加减白虎汤散剂缓解奶牛热应激的效果及其机理研究
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摘要
本研究以缓解泌乳奶牛热应激为目标,在对浙江省奶牛主产区气候条件与生产现状调研的基础上,以清热解暑中药添加剂调控泌乳奶牛热应激为切入点,构建并筛选出加减白虎汤中药方剂,并通过其对奶牛采食行为和体外瘤胃发酵的效果试验,明确了较佳的用药时机；在此基础上,研究该复方散剂对中国荷斯坦奶牛泌乳性能、体热平衡、代谢和免疫功能的影响,利用组合赋权法建立其缓解奶牛热应激的药效评价模型,初步确定了加减白虎汤散剂缓解奶牛热应激的主要作用靶标。
1.浙江省奶牛主产区气候与生产现状调研
浙江省奶牛主要分布在金华地区和杭州地区,2个产区6-9月份的温湿指数(THI)在75-80之间波动,易诱发奶牛热应激。其中,7、8月份的日最低温度在25℃以上,表明奶牛24h内处于持续热应激状态2个月左右。夏季高温对泌乳早期奶牛的产奶损失较大,其次是泌乳中期奶牛。为规避夏季高温风险,奶牛养殖者采用季节性生产策略,夏季管理重点是产奶牛的产量,其次是奶牛的健康。新建牛舍多为散栏饲养的开放自然通风牛舍,安装了风扇、水空调等降温措施,积极调整日粮配方,补充维生素、矿物质、酵母培养物和过瘤胃蛋氨酸等,但奶牛夏季生产表现仍不尽人意。因此,有必要研发缓解奶牛热应激的新型饲料添加剂。
2.不同中草药添加剂缓解奶牛热应激的效果研究
为筛选缓解奶牛热应激的中药添加剂,构建了2种加减白虎汤中药组方A和B,并与大青叶提取物进行比较。选择同一栋牛舍的82头泌乳中期奶牛,随机分为8个区组,分别接受4个处理,每个处理有南、北区组各1个。四个处理分别为对照组C、加减白虎汤A、加减白虎汤B、大青叶提取物T, A、B、T组每头牛每天分别补饲150克、120克、15克中草药添加剂。结果发现,加减白虎汤A、B组产奶量分别比对照组提高7.2%、7.7%,差异显著。大青叶提取物组奶产量与对照组接近。加减白虎汤具有降低奶牛直肠温度,增加呼吸频率的趋势。加减白虎汤A、B组奶牛血浆IL-2R与IL-2比值较对照组分别高87.3%和101.6%。总体来看,加减白虎汤B缓解奶牛热应激的效果较好。
3.不同中草药添加剂对奶牛采食行为和体外瘤胃发酵的影响
针对个别奶牛不喜食加减白虎汤的问题,进行了3种清热解暑中药复方散剂对奶牛采食行为的观测研究。将40头泌乳末期的中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,分别接受4种处理,即对照组、清热健胃组、清暑组和加减白虎汤组。对照组饲喂全混合日粮,另3个处理组每日每头分别补饲清热健胃散、清暑散和加减白虎汤散剂各150克。清热健胃散和清暑散选自中华人民共和国兽药典,加减白虎汤为筛选的B组方。结果发现,在奶牛处于轻度热应激时添加中药对奶牛采食行为影响不大,仅在第一天早饲时影响采食速度。全天采食量与牛舍各时点的温度和THI极显著负相关,而全天采食速度与气象指标相关不显著。由于试验期采食量呈持续下降趋势,试验后期产奶效率较高,所有牛在试验期体重减少20-30kg,表明奶牛在试验期间动用自身体储维持产奶。
进一步通过体外试验,研究3种清热解暑中药复方散剂对40℃培养下瘤胃发酵参数的影响。结果发现,清热解暑中药复方散剂对瘤胃发酵后期的产气量、pH值、VFA和NH3-N浓度等参数影响不显著,仅对发酵早期的产气量、pH值和VFA浓度产生了显著负面影响。加减白虎汤可致培养3h的乙酸比例降低,丁酸和丙酸比例增加,而培养6h溶纤维丁酸弧菌和黄色瘤胃球菌比例增加,提示加减白虎汤可能通过调控瘤胃微生物区系而导致发酵产物的变化。
4.加减白虎汤散剂对中国荷斯坦奶牛泌乳性能与生理生化的影响
