农户污水分散式土地处理系统的研究
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摘要
农户污水的随意排放是造成水体污染的重要原因。寻求高效、廉价、易于操作的农户污水土地处理工艺,对于控制农村地区水体污染、改善农村生态环境具有重要理论意义和实用价值。
本文是作者近几年实验室工作和工程实践的总结。本文的研究围绕着农户污水以及处理农户污水的土地处理系统展开。在文献整理与阅读过程中,本文运用文献计量学的新理论,发现国际学术界污水处理领域的研究趋势。在实验室工作中,本文利用非线性拟合方法研究土壤对磷的吸附；从污水受纳水体底泥中,分离出污水生物强化处理高效菌；建立模拟反应器研究预处理方法对反应器启动时间及填料对反应器处理污水效果的影响。在滇池工程实践中,运用改良型三格化粪池、复合基质滤床和人工湿地系统的组合工艺,在滇池北岸进行农户污水零散土地处理工程示范,取得较好效果。在爱尔兰综合型人工湿地(ICW)系统处理高污染负荷农户污水工程实践中,利用自组织映射(SOM)模型揭示该系统出水水质参数之间的关系,实现对土地处理系统出水水质的实时监控。
本文研究的总体思路是：通过文献计量分析当前研究热点和趋势,在实验室研究农户污水土地处理系统的共性机理和技术方法,通过示范工程建设进行工程实践。
本文主要研究结论如下：
(1)分别用线性和非线性拟合方法研究了红土对污水中磷的吸附规律,结果表明,利用线性方法获得的r2的大小来判断最佳匹配等温线的方法存在理论缺陷,非线性拟合方法是研究土壤对磷吸附特征的正确方法；通过非线性拟合方法得到的Redlich-Peterson等温线曲线与等温吸附实验的实验数据点最为匹配。
(2)对四种可用于土地处理系统的填料(沸石、高炉水渣、陶粒、核桃壳)进行模拟实验,结果发现高炉水渣是适合于滇池北岸农户污水土地处理系统的填料；挂膜效果最好的填料为高炉水渣,最差的为核桃壳；高炉水渣对反应器系统的pH值也具有一定的调节能力,能使系统更有效的去除污染物。
(3)研究了预处理方法对反应器启动的影响以及启动后系统的性能,结果表明好氧预挂膜-厌氧污泥接种法预处理能加快反应器的启动速度,并能增强COD (chemical oxygen demand)的去除效果,经过该预处理法处理的反应器普遍比经过厌氧污泥接种法预处理的反应器的挂膜效果好；当COD负荷在100～900mg/d之间时,以水渣作为填料的反应器具有较强的耐负荷冲击能力,两个填充水渣的反应器的COD去除率较为稳定,均能维持在68～81%之间；在填充高炉水渣的反应器中,污染物的去除均符合一级动力学方程,污染物去除速率的快慢顺序为：总磷>COD>总氮。
(4)从污水受纳水体底泥中分离出两种COD降解高效菌(DWT-2和DWT-4) (DWT:domestic wastewater-treating bacteria)和两种磷去除高效菌(DWT-6和DWT-7),根据形态学和生理生化鉴定结果为：DWT-2属于产碱菌属(Alcaligenes sp.), DWT-4和DWT-7被鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.),而DWT-6则为克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella sp.),由DWT-2和DWT-7(比例分别为2：1、1：1、1：2)所组成的3组复合菌种是对COD和磷去除效果最好的复合菌种。
(5)在滇池北岸成功进行了农户污水零散土地处理系统工程示范,结果表明IST+CMFB+CW(改良型三格化粪池+复合基质滤床+人工湿地)系统处理农户污水后,出水中的COD、总磷、总氮浓度基本能达到《农田灌溉水质标准》(GB5084—92)“水作”标准；季节变化总体上对总磷和总氮的去除率影响不大,系统较为稳定；IST+CMFB系统对总磷和总氮的去除能力较强,耐污染负荷冲击能力也较好；系统在消减污染的同时,还具有较好的景观效果,无需占用额外的土地,无需外加动力,成本低廉,管理简单方便,适合于在我国广大农村地区推广应用。
(6)在爱尔兰Annestown流域研究了处理高浓度农户污水的综合型人工湿地(ICW)系统,结果表明该系统具有良好性能,对农户污水中溶解性磷(SRP)、NH4+-N、NO3--N、BOD(biochemical oxygen demand)、COD、SS(suspended solids)、E-coli的去除效果较好；ICW系统出水中SRP、NH4+-N、NO3--N、BOD、COD、SS、E-coli的平均浓度达到了爱尔兰环保局规定的污水处理系统出水水质标准；ICW系统对NH4+-N和SRP的去除效果受季节变化的影响较小,系统较稳定；ICW系统依自然地势条件设计,与当地自然景观协调一致,保证了系统中水体的自流,节省了建设费用和运行费用,且具有较高的生态适宜性；ICW系统对于高浓度农户养殖污水具有较好的处理效果,而且运行管理简单,适宜于在农村地区长效运行。
(7)运用自组织映射(SOM)模型分析了ICW工程的水质参数,结果表明SOM模型的可视化功能可直观地揭示各水质参数之间的关系；SOM模型预测准确率较高,实现了ICW系统出水BOD浓度的实时监控；ICW土地处理系统出水数据集中的空白数据和异常数据可以被SOM模型较好地预测和替换；SOM模型是适宜于野外工程数据分析的预测工具,在土地处理系统中具有较好的应用前景。
(8)我们的研究表明,滇池北岸的农户污水零散土地处理系统和爱尔兰Annestown流域的ICW系统均属于适合处理农户污水的分散式土地处理系统,两类系统既有共性,又存在适用条件上的差别。两个系统均能较好地控制农户污水对水体的污染；其设计都利用了工程建设地的地形地势,无需外加动力,具有较好的景观效果；两个系统的操作和管理简单,适合于农村地区推广应用；滇池北岸的农户污水零散土地处理系统主要是处理农户的生活污水,利用农户房舍周围的零散土地,占用土地面积小,而ICW系统主要用于处理高负荷的农户畜禽养殖污水,占地面积相对较大,这是制约该系统在中国农村推广应用的最大因素。
Rural domestic wastewaters, the main source caused serious river and lake pollution, were always discharged into the rivers and lakes around the rural residences directly. It's significant for rural pollution controlling and rural environment protection to select the land treatment technologies which were cost-effective, no need of mechanical equipment and simplicity of operation and maintenance.
