聚噻吩与多糖类天然高分子复合物的研究
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摘要
很多器官如神经、骨、皮肤、肝、心脏、软骨、血管、腱、韧带等都可以通过组织工程的方法再生,组织工程学家感兴趣的是那些具有良好机械和物理性能,而且具有生物活性可以促进组织细胞再生的组织工程支架。体内和体外的电刺激可以促进包括末稍神经在内的组织再生。导电聚合物,特别是聚苯胺、聚吡咯、聚噻吩和聚苯撑及其衍生物由于具有可调的光、电特性及良好的加工性能,在过去的30年间引起了科学家们的广泛关注。其中,聚3-噻吩乙酸(PTAA)和聚3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩(PEDOT)由于其自身具备的优良特性而成为最受关注、最有希望得到广泛应用的聚噻吩衍生物。
多糖是生物体内除蛋白质和核酸以外的另一类重要的生物大分子,广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物体内,发挥着重要的生理功能。多糖是由单糖通过糖苷键连接而成的一种天然高分子,多糖与导电高分子的复合材料融合了多糖固有的生物活性、生物相容性及生物可降解性以及导电高分子的导电性,是一类具有电活性的、生物相容的,而且可以生物降解的新型组织工程材料,可促进末梢神经等组织的再生。
本文制备了三类多糖与聚噻吩的复合物,分别是(1)甲基纤维素(MC)与PTAA的铵盐(PTAA-NH4)或钠盐(PTAA-Na)的混合溶液,(2)可德胶(Curdlan)与PEDOT的水分散液以及可德胶与PEDOT的复合膜,(3)羧甲基纤维素、透明质酸钠、黄原胶、果胶及结冷胶等聚阴离子掺杂的PEDOT膜,并对上述三类复合物进行了系统的研究,主要内容及结论如下:
1.制备了MC与PTAA-NH4或PTAA-Na的混合溶液,系统研究了PTAA-NH4和PTAA-Na对MC溶液的流变学及热力学性质的影响。为了更好地描述MC与PTAA-NH4或PTAA-Na混合溶液的稳态剪切性质,采用指数定律和Cross模型对实验数据进行了模拟,所有的样品均能较好地符合指数定律和Cross模型。MC与PTAA-NH4或PTAA-Na混合溶液的剪切变稀性质比MC溶液更显著,且体系的假塑性随PTAA-NH4或PTAA-Na浓度的增加而增强。PTAA-NH4或PTAA-Na对MC溶液有显著的协同增粘作用,这种增粘作用与剪切速率的大小有关,表明PTAA-NH4或PTAA-Na与MC之间存在特殊的相互作用。PTAA-NH4与MC之间的协同作用要强于PTAA-Na与MC之间的协同作用。流变学和DSC测试都表明,向MC溶液中加入PTAA-NH4或PTAA-Na不会改变MC凝胶或解凝胶(degelation)的本质,但会抑制MC的凝胶,随PTAA-NH4或PTAA-Na浓度的增加,凝胶转变温度升高。当PTAA-NH4的浓度大于0.15%或PTAA-Na的浓度大于0.35%时,在低温下也可以观察到混合溶液的弱凝胶(weak-gel like)行为。
2.制备了Curdlan与PEDOT的水分散液以及Curdlan与PEDOT的复合膜。Curdlan与PEDOT的水分散液表现出显著的剪切变稀性质,表观粘度低于相同浓度的Curdlan悬浮液,但随PEDOT加入量的增加,表观粘度有所增加。流变学和DSC测试都表明,由Curdlan与PEDOT的水分散液制得的低强度凝胶(low-set gel)的热可逆性要低于从相同浓度的Curdlan水分散液制备的低强度凝胶,但随PEDOT加入量的增加,其热可逆性有所增加。在较低湿度下,Curdlan膜电阻很大,加入PEDOT能有效地降低其表面电阻率。湿度较高时,Curdlan膜本身有很好的导电性,湿度越高,加入PEDOT对其表面电阻率的影响越不显著。Curdlan膜及PEDOT-Curdlan复合膜的表面电阻率具有湿度依赖性,有望用作湿度传感器。
3.以羧甲基纤维素、透明质酸钠、黄原胶、果胶及结冷胶等聚阴离子多糖作为电解质及掺杂剂,并选用聚对苯乙烯磺酸钠、聚丙烯酸钠等聚阴离子以及硝酸钾、硫酸钾等无机盐作对比,在水体系中通过电化学聚合的方法制备了不同电解质掺杂的PEDOT。采用线性扫描伏安法(LSV)研究了聚合时电极、pH值、聚合电位及掺杂阴离子种类对3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩(EDOT)电化学聚合的影响。实验表明氧化铟锡(ITO)导电玻璃适合于作为EDOT聚合的电极;合适的聚合电位应该在EDOT在各种电解质溶液中的氧化电位和过氧化电位之间,约为1.2 V;在酸性条件下,EDOT具有较低的聚合开始电位和过氧化电位,本文采用的9种电解质溶液合适的pH范围在6~8之间,但聚丙烯酸钠溶液必须调节至酸性才能使用。红外光谱分析表明本文采用的所有种类的阴离子都可以成功掺杂PEDOT。采用循环伏安法研究了各种阴离子掺杂的PEDOT膜的电化学性质,结果表明阴离子掺杂的PEDOT膜的氧化还原过程的重现性都很好,具有很好的电化学稳定性。各种电解质掺杂的PEDOT膜的氧化峰及还原峰电流均与扫描速率成正比,证明其是电活性的而且能够很好地附着在ITO导电玻璃电极表面。扫描电镜分析和划格实验表明与无机盐和合成的聚阴离子相比,天然聚阴离子多糖掺杂的PEDOT膜更光滑致密,与ITO导电玻璃的附着力更好。
There are many tissues that have been targeted for regeneration, including nerve, bone, skin, liver, heart, cartilage, vascular, tendon, and ligament. Tissue engineers are interested in making interactive scaffolds that not only perform a mechanical and physical role, but also a biological function. It is known that electrical stimulation in vivo and in vitro leads to enhanced regeneration of some tissues include peripheral nerves. Conducting polymers, especially those based on polyanilines, polypyrroles, polythiophenes and polyphenylenes, have received significant attention throughout the course of the past three decades owing to their tunable electro-optical properties and high degree of processability. Among the conducting polymers that have been developed, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and poly(3-thiophene acetic acid) (PTAA) have been considered as the two of the most successful polythiophene derivatives because of their interesting properties.