利用筛选到的加减白虎汤方剂,系统研究了该复方以散剂形式补饲对中国荷斯坦奶牛泌乳性能、体热平衡、代谢模式和免疫性状的影响。采用随机区组设计,将20头泌乳中期的中国荷斯坦奶牛分为对照组和加减白虎汤散剂组。所有牛饲喂相同的TMR日粮,处理组每天每头添加120克加减白虎汤。加减白虎汤对热应激奶牛的采食量没有影响,可显著提高牛乳脂率。处理组3.5%乳脂校正产奶量较对照组每天提高1.1kg,组间差异不显著。加减白虎汤可显著增加热应激奶牛呼吸频率和心率,而对直肠温度影响不大。虽然处理组的全血和血浆粘度、红细胞聚集指数等血流变指标有低于对照组趋势,但统计上差异不显著。加减白虎汤具有提高血浆游离脂肪酸的趋势,对血糖、尿素氮和相关激素的分泌影响不显著。加减白虎汤显著降低血浆中的羟自由基和红细胞中过氧化氢的含量,对总抗氧化能力和脂质过氧化产物等指标影响不显著。加减白虎汤具有减少外周血红细胞数和白细胞数的趋势,对血红蛋白浓度和红细胞压积影响不大。加减白虎汤可显著提高外周血浆cGMP勺浓度,对cAMP影响不显著,cAMP/cGMP比值基本不变。加减白虎汤具有降低外周血浆IL-1的趋势,对血浆IL-6、PGE2浓度影响不大。综上,加减白虎汤对热应激奶牛产奶性能、体热平衡、氧化应激和免疫性状均有正向调控效果。
5.加减白虎汤散剂缓解奶牛热应激的机理研究
利用组合赋权法,选择4个准则(产奶性能、生理指标、代谢模式、免疫性状)支配下的16个指标(产奶量、3.5%FCM、干物质采食量、直肠温度、呼吸频率、心率、血浆尿素氮、血浆游离脂肪酸、超氧化物歧化酶、羟自由基、丙二醛、白细胞、红细胞、IL-1、IL-6、cGMP等),对加减白虎汤缓解奶牛热应激进行药效评价。首先用倒数法将直肠温度、血浆游离脂肪酸、羟自由基、丙二醛、白细胞、红细胞、IL-1、IL-6等逆向指标正向化,所有正向化数据除以各指标的均值,得到各指标的标准化数据。采用均方差法对各指标进行客观赋权,采用层次分析法对准则层和指标层进行主观赋权。将客观赋权法得到的结构性权重与层次分析法得到的内涵性权重进行组合,得到各指标的组合权重,剔除掉9个权重过小指标,对7个主要指标进行归一化处理,建立加减白虎汤缓解奶牛热应激线性评价模型。利用该模型对处理组和对照组的7个指标进行综合评分,发现加减白虎汤缓解奶牛热应激的主要靶标在于减少外周血白细胞数,其次是降低血浆中的羟自由基、提高3.5%乳脂校正产奶量。
综上所述,浙江省6-9月份易诱发奶牛热应激,其中7、8月份奶牛处于持续热应激状态。构建并筛选的加减白虎汤散剂可改善热应激奶牛产奶性能,降低血细胞浓度,缓解血液氧化应激状态,并增加呼吸频率和心率,提高血管舒张因子cGMP浓度,以促进牛体散热。加减白虎汤散剂缓解奶牛热应激的主要靶标在于减少外周血白细胞数,降低血浆中的羟自由基。加减白虎汤散剂适宜在奶牛处于轻度热应激时添加。
This study was conducted to alleviate heat stress in lactating cows. Based on the investigation of meterological data and dairy production in Zhejiang Province, heat-alleviating decoction was chosen to improve the heat tolerance of dairy cattle. One modified Baihu-decoction powder (BDP) was constructed and selected as the dietary additive. The suitable applying time was investigated through eating behavior and rumen fermentation trial in vitro. Further study was conducted to detect effects of BDP on lactating performance, thermal and metabolism status, and immune traits in heat-stressed cows. A method to integrate subjective and objective weighting was used to evaluate the main effect of BDP under heat stress. The targets through which BDP alleviates heat stress was made clear in lactating cows.