This research was about the issues of rural domestic wastewater and wastewater land treatment system based on the bench-scall and field-scall experiment. On the basis of bibliometric analysis on wastewater research, the trend of wastewater research was studied. The equilibrium adsorption data of phosphorus onto red soil were analyzed and non-linear regression was used to determine the best-fitting isotherm. High efficient pollutant-degrading bacteria were isolated from sludge samples. Unplanted filters, which were filled with different filter media, were operated to assess their nutrient removal performances. Two types of decentralized rural domestic wastewater land treatment systems (IST+CMFB+CW, ICW) were studied to assess their performances of nutrient removal. Self-organizing map (SOM) model was also applied into to wastewater land treatment system for water quality real time control.
In this study, the issues of wastewater were found by bibliometric analysis, and mechanisms of the land treatment system were studied. Finally, the land treatment technologies were assessed.
The main results are as follows:
(1) The equilibrium adsorption of phosphate from aqueous solution using red soil was investigated. The linear and non-linear regression were used and compared to determine the best-fitting isotherm. The linear regression method for determining the best-fitting isotherms was not appropriate in this study; the correct method should be non-linear regression. Redlich-Peterson seemed to be the best-fitting isotherms for the experiment results.
(2) Filters, which were filled with four types of filter medium (natural zeolite, blast furnace granulated slag, ceramsite, and walnut shells), were operated to assess their nutrient removal performances. Compared with other filters, blast furnace granulated slag-filled filters performed best concerning nutrient removal and retention. Walnut shell-filled filters performed worst. Blast furnace granulated slag was resistant to the pH changes.
(3) Preprocessing method involving aerobic and anaerobic sludge was applied to the filters to accelerate the treatment processes. The results indicated that preprocessing enhanced the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. Filters containing blast furnace granulated slag were independent with respect to COD loading rate variations in the range between 100 and 900 mg/d, the COD removal rates were between 68% and 81%. A linear velocity equation was used to determine the nutrient removal velocities of blast furnace granulated slag-filled filters. The removal velocities were rapid, and highest for total phosphorus (TP) and lowest for total nitrogen (TN).
(4) Four types of high efficient pollutant-degrading bacteria:DWT-2, DWT-4, DWT-6 and DWT-7, were isolated from sludge samples. Based on their morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, these bacteria were identified as Alcaligenes sp., Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp.. DWT-2 and DWT-4 were identified as highly efficient COD-degrading bacteria, and DWT-6 and DWT-7 were identified as highly efficient phosphorus-degrading bacteria on the basis of bench scale experiments. The performances of three combinations of DWT-2 and DWT-7 with proportions of 2:1,1:1 and 1:2 were relatively good.
