生物硅藻土技术处理城镇污水研究
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摘要
本文针对硅藻土物理化学污水处理技术存在的有机物去除效果不高、氨氮无处理效果以及悬浮层厌氧不稳定等主要问题，设计以缺氧—好氧污水生物处理工艺为主，利用硅藻土物化强化除磷和生物除碳脱氮的优势，首次将硅藻土物化处理技术发展为以硅藻土为微生物载体的化学除磷、生物脱氮一体化的生物硅藻土污水处理技术，并以悬浮澄清池替代传统二沉池，开发出生物硅藻土城镇污水处理新工艺(简称A／O／C-BD工艺)。
本研究以城镇污水为处理对象，进行了A／O／C-BD工艺的小试和中试试验研究，包括设计参数的选取、微生物的培养驯化、运行参数和影响因素的研究等，并探讨了生物硅藻土技术去除污染物的机理。
A／O／C-BD工艺中微生物菌胶团处于完全混合状态，依靠污泥回流维持微生物浓度，而微生物附着在硅藻土表面，形成以硅藻土为载体的生物膜，与常规生物脱氮除磷工艺比较，具有污泥浓度高(＞12g／L)、硝化与反硝化速率高(分别为9.95mg(NH_4~+-N)／gVSS.h和6.78mg(NO_3~--N)／gVSS.h)、泥龄长(23～35d)，污泥产率低(0.18～0.39kgVSS／kgBOD_5)的特点，兼具了活性污泥法和生物膜法污水处理的特点，提高了污水处理效率和效果。生物硅藻土污水处理技术为粉末材料作为微生物载体强化污水处理效果提供了一项实用的技术。
设计和开发的小试装置及其研究表明，CODcr、NH_4~+-N、SS和TP处理效果良好，悬浮层在有氧条件下运行稳定，小试研究成果验证了生物硅藻土技术强化污水处理效果是可行的。
中试研究表明，该工艺对城镇污水处理效果很好，对CODcr、NH_4~+-N、TN、SS和TP的平均去除率分别为87％，98％、62％、68％和＞90％，各指标出水均能达到国家一级B排放标准限值，其中CODcr、NH_4~+-N、TN和SS均达到一级A排放标准。辅助投加聚合氯化铝混凝剂，出水TP也能达到国家一级A排放标准限值。
研究提出了A／O／C-BD工艺设计和运行参数。主要的参数为：有机负荷～0.4kgBOD_5／m~3．d，澄清池表面负荷0.5～0.6m~3／m~2．h，污泥负荷～0.1kgBOD_5／kgMLVSS．d，曝气量15：1，回流比1.5：1，硅藻土投加量小于50mg／L。该工艺可通过辅助投加聚合氯化铝提高总磷处理效果。
The disadvantages of applying the chemical enhanced diatomite to treat the wastewater include the low efficiency with organics, no impact on ammonia-nitrogen and unstable anaerobic effects at the suspended layers. As such, considering that diatomite has good effects on phosphorous removal, and biological treatment is good at nitrogen removal, The bio-diatomite technology is designed based on the anaerobic-aerobic biological treatment process and transforms the chemical enhanced treatment technology to a integrated technology which uses the diatomaceous earth as the microorganism carrier to remove phosphorus via chemical mechanism and remove carbon and nitrogen via biological mechanism. The process applying the bio-diatomite technology and substituted the traditional secondary sedimentation tank by suspended clarification tank to treat municipal wastewater is named A/O/C-BD process .
The study developed the smalland middle pilot studies on municipal wastewater treatment. Research includes the selection of design parameters, cultivation and acclimation of the microorganism, operation condition parameters and affection factors and the pollution removal mechanism.
The filoc-forming bacteria was in a complete mixing status and the microorganism concentration was kept replying on the sludge recycle in A/O/C-BD process. The microorganism attached to the surface of diatomite formed the bio-membrane with the carrier as diatomite. Comparing with the normal nitrogen and phosphorus removal biological process, the diatomite is advantage in longer sludge age (23—35d)and lower generation rate of sludge(0.18~0.39kgVSS/kgBOD_5), and the higher nitrification rate and denitrification rate(9.95mg (NH_4~+-N) /gVSS.h and 6.78mg (NO_3~--N) /gVSS.h respectively). This process combined the characteristic of the activated sludge process and bio-membrane process therefore it increases the wastewater treatment efficiency. This also provides a valuable technology of adopting the superfine powder as the microorganism carrier.