1. Survey on meterological data and dairy production in main milk-producing areas in Zhejiang Province
In Zhejiang Province, dairy cows are mainly distributed in Jinhua and Hangzhou Prefectures. Daily temperature and humidity index (THI) ranged from75to80from June to September in these regions. The minimum temperature is above25℃in July and August, suggesting that the dairy cows would endure heat stress in the whole days during these two months. Milk yield declines sharply in the early-lactation cows when exposed to summer heat, followed by mid-lactation cows. To alleviate heat stress, dairy farmers have adopted seasonal production strategy. In summer, milk production is the first management focus, and the health of the cows is considered. Natural ventilation barns are built and installed with fans, sometimes water air conditioners. Total mixed ration (TMR) is reformulated to account for the reduced dry matter intake (DMI) and increased nutrient requirements. Some vitamins and minerals are also supplemented. Although various measures are applied, milk production level is still unsatisfactory. DMI by dairy cows in June is similar to that in May, but milk yield would decline by10percent. In July, DMI is reduced to the lowest, while the cows mobilize body reserve to maintain milk production. In August and September, DMI recovers gradually, but feed efficiency keeps low.
2. Effects of different Chinese medicine additives on alleviation heat stress in cows
This study was conducted to select optimal Chinese medicine additives to alleviate the heat stress in dairy cows. Two BDP additives were built and compared with Indigowoad Leaf extract. Eighty-two mid-lactating cows were randomly allocated into eight blocks to receive four treatments, one south and one north block for each treatment. Dietary treatments included control and three treatment diets containing150g BDP-A,120g BDP-B, or15g Indigowoad Leaf extracts, respectively. Addition of BDP A and B could increase milk yield by7.2and7.7%, respectively. The BDPs tended to depress the rectal temperature and increase the respiration rate. Ratio of plasma IL-2R to IL-2was87.3and101.6%higher in the BDP-A and B added treatments, respectively. Overall, BDP-B was superior to other additives to alleviate heat stress for dairy cows.
3. Feeding behavior and rumen fermentation in vitro in dairy cows influenced by different Chinese medicine additives
In the above feeding trial, some cows did not prefer to BDP. In this trial, three heat-clearing decoctions were used to detect their effects on feeding behavior of lactating cows. Forty late-lactating Holstein cows were randomly allocated to four groups to receive four treatments:control, heat-clearing and stomachic decoction, summer-heat clearing decoction and BDP. All cows were fed the same basal TMR and added without or with one of the three decoctions at a dose of150g per day per head. The DMI was negatively correlated to barn temperature and THI (P<0.01). No significant response was observed of feed behavior to heat-clearing herb decoctions addition when the cows were in weak heat stress. Because of constantly decreased DMI with the trial period, feed efficiency was higher in the latter period, and all the cows lost their body weight of20to30kg during the trial, suggesting that cows mobilized body reserve to maintain milk production.
An in vitro trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of the above3heat-clearing decoction on rumen fermentation and microflora. Heat-clearing decoctions decreased gas and volatile fatty acid production and increased pH in early fermentation stage, while fermentation parameters did not change from12to24h. Addition of BDP significantly decreased acetate proportion in rumen fluid at3h, with the increased propionate and butyric acid proportion, while Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and R. flavefaciens proportion at6h was increased in BDP group. It seems that BDP may change fermentation pattern via regulating rumen microflora.