(5) The combined system IST+CMFB+CW around Lake Dianchi showed relatively good removal efficiency of COD, TP and TN; the effluent pollutants concentrations met the requirement of the agricultural water. The influence of the seasonal variations on the TN and TP removal was not obvious. Compared to other technologies, this system showed high treatment capacity for rural domestic wastewater treatment with good landscape integration. Results demonstrated that this system could be a practical technology for onsite domestic wastewater treatment in rural areas.
(6) The removal efficiencies of ICW around annestown valley system were relatively good for soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), NH4+-N, NO3-N, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), COD, suspended solids (SS), and E-coli. The water quality was improved by this technology. The outflow water quality met the standards for discharge from wastewater treatment plants in Ireland. The results showed that ICW were likely to be efficient for nutrient removal from rural domestic wastewater rich in nutrients, this system is suitable to be applied in rural area for wastewater pollution control.
(7) A self-organizing map (SOM) model was applied as a prediction tool for the performance of an ICW system treating rural domestic wastewater to protect receiving watercourses. The relationships between ICW outflow water quality parameters can be very well visualized by using SOM model. By utilizing the SOM model, the time-consuming to measure expensive BOD outflow concentrations were predicted well by other inexpensive variables, which were quicker and easier to measure. Correct predictions for the outflow biochemical oxygen demand concentrations were high. Moreover, the missing values and outliers from the large but incomplete ICW data set were replaced accurately by most likely values determined by the SOM model. As a prediction method, this approach could be potentially applied in other field-scale land treatment systems.
(8) The study indicated that IST+CMFB+CW and ICW, the decentralized land treatment systems, were successfully applied for rural domestic wastewater treatment. The designs of them were based on the holistic use of land and environmental, ecological structure of the landscape to control water quality; they were cost-effective, no need of mechanical equipment and simplicity of operation and maintenance, natural contours around the residences were utilized to support the good distribution of flows in the system. IST+CMFB+CW systems were constructed using various scattered open land spaces around rural residences, little land area was occupied. ICW systems took up relatively large-sized appropriative grounds; this greatly limits the use of those systems for domestic wastewater treatment in China.