Polysaccharide is one of the three important biomacrmolecules besides protein and nucleic acid. It widely exists in the body of animal, plant and microorganism and possessing important physiological functions. Polysaccharides are naturally produced polymers of simple sugar building blocks with inherently desirable bioactivity, biocompatibility and biodegradability. It has been reported that conducting polymer-polysaccharides composites could be electroactive, biodegradable, and biocompatible materials and used to enhance the regeneration of severed peripheral nerves and other tissues.
In this work, three kinds of blends were prepared and systematically studied. The first one was the aqueous mixtures of methylcellulose (MC) and the salts of PTAA, the second was the aqueous dispersion and the composite film of curdlan and PEDOT, and the last one was the PEDOT film doped with polyanionic polysaccharides such as carboxymethylcellulose, hyaluronan, xanthan, pectin and gellan gum. The main contents and conclusions are listed as follows.
1. The aqueous mixtures of polysaccharide of MC and two kinds of salts of PTAA, ammonium poly(3-thiophene acetic acid) (PTAA-NH4) and sodium poly(3-thiophene acetic acid) (PTAA-Na) were prepared. The effects of PTAA-NH4 and PTAA-Na on the rheological and thermal properties of MC solution were investigated. The ?ow curves could be satisfactorily ?tted by the power law and Cross model. The mixture solutions of MC and PTAA-NH4 or PTAA-Na showed more remarkable shear thinning behavior than pure MC solutions at low temperatures. The pseudoplastic character of the mixtures became more pronounced as the concentration of PTAA-NH4 or PTAA-Na increased. Significant viscous synergism depending on shear rate and concentration of PTAA-NH4 or PTAA-Na was found for the mixtures, indicating a special interaction between the two amphiphilic polymers of MC and PTAA-NH4 or PTAA-Na. PTAA-NH4 has more significant synergistic effect with MC than PTAA-Na. In comparison with pure MC solutions, the mixtures showed much more evident shear thinning characteristics. When the concentration of PTAA-NH4 added was higher than 0.15%, or the concentration of PTAA-Na added was higher than 0.35%, weak gel-like behavior of the mixtures was also observed at low temperatures. In addition, though the gelation and degelation patterns of MC were not changed by the addition of PTAA-NH4 or PTAA-Na, both rheological and calorimetric measurements showed that the presence of PTAA-NH4 or PTAA-Na shifted the sol-gel transition temperature of MC solution to higher temperature with increasing of the concentration of PTAA-NH4.