4. Lactation performance and physiological function of Chinese Holstein cows influenced by BDP
Using the selected BDP, a study was conducted to evaluate its effects on lactation performance, thermal status and immune traits in lactating cows during hot season. Twenty mid-lactating cows were used in a randomized block design. The cows in each group were fed the same basal diet and added without or with120g BDP. Addition of BDP had no effect on DMI and milk yield, but significantly increased milk fat percent, with1.1kg more fat corrected milk (FCM) higher in the BDP-group. Rectal temperature did not change in cows fed BDP, while respiration rate and heart rate were significantly increased by BDP. There were no significant differences in the peripheral blood rheology and whole hemacyte indexes between two treatments, but all the indices were numerically lower in the cows fed BDP. Addition of BDP significantly increased plasma concentration of non-esterisfied fatty acids (NEFA), while there were no changes in plasma concentration of urea nitrogen (PUN), glucose and some related hormones. No significant differences were detected for total anti-oxidant capacity and MDA assay between two treatments, while concentration of hydroxyl in plasma and peroxide in erythrocyte significantly decreased by addition of BDP. BDP tended to decrease WBC and RBC in peripheral blood, while PCV and HGB not changed. Concentration of cGMP was significantly improved by addition of BDP, while cAMP to cGMP ratio did not change. Addition of BDP tended to decrease IL-1β concentration. No significant differences were observed for IL-6and prostaglandin E2assay between two treatments. From the results in this study, it is indicated that BDP could alleviate the negative effects of environment-induced hyperthermia on lactating cows.
5. Comprehensive evaluation of BDP as anti-heat stress additive for dairy cows
A method to integrate subjective and objective weighting was used to evaluate the main effect of BDP under heat stress. Based on the data in dairy feeding trial,16indices were chosen to evaluate BDP effects on cows'heat stress. These indices included milk yield,3.5%FCM, DMI, rectal temperature, respiration rate, PUN, NEFA, superoxide dismutase, MDA, hydroxyl, white blood cell, red blood cell, IL-1, IL-6and cGMP. For reverse indices such as rectal temperature, PUN, NEFA, H2O2, MDA, IL-1and IL-6, their reciprocal was taken before standardized processing. All the forward indices data were divided by the individual average to obtain non-dismentionized data. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to give objective weight based on4guidelines (lactation performance, thermal status, metabolic state and immune traits). Subjective weight was calculated by mean square method. Factors weights were calculated by combination of the subjective with objective weight. Nine indices were rejected for too low weight. Finally, a lineal model was built with seven indices.The score for BDP and control group was calculated by applying the linear model. It is observed that the first target through which BDP alleviated heat stress was white blood cell in peripheral blood, and followed by hydroxyl in plasma.
