地籍领域本体构建及其在土地登记发证系统中的应用研究
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摘要
地籍是土地管理的最初形态,地籍最重要的作用是为实施土地管理的各项措施提供完整、准确和具有现势性的土地信息资料,现代地籍是对土地进行管理的基础性工作。地籍制度是通过国家的地籍管理措施得以实现的。地籍研究内容包括在地籍簿册的建立、变更和发展过程中,地籍诸要素的确定和变化规律,即对土地产权、界址、数量、质量和用途的确定和变化规律。在地籍信息化建设过程中,由于缺少统一标准的指导造成所建的系统之间难以实现信息共享和互操作,实际上已经形成了“信息孤岛”,且系统重复建设现象严重。本文尝试将本体理论引入到地籍领域中构建地籍领域本体,地籍领域本体可以澄清地籍领域知识的结构,为知识共享提供基础,能有效的解决上述问题。同时,地籍领域本体也为地籍数据完整性、正确性检查提供新的思路；可以提供更加快捷准确的地籍信息公开查询服务,促进领域内的知识发现和数据挖掘,加快学科之间的融合与发展。本文的主要工作包括以下两点：
(1)本文首先对本体相关理论进行了总结,包括本体的概念、本体构建的原则、方法、表示语言和构建工具等内容；并对与地籍相关的法律制度进行了概括,认为主要包括土地权属制度、土地流转制度和土地登记制度,这些制度是构建地籍领域本体的理论基础。依据Searle体制现实理论,地籍现象同时包含于体制现实和物质现实两个层次之中,必须从这两个层次上对地籍现象进行分析,Bittner依据Frank的本体层次理论从本体的角度对地籍中的现象进行了分析,本文阐述了相关内容,并在此基础上定义了地籍过程的含义。
(2)本文的核心任务是构建地籍领域本体,其是以我国地籍制度和地籍现实分析为基础的。Bittner认为从本体的角度地籍可以分为主体、客体和事件,Frank认为地籍本体的层次为概念、过程和判断。受此启发,本文提出地籍领域本体可以分为概念本体、过程本体、时间本体和空间本体四部分。概念本体对名词性概念进行描述,分析领域内名词性概念的分类,概念的层次结构及概念之间的关系。概念本体重点描述地籍领域中包含的五类对象：a、主体：人；b、客体：土地；c、主体和客体之间的纽带：权利；d、文件；e、部门。概念本体在地籍核心模型的基础上对五类对象涉及到的核心概念及概念之间的关系进行了阐述。地籍具有法律属性,是国家管理土地的重要工具之一,权属是地籍的核心。依据我国土地权属制度,总结我国土地产权权利束,将土地产权加入到核心模型中,构建我国法律地籍模型,并以此模型为基础对概念本体中有关权利的概念及关系进行描述。本文将地籍过程分为三种类型：地籍社会过程、地籍系统中的过程CSP和地籍业务流程CWP。从理论上而言,社会地籍过程的发生必然引起地籍系统中的过程的发生,这是地籍一致性所要求的。在地籍社会过程发生之后,地籍系统中的过程需要通过地籍业务流程来完成。地籍社会过程和地籍业务流程均是地籍系统外部的流程。过程本体描述地籍中的谓词性概念,以本文定义的地籍过程为依据,讨论三类地籍过程之间的关系,将过程抽象到地籍变更种类中,构建地籍过程本体的层次。地籍过程中的地籍业务流程是地籍变更的实现手段,通过将地籍业务流程映射到OWL-S中构建地籍业务流程本体,为地籍信息服务提供基础。时间和空间本体描述地籍中的时间关系和空间关系。在地籍中,单纯的描述时间关系和空间关系只能满足现势数据部分内容的描述,而不能描述宗地历史,也不能表达地籍实体状态的时间性。本文基于已有的时间和空间关系的理论,对地籍实体时空关系的本体描述进行了讨论。
最后,本文以地籍领域本体为基础设计土地登记发证系统。地籍领域本体澄清了地籍领域的知识结构,可以为知识共享和信息互操作提供基础；地籍领域中的过程本体可以促使流程复用,优化流程；同时地籍领域本体可以服务于地籍信息服务,地籍领域知识挖掘、地籍数据正确性和一致性的检查等方面,并促使学科之间的融合。本文设计三个试验对地籍领域本体的具体应用进行研究：基于概念本体的辅助服务、基于过程本体的地籍业务控制和基于空间本体的数据正确性检查。
Cadastre is the first form of land management. The most important role of cadastre is providing integrity, accuracy and latest land information for the implementation of various measures of land management. Modern cadastre is the basis of land management work. Cadastral system is realized by national cadastral management measures. The research contents of cadastre include the disciplines of identification and change of cadastral elements, i.e. land property rights, boundary, quantities, quality and land use in the development of cadastre books. In the process of construction of electronic cadastre, due to the lack of uniform standards, in fact, it has become the "information island". This thesis tries to introduce ontological theory into cadastral domain to build cadastral domain ontology. The cadastral domain ontology can clarify the structure of domain knowledge, provide the basis for knowledge sharing and resolve the problems mentioned ahead. At the same time, the cadastral domain ontology provides new ideas for integrity and accuracy checking of cadastral data; it can provide faster and more accurate publicly cadastral information retrieve services, promote the development of domain knowledge discovery and data mining, and speed up the integration between disciplines. The main work of this thesis includes two points, as follows:
(1) Firstly, this thesis summarizes the relevant theory of ontology, such as:the concept of ontology, the Principles and methods and tools of Ontology Construction, the ontology languages. And the institutions about cadastre are concluded, mainly including:land property system, land transaction system and land registration system, which are the theoretical foundation of cadastral domain ontology construction. According to Searle's institutional reality theory, the cadastral phenomena are as part of institutional reality. It must be from physical reality and institutional reality to analysis the cadastral phenomena. Bittner has made the analysis of the reality in the cadastre based on Frank's five tiers of ontology. Based on his research, this thesis makes the definition of cadastral process.
(2) The core task of this thesis is to build a cadastral domain ontology which is based on Chinese cadastral institutions and the analysis of reality in cadastre. From the perspective of ontological categories, Bittner thought that the ontology of cadastre should include subjects, objects and events. And Frank believed that the ladder of cadastral ontology is concepts, processes and judgments. Inspired by this, this thesis provides that the cadastral domain ontology should consist four parts:concept ontology, process ontology, time ontology and spatial ontology. The concept ontology describes the nominal concepts and analyses the categories, the levels and the relationships of nominal concepts. Concept ontology is to describe the concepts of cadastral field based on Core Cadastral Domain Model, and has five categories of objects:person, land, right, document and entity. Cadastre has the legal character. It is the important tool of land management. And the core of cadastre is rights on land. This thesis builds the legal cadastral domain model of china by introducing the land property bunch of china into the Core Cadastral Domain Model. Based on legal cadastral domain model, the concepts about rights are described. The cadastral process can be divided into three kinds:social process, cadastral system process and cadastral work process. Theoretically speaking, social process must cause the happen of cadastral system process which is the requirement of consistency of cadastre. After the social process, the achievement of cadastral system process needs the cadastral work process. The social process and the cadastral work process are the external processes to cadastral system process. Process ontology is used to describe the processes of cadastral domain based on the definitions of cadastre process defined by thesis. The relationship between cadastral processes is discussed. This thesis constructs the process ontology levels by talking about the relations between process and cadastral changes. The cadastral work process is represented in OWL-S service model. Time ontology and spatial ontology is used to describe the temporal entities and spatial entities in cadastral domain. In the cadastre, if the temporal relationship and the spatial relationship are described respectively, only the latest cadastral data can be described but the history and temporal states of parcels can not be described. Based on the theories of temporal and spatial relationship, this thesis discusses the ontological description of temporal and spatial relationship of cadastral entities.