Based on the small-scale pilot studies, it is indicated that the removal efficiency
本研究以城镇污水为处理对象，进行了A／O／C-BD工艺的小试和中试试验研究，包括设计参数的选取、微生物的培养驯化、运行参数和影响因素的研究等，并探讨了生物硅藻土技术去除污染物的机理。
A／O／C-BD工艺中微生物菌胶团处于完全混合状态，依靠污泥回流维持微生物浓度，而微生物附着在硅藻土表面，形成以硅藻土为载体的生物膜，与常规生物脱氮除磷工艺比较，具有污泥浓度高(＞12g／L)、硝化与反硝化速率高(分别为9.95mg(NH_4~+-N)／gVSS.h和6.78mg(NO_3~--N)／gVSS.h)、泥龄长(23～35d)，污泥产率低(0.18～0.39kgVSS／kgBOD_5)的特点，兼具了活性污泥法和生物膜法污水处理的特点，提高了污水处理效率和效果。生物硅藻土污水处理技术为粉末材料作为微生物载体强化污水处理效果提供了一项实用的技术。
设计和开发的小试装置及其研究表明，CODcr、NH_4~+-N、SS和TP处理效果良好，悬浮层在有氧条件下运行稳定，小试研究成果验证了生物硅藻土技术强化污水处理效果是可行的。
中试研究表明，该工艺对城镇污水处理效果很好，对CODcr、NH_4~+-N、TN、SS和TP的平均去除率分别为87％，98％、62％、68％和＞90％，各指标出水均能达到国家一级B排放标准限值，其中CODcr、NH_4~+-N、TN和SS均达到一级A排放标准。辅助投加聚合氯化铝混凝剂，出水TP也能达到国家一级A排放标准限值。
研究提出了A／O／C-BD工艺设计和运行参数。主要的参数为：有机负荷～0.4kgBOD_5／m~3．d，澄清池表面负荷0.5～0.6m~3／m~2．h，污泥负荷～0.1kgBOD_5／kgMLVSS．d，曝气量15：1，回流比1.5：1，硅藻土投加量小于50mg／L。该工艺可通过辅助投加聚合氯化铝提高总磷处理效果。
The disadvantages of applying the chemical enhanced diatomite to treat the wastewater include the low efficiency with organics, no impact on ammonia-nitrogen and unstable anaerobic effects at the suspended layers. As such, considering that diatomite has good effects on phosphorous removal, and biological treatment is good at nitrogen removal, The bio-diatomite technology is designed based on the anaerobic-aerobic biological treatment process and transforms the chemical enhanced treatment technology to a integrated technology which uses the diatomaceous earth as the microorganism carrier to remove phosphorus via chemical mechanism and remove carbon and nitrogen via biological mechanism. The process applying the bio-diatomite technology and substituted the traditional secondary sedimentation tank by suspended clarification tank to treat municipal wastewater is named A/O/C-BD process .
The study developed the smalland middle pilot studies on municipal wastewater treatment. Research includes the selection of design parameters, cultivation and acclimation of the microorganism, operation condition parameters and affection factors and the pollution removal mechanism.
The filoc-forming bacteria was in a complete mixing status and the microorganism concentration was kept replying on the sludge recycle in A/O/C-BD process. The microorganism attached to the surface of diatomite formed the bio-membrane with the carrier as diatomite. Comparing with the normal nitrogen and phosphorus removal biological process, the diatomite is advantage in longer sludge age (23—35d)and lower generation rate of sludge(0.18~0.39kgVSS/kgBOD_5), and the higher nitrification rate and denitrification rate(9.95mg (NH_4~+-N) /gVSS.h and 6.78mg (NO_3~--N) /gVSS.h respectively). This process combined the characteristic of the activated sludge process and bio-membrane process therefore it increases the wastewater treatment efficiency. This also provides a valuable technology of adopting the superfine powder as the microorganism carrier.
Based on the small-scale pilot studies, it is indicated that the removal efficiency
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