Above all, weather conditions from June to September probably induce heat stress in dairy cows in Zhejiang Province, while cows may endure constant heat load during July and August. Addition of BDP could increase respiration rate and heart rate, and reduce blood cell content along with increased cGMP. The selected BDP may improve lactation performance and alleviate blood oxidative stress. The BDP is suitable for addition in diet for dairy cows in weak heat stress.
1.浙江省奶牛主产区气候与生产现状调研
浙江省奶牛主要分布在金华地区和杭州地区,2个产区6-9月份的温湿指数(THI)在75-80之间波动,易诱发奶牛热应激。其中,7、8月份的日最低温度在25℃以上,表明奶牛24h内处于持续热应激状态2个月左右。夏季高温对泌乳早期奶牛的产奶损失较大,其次是泌乳中期奶牛。为规避夏季高温风险,奶牛养殖者采用季节性生产策略,夏季管理重点是产奶牛的产量,其次是奶牛的健康。新建牛舍多为散栏饲养的开放自然通风牛舍,安装了风扇、水空调等降温措施,积极调整日粮配方,补充维生素、矿物质、酵母培养物和过瘤胃蛋氨酸等,但奶牛夏季生产表现仍不尽人意。因此,有必要研发缓解奶牛热应激的新型饲料添加剂。
2.不同中草药添加剂缓解奶牛热应激的效果研究
为筛选缓解奶牛热应激的中药添加剂,构建了2种加减白虎汤中药组方A和B,并与大青叶提取物进行比较。选择同一栋牛舍的82头泌乳中期奶牛,随机分为8个区组,分别接受4个处理,每个处理有南、北区组各1个。四个处理分别为对照组C、加减白虎汤A、加减白虎汤B、大青叶提取物T, A、B、T组每头牛每天分别补饲150克、120克、15克中草药添加剂。结果发现,加减白虎汤A、B组产奶量分别比对照组提高7.2%、7.7%,差异显著。大青叶提取物组奶产量与对照组接近。加减白虎汤具有降低奶牛直肠温度,增加呼吸频率的趋势。加减白虎汤A、B组奶牛血浆IL-2R与IL-2比值较对照组分别高87.3%和101.6%。总体来看,加减白虎汤B缓解奶牛热应激的效果较好。
3.不同中草药添加剂对奶牛采食行为和体外瘤胃发酵的影响
针对个别奶牛不喜食加减白虎汤的问题,进行了3种清热解暑中药复方散剂对奶牛采食行为的观测研究。将40头泌乳末期的中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,分别接受4种处理,即对照组、清热健胃组、清暑组和加减白虎汤组。对照组饲喂全混合日粮,另3个处理组每日每头分别补饲清热健胃散、清暑散和加减白虎汤散剂各150克。清热健胃散和清暑散选自中华人民共和国兽药典,加减白虎汤为筛选的B组方。结果发现,在奶牛处于轻度热应激时添加中药对奶牛采食行为影响不大,仅在第一天早饲时影响采食速度。全天采食量与牛舍各时点的温度和THI极显著负相关,而全天采食速度与气象指标相关不显著。由于试验期采食量呈持续下降趋势,试验后期产奶效率较高,所有牛在试验期体重减少20-30kg,表明奶牛在试验期间动用自身体储维持产奶。
进一步通过体外试验,研究3种清热解暑中药复方散剂对40℃培养下瘤胃发酵参数的影响。结果发现,清热解暑中药复方散剂对瘤胃发酵后期的产气量、pH值、VFA和NH3-N浓度等参数影响不显著,仅对发酵早期的产气量、pH值和VFA浓度产生了显著负面影响。加减白虎汤可致培养3h的乙酸比例降低,丁酸和丙酸比例增加,而培养6h溶纤维丁酸弧菌和黄色瘤胃球菌比例增加,提示加减白虎汤可能通过调控瘤胃微生物区系而导致发酵产物的变化。
4.加减白虎汤散剂对中国荷斯坦奶牛泌乳性能与生理生化的影响
利用筛选到的加减白虎汤方剂,系统研究了该复方以散剂形式补饲对中国荷斯坦奶牛泌乳性能、体热平衡、代谢模式和免疫性状的影响。采用随机区组设计,将20头泌乳中期的中国荷斯坦奶牛分为对照组和加减白虎汤散剂组。所有牛饲喂相同的TMR日粮,处理组每天每头添加120克加减白虎汤。加减白虎汤对热应激奶牛的采食量没有影响,可显著提高牛乳脂率。处理组3.5%乳脂校正产奶量较对照组每天提高1.1kg,组间差异不显著。加减白虎汤可显著增加热应激奶牛呼吸频率和心率,而对直肠温度影响不大。虽然处理组的全血和血浆粘度、红细胞聚集指数等血流变指标有低于对照组趋势,但统计上差异不显著。加减白虎汤具有提高血浆游离脂肪酸的趋势,对血糖、尿素氮和相关激素的分泌影响不显著。加减白虎汤显著降低血浆中的羟自由基和红细胞中过氧化氢的含量,对总抗氧化能力和脂质过氧化产物等指标影响不显著。加减白虎汤具有减少外周血红细胞数和白细胞数的趋势,对血红蛋白浓度和红细胞压积影响不大。加减白虎汤可显著提高外周血浆cGMP勺浓度,对cAMP影响不显著,cAMP/cGMP比值基本不变。加减白虎汤具有降低外周血浆IL-1的趋势,对血浆IL-6、PGE2浓度影响不大。综上,加减白虎汤对热应激奶牛产奶性能、体热平衡、氧化应激和免疫性状均有正向调控效果。
5.加减白虎汤散剂缓解奶牛热应激的机理研究
利用组合赋权法,选择4个准则(产奶性能、生理指标、代谢模式、免疫性状)支配下的16个指标(产奶量、3.5%FCM、干物质采食量、直肠温度、呼吸频率、心率、血浆尿素氮、血浆游离脂肪酸、超氧化物歧化酶、羟自由基、丙二醛、白细胞、红细胞、IL-1、IL-6、cGMP等),对加减白虎汤缓解奶牛热应激进行药效评价。首先用倒数法将直肠温度、血浆游离脂肪酸、羟自由基、丙二醛、白细胞、红细胞、IL-1、IL-6等逆向指标正向化,所有正向化数据除以各指标的均值,得到各指标的标准化数据。采用均方差法对各指标进行客观赋权,采用层次分析法对准则层和指标层进行主观赋权。将客观赋权法得到的结构性权重与层次分析法得到的内涵性权重进行组合,得到各指标的组合权重,剔除掉9个权重过小指标,对7个主要指标进行归一化处理,建立加减白虎汤缓解奶牛热应激线性评价模型。利用该模型对处理组和对照组的7个指标进行综合评分,发现加减白虎汤缓解奶牛热应激的主要靶标在于减少外周血白细胞数,其次是降低血浆中的羟自由基、提高3.5%乳脂校正产奶量。
综上所述,浙江省6-9月份易诱发奶牛热应激,其中7、8月份奶牛处于持续热应激状态。构建并筛选的加减白虎汤散剂可改善热应激奶牛产奶性能,降低血细胞浓度,缓解血液氧化应激状态,并增加呼吸频率和心率,提高血管舒张因子cGMP浓度,以促进牛体散热。加减白虎汤散剂缓解奶牛热应激的主要靶标在于减少外周血白细胞数,降低血浆中的羟自由基。加减白虎汤散剂适宜在奶牛处于轻度热应激时添加。