Finally, this thesis designs a land registration system based on the cadastral domain model. Cadastral domain model clears up the knowledge structure of cadastral domain and provides the basis for the knowledge share and interoperability of information. The process ontology can promote the reuse of process. And the cadastral domain model can serve the cadastral information service, knowledge excavation, cadastral data check and discipline integration. This thesis designs three tests for the use of cadastral domain model:assistant service based on concept ontology, cadastral process control based on process ontology and data check based on spatial ontology.
(1)本文首先对本体相关理论进行了总结,包括本体的概念、本体构建的原则、方法、表示语言和构建工具等内容；并对与地籍相关的法律制度进行了概括,认为主要包括土地权属制度、土地流转制度和土地登记制度,这些制度是构建地籍领域本体的理论基础。依据Searle体制现实理论,地籍现象同时包含于体制现实和物质现实两个层次之中,必须从这两个层次上对地籍现象进行分析,Bittner依据Frank的本体层次理论从本体的角度对地籍中的现象进行了分析,本文阐述了相关内容,并在此基础上定义了地籍过程的含义。
(2)本文的核心任务是构建地籍领域本体,其是以我国地籍制度和地籍现实分析为基础的。Bittner认为从本体的角度地籍可以分为主体、客体和事件,Frank认为地籍本体的层次为概念、过程和判断。受此启发,本文提出地籍领域本体可以分为概念本体、过程本体、时间本体和空间本体四部分。概念本体对名词性概念进行描述,分析领域内名词性概念的分类,概念的层次结构及概念之间的关系。概念本体重点描述地籍领域中包含的五类对象：a、主体：人；b、客体：土地；c、主体和客体之间的纽带：权利；d、文件；e、部门。概念本体在地籍核心模型的基础上对五类对象涉及到的核心概念及概念之间的关系进行了阐述。地籍具有法律属性,是国家管理土地的重要工具之一,权属是地籍的核心。依据我国土地权属制度,总结我国土地产权权利束,将土地产权加入到核心模型中,构建我国法律地籍模型,并以此模型为基础对概念本体中有关权利的概念及关系进行描述。本文将地籍过程分为三种类型：地籍社会过程、地籍系统中的过程CSP和地籍业务流程CWP。从理论上而言,社会地籍过程的发生必然引起地籍系统中的过程的发生,这是地籍一致性所要求的。在地籍社会过程发生之后,地籍系统中的过程需要通过地籍业务流程来完成。地籍社会过程和地籍业务流程均是地籍系统外部的流程。过程本体描述地籍中的谓词性概念,以本文定义的地籍过程为依据,讨论三类地籍过程之间的关系,将过程抽象到地籍变更种类中,构建地籍过程本体的层次。地籍过程中的地籍业务流程是地籍变更的实现手段,通过将地籍业务流程映射到OWL-S中构建地籍业务流程本体,为地籍信息服务提供基础。时间和空间本体描述地籍中的时间关系和空间关系。在地籍中,单纯的描述时间关系和空间关系只能满足现势数据部分内容的描述,而不能描述宗地历史,也不能表达地籍实体状态的时间性。本文基于已有的时间和空间关系的理论,对地籍实体时空关系的本体描述进行了讨论。
最后,本文以地籍领域本体为基础设计土地登记发证系统。地籍领域本体澄清了地籍领域的知识结构,可以为知识共享和信息互操作提供基础；地籍领域中的过程本体可以促使流程复用,优化流程；同时地籍领域本体可以服务于地籍信息服务,地籍领域知识挖掘、地籍数据正确性和一致性的检查等方面,并促使学科之间的融合。本文设计三个试验对地籍领域本体的具体应用进行研究：基于概念本体的辅助服务、基于过程本体的地籍业务控制和基于空间本体的数据正确性检查。
Cadastre is the first form of land management. The most important role of cadastre is providing integrity, accuracy and latest land information for the implementation of various measures of land management. Modern cadastre is the basis of land management work. Cadastral system is realized by national cadastral management measures. The research contents of cadastre include the disciplines of identification and change of cadastral elements, i.e. land property rights, boundary, quantities, quality and land use in the development of cadastre books. In the process of construction of electronic cadastre, due to the lack of uniform standards, in fact, it has become the "information island". This thesis tries to introduce ontological theory into cadastral domain to build cadastral domain ontology. The cadastral domain ontology can clarify the structure of domain knowledge, provide the basis for knowledge sharing and resolve the problems mentioned ahead. At the same time, the cadastral domain ontology provides new ideas for integrity and accuracy checking of cadastral data; it can provide faster and more accurate publicly cadastral information retrieve services, promote the development of domain knowledge discovery and data mining, and speed up the integration between disciplines. The main work of this thesis includes two points, as follows:
(1) Firstly, this thesis summarizes the relevant theory of ontology, such as:the concept of ontology, the Principles and methods and tools of Ontology Construction, the ontology languages. And the institutions about cadastre are concluded, mainly including:land property system, land transaction system and land registration system, which are the theoretical foundation of cadastral domain ontology construction. According to Searle's institutional reality theory, the cadastral phenomena are as part of institutional reality. It must be from physical reality and institutional reality to analysis the cadastral phenomena. Bittner has made the analysis of the reality in the cadastre based on Frank's five tiers of ontology. Based on his research, this thesis makes the definition of cadastral process.
