convention on Arrest of Ship 1999 had passed at the end of last century. It is a great possibility to enter into the convention for China. So there is a great value to study the law issues about arrest of ship presently.
    My dissertation is divided 5 parts with 39 thousand words.
    The first part begins with introduction about basic theories of the arrest. By construing the words of some international conventions, we deduce the notion and characters of the ship. Bring up with the nature of arrest in china law first, then outline the characters of arrest of ship, which is the typical action in rem compared with the theory of action in rem in Britain and U.S.A and Marewa Injunction. Finally, summing up the function of arrest of ship in solving maritime disputes explains why the rule of arrest does exist.
    The second part talks about new change in International Convention on Arrest of Ship 1999 compared with International Convention on Arrest of Ship 1952. The different of claims take the major role in this part. Author analyzes the law relationship about arrest and enumerates the causes causing arrest of ship.
    The third part. Combining international convention on arrest of ship and the reality of present, author clarifies two problems. One is the sphere of ship that can be arrested because of maritime claims. The ship are guilty ship, sister ship and the associated ship. The other is material and formal conditions for court that have to meet in applying arrest of ship. The material ones include that claimant do have claim ,that the person do be liable for the claim, that ship can be permitted to be arrested, that it is emergent and will be met great loss if not to arrest a ship and that claim can be accepted by court according to statutes of limitation. Formal conditions are letter of
    
    
    
    appliance, proofs, appliance fee and security for wrongful arrest.
    The fourth part introduces some key procedures during the arrest of ship. One is how to decide the court who has the power to arrest a ship. The problem is analyzed in three phases, pre-proceeding, in-proceeding, in-arbitration. The second issue is the key. Author does want to verify that it is reasonable that one court has the power to arrest a ship to secure the future judge or the letter of arbitration, while the jurisdiction is going on the other court esp. the two courts lie in two countries. The other is security. Gaining reasonable security to cover the damages is the major aim of arrest. In order to analyze security, author considers it from 4 sides, deciding the amount of security, checking the items of security, maintaining and refunding the security. Law meaning are listed after providing security at the end of this part.
    In the last part, author studies four problems in china present law, and brings forward with the probable suggestion of settlement in view of making china law perfect. First is about the anti-security provided for maybe wrongful arrest. Author verifies that it is unfair to carry out most rigid request for anti-security causes esp. the claim for the injured and the dead, for wages and welfare etc. So it is necessary that china outline the exception in law in order to protect the lawful interests. The second is how to decide wrongful arrest or unjust arrest and what the security for wrongful arrest covers. The third attracts eyes on the interests of person who is liable for the claim. Author hopes to set up a hearing procedure alike west countries. On the hearing, each party can provides their evidences and persuades the judge to protect lawful interest respectively. The last one is that arrester should has privileged right comparing the ordinary creditors. Only thus, it is fair for arrestor and embodies the positive spirit.
引文
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