2. The aqueous dispersion and the composite film of curdlan and PEDOT were prepared. The aqueous dispersion of curdlan and PEDOT showed remarkable shear thinning behavior. The apparent viscosity and storage modulus of the aqueous dispersion of curdlan and PEDOT were lower than the curdlan aqueous suspension of the same concentration of curdlan, but increased with the concentration of PEDOT. Both rheological and calorimetric measurements showed that the thermal reversibility of the low-set gel formed from the aqueous dispersion of curdlan and PEDOT were lower than the low set-gel formed from the curdlan aqueous suspension of the same concentration of curdlan, but the thermal irreversibility increased with the concentration of PEDOT. Under low relative humidity, the resistance of the curdlan film was very big, and the presence of PEDOT could reduce resistance obviously. With the increase of relative humidity, the influence of PEDOT on the resistance of the curdlan film getting smaller. The resistance of the curdlan film and the composite film of curdlan and PEDOT changes with the relative humidity, so the films could be used as humidity sensor.
3. PEDOT doped with polyanionic polysaccharides such as carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium hyaluronate, xanthan gum, pectin, gellan gum were prepared by electropolymerization in aqueous solutions. Some other dopants of potassium nitrate, potassium sulfate, sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) and sodium polyacrylate were used in comparison with the polyanionic polysaccharides. The optimum working electrodes, potential range and pH to obtain the electroactive PEDOT films were determined from the experiments of linear sweep voltammetry. The experiments indicated that indium tin oxid (ITO) conductive glass was suitable for the electrochemical polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) in aqueous solution and the potential should be about 1.2 V which was between the oxidation potential and the overoxidation potential of EDOT in the solutions used. It was found that at acidic conditions, EDOT had lower polymerization and overoxidation potentials; the optimum pH range for film forming was 6-8 except sodium polyacrylate system, in which PEDOT film can only be formed under acidic conditions. The infrared spectra confirmed that all the anions were successfully doped into the PEDOT films. The electrochemical properties and stability of the obtained PEDOT films were also investigated. Results showed that the dopant had a great influence on the electrochemical synthesis and property of the PEDOT film. The PEDOT films doped with natural polyanionic polysaccharides were smoother and denser than those doped with inorganic salts and synthetic polyanions. In addition, the PEDOT films doped with natural polyanionic polysaccharides were of more stable electrochemical properties and better adhesion properties to the ITO conductive glass.
多糖是生物体内除蛋白质和核酸以外的另一类重要的生物大分子,广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物体内,发挥着重要的生理功能。多糖是由单糖通过糖苷键连接而成的一种天然高分子,多糖与导电高分子的复合材料融合了多糖固有的生物活性、生物相容性及生物可降解性以及导电高分子的导电性,是一类具有电活性的、生物相容的,而且可以生物降解的新型组织工程材料,可促进末梢神经等组织的再生。