This study was conducted to alleviate heat stress in lactating cows. Based on the investigation of meterological data and dairy production in Zhejiang Province, heat-alleviating decoction was chosen to improve the heat tolerance of dairy cattle. One modified Baihu-decoction powder (BDP) was constructed and selected as the dietary additive. The suitable applying time was investigated through eating behavior and rumen fermentation trial in vitro. Further study was conducted to detect effects of BDP on lactating performance, thermal and metabolism status, and immune traits in heat-stressed cows. A method to integrate subjective and objective weighting was used to evaluate the main effect of BDP under heat stress. The targets through which BDP alleviates heat stress was made clear in lactating cows.
1. Survey on meterological data and dairy production in main milk-producing areas in Zhejiang Province
In Zhejiang Province, dairy cows are mainly distributed in Jinhua and Hangzhou Prefectures. Daily temperature and humidity index (THI) ranged from75to80from June to September in these regions. The minimum temperature is above25℃in July and August, suggesting that the dairy cows would endure heat stress in the whole days during these two months. Milk yield declines sharply in the early-lactation cows when exposed to summer heat, followed by mid-lactation cows. To alleviate heat stress, dairy farmers have adopted seasonal production strategy. In summer, milk production is the first management focus, and the health of the cows is considered. Natural ventilation barns are built and installed with fans, sometimes water air conditioners. Total mixed ration (TMR) is reformulated to account for the reduced dry matter intake (DMI) and increased nutrient requirements. Some vitamins and minerals are also supplemented. Although various measures are applied, milk production level is still unsatisfactory. DMI by dairy cows in June is similar to that in May, but milk yield would decline by10percent. In July, DMI is reduced to the lowest, while the cows mobilize body reserve to maintain milk production. In August and September, DMI recovers gradually, but feed efficiency keeps low.
2. Effects of different Chinese medicine additives on alleviation heat stress in cows
This study was conducted to select optimal Chinese medicine additives to alleviate the heat stress in dairy cows. Two BDP additives were built and compared with Indigowoad Leaf extract. Eighty-two mid-lactating cows were randomly allocated into eight blocks to receive four treatments, one south and one north block for each treatment. Dietary treatments included control and three treatment diets containing150g BDP-A,120g BDP-B, or15g Indigowoad Leaf extracts, respectively. Addition of BDP A and B could increase milk yield by7.2and7.7%, respectively. The BDPs tended to depress the rectal temperature and increase the respiration rate. Ratio of plasma IL-2R to IL-2was87.3and101.6%higher in the BDP-A and B added treatments, respectively. Overall, BDP-B was superior to other additives to alleviate heat stress for dairy cows.