(2) The core task of this thesis is to build a cadastral domain ontology which is based on Chinese cadastral institutions and the analysis of reality in cadastre. From the perspective of ontological categories, Bittner thought that the ontology of cadastre should include subjects, objects and events. And Frank believed that the ladder of cadastral ontology is concepts, processes and judgments. Inspired by this, this thesis provides that the cadastral domain ontology should consist four parts:concept ontology, process ontology, time ontology and spatial ontology. The concept ontology describes the nominal concepts and analyses the categories, the levels and the relationships of nominal concepts. Concept ontology is to describe the concepts of cadastral field based on Core Cadastral Domain Model, and has five categories of objects:person, land, right, document and entity. Cadastre has the legal character. It is the important tool of land management. And the core of cadastre is rights on land. This thesis builds the legal cadastral domain model of china by introducing the land property bunch of china into the Core Cadastral Domain Model. Based on legal cadastral domain model, the concepts about rights are described. The cadastral process can be divided into three kinds:social process, cadastral system process and cadastral work process. Theoretically speaking, social process must cause the happen of cadastral system process which is the requirement of consistency of cadastre. After the social process, the achievement of cadastral system process needs the cadastral work process. The social process and the cadastral work process are the external processes to cadastral system process. Process ontology is used to describe the processes of cadastral domain based on the definitions of cadastre process defined by thesis. The relationship between cadastral processes is discussed. This thesis constructs the process ontology levels by talking about the relations between process and cadastral changes. The cadastral work process is represented in OWL-S service model. Time ontology and spatial ontology is used to describe the temporal entities and spatial entities in cadastral domain. In the cadastre, if the temporal relationship and the spatial relationship are described respectively, only the latest cadastral data can be described but the history and temporal states of parcels can not be described. Based on the theories of temporal and spatial relationship, this thesis discusses the ontological description of temporal and spatial relationship of cadastral entities.
Finally, this thesis designs a land registration system based on the cadastral domain model. Cadastral domain model clears up the knowledge structure of cadastral domain and provides the basis for the knowledge share and interoperability of information. The process ontology can promote the reuse of process. And the cadastral domain model can serve the cadastral information service, knowledge excavation, cadastral data check and discipline integration. This thesis designs three tests for the use of cadastral domain model:assistant service based on concept ontology, cadastral process control based on process ontology and data check based on spatial ontology.
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