本文是作者近几年实验室工作和工程实践的总结。本文的研究围绕着农户污水以及处理农户污水的土地处理系统展开。在文献整理与阅读过程中,本文运用文献计量学的新理论,发现国际学术界污水处理领域的研究趋势。在实验室工作中,本文利用非线性拟合方法研究土壤对磷的吸附；从污水受纳水体底泥中,分离出污水生物强化处理高效菌；建立模拟反应器研究预处理方法对反应器启动时间及填料对反应器处理污水效果的影响。在滇池工程实践中,运用改良型三格化粪池、复合基质滤床和人工湿地系统的组合工艺,在滇池北岸进行农户污水零散土地处理工程示范,取得较好效果。在爱尔兰综合型人工湿地(ICW)系统处理高污染负荷农户污水工程实践中,利用自组织映射(SOM)模型揭示该系统出水水质参数之间的关系,实现对土地处理系统出水水质的实时监控。
本文研究的总体思路是：通过文献计量分析当前研究热点和趋势,在实验室研究农户污水土地处理系统的共性机理和技术方法,通过示范工程建设进行工程实践。
本文主要研究结论如下：
(1)分别用线性和非线性拟合方法研究了红土对污水中磷的吸附规律,结果表明,利用线性方法获得的r2的大小来判断最佳匹配等温线的方法存在理论缺陷,非线性拟合方法是研究土壤对磷吸附特征的正确方法；通过非线性拟合方法得到的Redlich-Peterson等温线曲线与等温吸附实验的实验数据点最为匹配。
(2)对四种可用于土地处理系统的填料(沸石、高炉水渣、陶粒、核桃壳)进行模拟实验,结果发现高炉水渣是适合于滇池北岸农户污水土地处理系统的填料；挂膜效果最好的填料为高炉水渣,最差的为核桃壳；高炉水渣对反应器系统的pH值也具有一定的调节能力,能使系统更有效的去除污染物。
(3)研究了预处理方法对反应器启动的影响以及启动后系统的性能,结果表明好氧预挂膜-厌氧污泥接种法预处理能加快反应器的启动速度,并能增强COD (chemical oxygen demand)的去除效果,经过该预处理法处理的反应器普遍比经过厌氧污泥接种法预处理的反应器的挂膜效果好；当COD负荷在100～900mg/d之间时,以水渣作为填料的反应器具有较强的耐负荷冲击能力,两个填充水渣的反应器的COD去除率较为稳定,均能维持在68～81%之间；在填充高炉水渣的反应器中,污染物的去除均符合一级动力学方程,污染物去除速率的快慢顺序为：总磷>COD>总氮。
(4)从污水受纳水体底泥中分离出两种COD降解高效菌(DWT-2和DWT-4) (DWT:domestic wastewater-treating bacteria)和两种磷去除高效菌(DWT-6和DWT-7),根据形态学和生理生化鉴定结果为：DWT-2属于产碱菌属(Alcaligenes sp.), DWT-4和DWT-7被鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.),而DWT-6则为克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella sp.),由DWT-2和DWT-7(比例分别为2：1、1：1、1：2)所组成的3组复合菌种是对COD和磷去除效果最好的复合菌种。
(5)在滇池北岸成功进行了农户污水零散土地处理系统工程示范,结果表明IST+CMFB+CW(改良型三格化粪池+复合基质滤床+人工湿地)系统处理农户污水后,出水中的COD、总磷、总氮浓度基本能达到《农田灌溉水质标准》(GB5084—92)“水作”标准；季节变化总体上对总磷和总氮的去除率影响不大,系统较为稳定；IST+CMFB系统对总磷和总氮的去除能力较强,耐污染负荷冲击能力也较好；系统在消减污染的同时,还具有较好的景观效果,无需占用额外的土地,无需外加动力,成本低廉,管理简单方便,适合于在我国广大农村地区推广应用。
(6)在爱尔兰Annestown流域研究了处理高浓度农户污水的综合型人工湿地(ICW)系统,结果表明该系统具有良好性能,对农户污水中溶解性磷(SRP)、NH4+-N、NO3--N、BOD(biochemical oxygen demand)、COD、SS(suspended solids)、E-coli的去除效果较好；ICW系统出水中SRP、NH4+-N、NO3--N、BOD、COD、SS、E-coli的平均浓度达到了爱尔兰环保局规定的污水处理系统出水水质标准；ICW系统对NH4+-N和SRP的去除效果受季节变化的影响较小,系统较稳定；ICW系统依自然地势条件设计,与当地自然景观协调一致,保证了系统中水体的自流,节省了建设费用和运行费用,且具有较高的生态适宜性；ICW系统对于高浓度农户养殖污水具有较好的处理效果,而且运行管理简单,适宜于在农村地区长效运行。
(7)运用自组织映射(SOM)模型分析了ICW工程的水质参数,结果表明SOM模型的可视化功能可直观地揭示各水质参数之间的关系；SOM模型预测准确率较高,实现了ICW系统出水BOD浓度的实时监控；ICW土地处理系统出水数据集中的空白数据和异常数据可以被SOM模型较好地预测和替换；SOM模型是适宜于野外工程数据分析的预测工具,在土地处理系统中具有较好的应用前景。
(8)我们的研究表明,滇池北岸的农户污水零散土地处理系统和爱尔兰Annestown流域的ICW系统均属于适合处理农户污水的分散式土地处理系统,两类系统既有共性,又存在适用条件上的差别。两个系统均能较好地控制农户污水对水体的污染；其设计都利用了工程建设地的地形地势,无需外加动力,具有较好的景观效果；两个系统的操作和管理简单,适合于农村地区推广应用；滇池北岸的农户污水零散土地处理系统主要是处理农户的生活污水,利用农户房舍周围的零散土地,占用土地面积小,而ICW系统主要用于处理高负荷的农户畜禽养殖污水,占地面积相对较大,这是制约该系统在中国农村推广应用的最大因素。
Rural domestic wastewaters, the main source caused serious river and lake pollution, were always discharged into the rivers and lakes around the rural residences directly. It's significant for rural pollution controlling and rural environment protection to select the land treatment technologies which were cost-effective, no need of mechanical equipment and simplicity of operation and maintenance.