3. Feeding behavior and rumen fermentation in vitro in dairy cows influenced by different Chinese medicine additives
In the above feeding trial, some cows did not prefer to BDP. In this trial, three heat-clearing decoctions were used to detect their effects on feeding behavior of lactating cows. Forty late-lactating Holstein cows were randomly allocated to four groups to receive four treatments:control, heat-clearing and stomachic decoction, summer-heat clearing decoction and BDP. All cows were fed the same basal TMR and added without or with one of the three decoctions at a dose of150g per day per head. The DMI was negatively correlated to barn temperature and THI (P<0.01). No significant response was observed of feed behavior to heat-clearing herb decoctions addition when the cows were in weak heat stress. Because of constantly decreased DMI with the trial period, feed efficiency was higher in the latter period, and all the cows lost their body weight of20to30kg during the trial, suggesting that cows mobilized body reserve to maintain milk production.
An in vitro trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of the above3heat-clearing decoction on rumen fermentation and microflora. Heat-clearing decoctions decreased gas and volatile fatty acid production and increased pH in early fermentation stage, while fermentation parameters did not change from12to24h. Addition of BDP significantly decreased acetate proportion in rumen fluid at3h, with the increased propionate and butyric acid proportion, while Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and R. flavefaciens proportion at6h was increased in BDP group. It seems that BDP may change fermentation pattern via regulating rumen microflora.
4. Lactation performance and physiological function of Chinese Holstein cows influenced by BDP
Using the selected BDP, a study was conducted to evaluate its effects on lactation performance, thermal status and immune traits in lactating cows during hot season. Twenty mid-lactating cows were used in a randomized block design. The cows in each group were fed the same basal diet and added without or with120g BDP. Addition of BDP had no effect on DMI and milk yield, but significantly increased milk fat percent, with1.1kg more fat corrected milk (FCM) higher in the BDP-group. Rectal temperature did not change in cows fed BDP, while respiration rate and heart rate were significantly increased by BDP. There were no significant differences in the peripheral blood rheology and whole hemacyte indexes between two treatments, but all the indices were numerically lower in the cows fed BDP. Addition of BDP significantly increased plasma concentration of non-esterisfied fatty acids (NEFA), while there were no changes in plasma concentration of urea nitrogen (PUN), glucose and some related hormones. No significant differences were detected for total anti-oxidant capacity and MDA assay between two treatments, while concentration of hydroxyl in plasma and peroxide in erythrocyte significantly decreased by addition of BDP. BDP tended to decrease WBC and RBC in peripheral blood, while PCV and HGB not changed. Concentration of cGMP was significantly improved by addition of BDP, while cAMP to cGMP ratio did not change. Addition of BDP tended to decrease IL-1β concentration. No significant differences were observed for IL-6and prostaglandin E2assay between two treatments. From the results in this study, it is indicated that BDP could alleviate the negative effects of environment-induced hyperthermia on lactating cows.
5. Comprehensive evaluation of BDP as anti-heat stress additive for dairy cows
A method to integrate subjective and objective weighting was used to evaluate the main effect of BDP under heat stress. Based on the data in dairy feeding trial,16indices were chosen to evaluate BDP effects on cows'heat stress. These indices included milk yield,3.5%FCM, DMI, rectal temperature, respiration rate, PUN, NEFA, superoxide dismutase, MDA, hydroxyl, white blood cell, red blood cell, IL-1, IL-6and cGMP. For reverse indices such as rectal temperature, PUN, NEFA, H2O2, MDA, IL-1and IL-6, their reciprocal was taken before standardized processing. All the forward indices data were divided by the individual average to obtain non-dismentionized data. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to give objective weight based on4guidelines (lactation performance, thermal status, metabolic state and immune traits). Subjective weight was calculated by mean square method. Factors weights were calculated by combination of the subjective with objective weight. Nine indices were rejected for too low weight. Finally, a lineal model was built with seven indices.The score for BDP and control group was calculated by applying the linear model. It is observed that the first target through which BDP alleviated heat stress was white blood cell in peripheral blood, and followed by hydroxyl in plasma.
Above all, weather conditions from June to September probably induce heat stress in dairy cows in Zhejiang Province, while cows may endure constant heat load during July and August. Addition of BDP could increase respiration rate and heart rate, and reduce blood cell content along with increased cGMP. The selected BDP may improve lactation performance and alleviate blood oxidative stress. The BDP is suitable for addition in diet for dairy cows in weak heat stress.
引文
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