本文制备了三类多糖与聚噻吩的复合物,分别是(1)甲基纤维素(MC)与PTAA的铵盐(PTAA-NH4)或钠盐(PTAA-Na)的混合溶液,(2)可德胶(Curdlan)与PEDOT的水分散液以及可德胶与PEDOT的复合膜,(3)羧甲基纤维素、透明质酸钠、黄原胶、果胶及结冷胶等聚阴离子掺杂的PEDOT膜,并对上述三类复合物进行了系统的研究,主要内容及结论如下:
1.制备了MC与PTAA-NH4或PTAA-Na的混合溶液,系统研究了PTAA-NH4和PTAA-Na对MC溶液的流变学及热力学性质的影响。为了更好地描述MC与PTAA-NH4或PTAA-Na混合溶液的稳态剪切性质,采用指数定律和Cross模型对实验数据进行了模拟,所有的样品均能较好地符合指数定律和Cross模型。MC与PTAA-NH4或PTAA-Na混合溶液的剪切变稀性质比MC溶液更显著,且体系的假塑性随PTAA-NH4或PTAA-Na浓度的增加而增强。PTAA-NH4或PTAA-Na对MC溶液有显著的协同增粘作用,这种增粘作用与剪切速率的大小有关,表明PTAA-NH4或PTAA-Na与MC之间存在特殊的相互作用。PTAA-NH4与MC之间的协同作用要强于PTAA-Na与MC之间的协同作用。流变学和DSC测试都表明,向MC溶液中加入PTAA-NH4或PTAA-Na不会改变MC凝胶或解凝胶(degelation)的本质,但会抑制MC的凝胶,随PTAA-NH4或PTAA-Na浓度的增加,凝胶转变温度升高。当PTAA-NH4的浓度大于0.15%或PTAA-Na的浓度大于0.35%时,在低温下也可以观察到混合溶液的弱凝胶(weak-gel like)行为。
2.制备了Curdlan与PEDOT的水分散液以及Curdlan与PEDOT的复合膜。Curdlan与PEDOT的水分散液表现出显著的剪切变稀性质,表观粘度低于相同浓度的Curdlan悬浮液,但随PEDOT加入量的增加,表观粘度有所增加。流变学和DSC测试都表明,由Curdlan与PEDOT的水分散液制得的低强度凝胶(low-set gel)的热可逆性要低于从相同浓度的Curdlan水分散液制备的低强度凝胶,但随PEDOT加入量的增加,其热可逆性有所增加。在较低湿度下,Curdlan膜电阻很大,加入PEDOT能有效地降低其表面电阻率。湿度较高时,Curdlan膜本身有很好的导电性,湿度越高,加入PEDOT对其表面电阻率的影响越不显著。Curdlan膜及PEDOT-Curdlan复合膜的表面电阻率具有湿度依赖性,有望用作湿度传感器。
3.以羧甲基纤维素、透明质酸钠、黄原胶、果胶及结冷胶等聚阴离子多糖作为电解质及掺杂剂,并选用聚对苯乙烯磺酸钠、聚丙烯酸钠等聚阴离子以及硝酸钾、硫酸钾等无机盐作对比,在水体系中通过电化学聚合的方法制备了不同电解质掺杂的PEDOT。采用线性扫描伏安法(LSV)研究了聚合时电极、pH值、聚合电位及掺杂阴离子种类对3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩(EDOT)电化学聚合的影响。实验表明氧化铟锡(ITO)导电玻璃适合于作为EDOT聚合的电极;合适的聚合电位应该在EDOT在各种电解质溶液中的氧化电位和过氧化电位之间,约为1.2 V;在酸性条件下,EDOT具有较低的聚合开始电位和过氧化电位,本文采用的9种电解质溶液合适的pH范围在6~8之间,但聚丙烯酸钠溶液必须调节至酸性才能使用。红外光谱分析表明本文采用的所有种类的阴离子都可以成功掺杂PEDOT。采用循环伏安法研究了各种阴离子掺杂的PEDOT膜的电化学性质,结果表明阴离子掺杂的PEDOT膜的氧化还原过程的重现性都很好,具有很好的电化学稳定性。各种电解质掺杂的PEDOT膜的氧化峰及还原峰电流均与扫描速率成正比,证明其是电活性的而且能够很好地附着在ITO导电玻璃电极表面。扫描电镜分析和划格实验表明与无机盐和合成的聚阴离子相比,天然聚阴离子多糖掺杂的PEDOT膜更光滑致密,与ITO导电玻璃的附着力更好。
There are many tissues that have been targeted for regeneration, including nerve, bone, skin, liver, heart, cartilage, vascular, tendon, and ligament. Tissue engineers are interested in making interactive scaffolds that not only perform a mechanical and physical role, but also a biological function. It is known that electrical stimulation in vivo and in vitro leads to enhanced regeneration of some tissues include peripheral nerves. Conducting polymers, especially those based on polyanilines, polypyrroles, polythiophenes and polyphenylenes, have received significant attention throughout the course of the past three decades owing to their tunable electro-optical properties and high degree of processability. Among the conducting polymers that have been developed, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and poly(3-thiophene acetic acid) (PTAA) have been considered as the two of the most successful polythiophene derivatives because of their interesting properties.
Polysaccharide is one of the three important biomacrmolecules besides protein and nucleic acid. It widely exists in the body of animal, plant and microorganism and possessing important physiological functions. Polysaccharides are naturally produced polymers of simple sugar building blocks with inherently desirable bioactivity, biocompatibility and biodegradability. It has been reported that conducting polymer-polysaccharides composites could be electroactive, biodegradable, and biocompatible materials and used to enhance the regeneration of severed peripheral nerves and other tissues.