This research was about the issues of rural domestic wastewater and wastewater land treatment system based on the bench-scall and field-scall experiment. On the basis of bibliometric analysis on wastewater research, the trend of wastewater research was studied. The equilibrium adsorption data of phosphorus onto red soil were analyzed and non-linear regression was used to determine the best-fitting isotherm. High efficient pollutant-degrading bacteria were isolated from sludge samples. Unplanted filters, which were filled with different filter media, were operated to assess their nutrient removal performances. Two types of decentralized rural domestic wastewater land treatment systems (IST+CMFB+CW, ICW) were studied to assess their performances of nutrient removal. Self-organizing map (SOM) model was also applied into to wastewater land treatment system for water quality real time control.
In this study, the issues of wastewater were found by bibliometric analysis, and mechanisms of the land treatment system were studied. Finally, the land treatment technologies were assessed.
The main results are as follows:
(1) The equilibrium adsorption of phosphate from aqueous solution using red soil was investigated. The linear and non-linear regression were used and compared to determine the best-fitting isotherm. The linear regression method for determining the best-fitting isotherms was not appropriate in this study; the correct method should be non-linear regression. Redlich-Peterson seemed to be the best-fitting isotherms for the experiment results.
(2) Filters, which were filled with four types of filter medium (natural zeolite, blast furnace granulated slag, ceramsite, and walnut shells), were operated to assess their nutrient removal performances. Compared with other filters, blast furnace granulated slag-filled filters performed best concerning nutrient removal and retention. Walnut shell-filled filters performed worst. Blast furnace granulated slag was resistant to the pH changes.
(3) Preprocessing method involving aerobic and anaerobic sludge was applied to the filters to accelerate the treatment processes. The results indicated that preprocessing enhanced the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. Filters containing blast furnace granulated slag were independent with respect to COD loading rate variations in the range between 100 and 900 mg/d, the COD removal rates were between 68% and 81%. A linear velocity equation was used to determine the nutrient removal velocities of blast furnace granulated slag-filled filters. The removal velocities were rapid, and highest for total phosphorus (TP) and lowest for total nitrogen (TN).
(4) Four types of high efficient pollutant-degrading bacteria:DWT-2, DWT-4, DWT-6 and DWT-7, were isolated from sludge samples. Based on their morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, these bacteria were identified as Alcaligenes sp., Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp.. DWT-2 and DWT-4 were identified as highly efficient COD-degrading bacteria, and DWT-6 and DWT-7 were identified as highly efficient phosphorus-degrading bacteria on the basis of bench scale experiments. The performances of three combinations of DWT-2 and DWT-7 with proportions of 2:1,1:1 and 1:2 were relatively good.
(5) The combined system IST+CMFB+CW around Lake Dianchi showed relatively good removal efficiency of COD, TP and TN; the effluent pollutants concentrations met the requirement of the agricultural water. The influence of the seasonal variations on the TN and TP removal was not obvious. Compared to other technologies, this system showed high treatment capacity for rural domestic wastewater treatment with good landscape integration. Results demonstrated that this system could be a practical technology for onsite domestic wastewater treatment in rural areas.
(6) The removal efficiencies of ICW around annestown valley system were relatively good for soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), NH4+-N, NO3-N, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), COD, suspended solids (SS), and E-coli. The water quality was improved by this technology. The outflow water quality met the standards for discharge from wastewater treatment plants in Ireland. The results showed that ICW were likely to be efficient for nutrient removal from rural domestic wastewater rich in nutrients, this system is suitable to be applied in rural area for wastewater pollution control.
(7) A self-organizing map (SOM) model was applied as a prediction tool for the performance of an ICW system treating rural domestic wastewater to protect receiving watercourses. The relationships between ICW outflow water quality parameters can be very well visualized by using SOM model. By utilizing the SOM model, the time-consuming to measure expensive BOD outflow concentrations were predicted well by other inexpensive variables, which were quicker and easier to measure. Correct predictions for the outflow biochemical oxygen demand concentrations were high. Moreover, the missing values and outliers from the large but incomplete ICW data set were replaced accurately by most likely values determined by the SOM model. As a prediction method, this approach could be potentially applied in other field-scale land treatment systems.
(8) The study indicated that IST+CMFB+CW and ICW, the decentralized land treatment systems, were successfully applied for rural domestic wastewater treatment. The designs of them were based on the holistic use of land and environmental, ecological structure of the landscape to control water quality; they were cost-effective, no need of mechanical equipment and simplicity of operation and maintenance, natural contours around the residences were utilized to support the good distribution of flows in the system. IST+CMFB+CW systems were constructed using various scattered open land spaces around rural residences, little land area was occupied. ICW systems took up relatively large-sized appropriative grounds; this greatly limits the use of those systems for domestic wastewater treatment in China.
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