In this work, three kinds of blends were prepared and systematically studied. The first one was the aqueous mixtures of methylcellulose (MC) and the salts of PTAA, the second was the aqueous dispersion and the composite film of curdlan and PEDOT, and the last one was the PEDOT film doped with polyanionic polysaccharides such as carboxymethylcellulose, hyaluronan, xanthan, pectin and gellan gum. The main contents and conclusions are listed as follows.
1. The aqueous mixtures of polysaccharide of MC and two kinds of salts of PTAA, ammonium poly(3-thiophene acetic acid) (PTAA-NH4) and sodium poly(3-thiophene acetic acid) (PTAA-Na) were prepared. The effects of PTAA-NH4 and PTAA-Na on the rheological and thermal properties of MC solution were investigated. The ?ow curves could be satisfactorily ?tted by the power law and Cross model. The mixture solutions of MC and PTAA-NH4 or PTAA-Na showed more remarkable shear thinning behavior than pure MC solutions at low temperatures. The pseudoplastic character of the mixtures became more pronounced as the concentration of PTAA-NH4 or PTAA-Na increased. Significant viscous synergism depending on shear rate and concentration of PTAA-NH4 or PTAA-Na was found for the mixtures, indicating a special interaction between the two amphiphilic polymers of MC and PTAA-NH4 or PTAA-Na. PTAA-NH4 has more significant synergistic effect with MC than PTAA-Na. In comparison with pure MC solutions, the mixtures showed much more evident shear thinning characteristics. When the concentration of PTAA-NH4 added was higher than 0.15%, or the concentration of PTAA-Na added was higher than 0.35%, weak gel-like behavior of the mixtures was also observed at low temperatures. In addition, though the gelation and degelation patterns of MC were not changed by the addition of PTAA-NH4 or PTAA-Na, both rheological and calorimetric measurements showed that the presence of PTAA-NH4 or PTAA-Na shifted the sol-gel transition temperature of MC solution to higher temperature with increasing of the concentration of PTAA-NH4.
2. The aqueous dispersion and the composite film of curdlan and PEDOT were prepared. The aqueous dispersion of curdlan and PEDOT showed remarkable shear thinning behavior. The apparent viscosity and storage modulus of the aqueous dispersion of curdlan and PEDOT were lower than the curdlan aqueous suspension of the same concentration of curdlan, but increased with the concentration of PEDOT. Both rheological and calorimetric measurements showed that the thermal reversibility of the low-set gel formed from the aqueous dispersion of curdlan and PEDOT were lower than the low set-gel formed from the curdlan aqueous suspension of the same concentration of curdlan, but the thermal irreversibility increased with the concentration of PEDOT. Under low relative humidity, the resistance of the curdlan film was very big, and the presence of PEDOT could reduce resistance obviously. With the increase of relative humidity, the influence of PEDOT on the resistance of the curdlan film getting smaller. The resistance of the curdlan film and the composite film of curdlan and PEDOT changes with the relative humidity, so the films could be used as humidity sensor.
3. PEDOT doped with polyanionic polysaccharides such as carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium hyaluronate, xanthan gum, pectin, gellan gum were prepared by electropolymerization in aqueous solutions. Some other dopants of potassium nitrate, potassium sulfate, sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) and sodium polyacrylate were used in comparison with the polyanionic polysaccharides. The optimum working electrodes, potential range and pH to obtain the electroactive PEDOT films were determined from the experiments of linear sweep voltammetry. The experiments indicated that indium tin oxid (ITO) conductive glass was suitable for the electrochemical polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) in aqueous solution and the potential should be about 1.2 V which was between the oxidation potential and the overoxidation potential of EDOT in the solutions used. It was found that at acidic conditions, EDOT had lower polymerization and overoxidation potentials; the optimum pH range for film forming was 6-8 except sodium polyacrylate system, in which PEDOT film can only be formed under acidic conditions. The infrared spectra confirmed that all the anions were successfully doped into the PEDOT films. The electrochemical properties and stability of the obtained PEDOT films were also investigated. Results showed that the dopant had a great influence on the electrochemical synthesis and property of the PEDOT film. The PEDOT films doped with natural polyanionic polysaccharides were smoother and denser than those doped with inorganic salts and synthetic polyanions. In addition, the PEDOT films doped with natural polyanionic polysaccharides were of more stable electrochemical properties and better adhesion properties to the ITO conductive glass.
引文
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