沈阳地区多介质环境样品中全氟有机化合物和挥发性有机污染物分布特征及生态风险评估
|
摘要
沈阳是我国重要的重工业基地之一,数十年的工业发展将大量的有机污染物质带入周边环境中,这些污染物质在环境中积累,并通过大气、水体、土壤或食物链直接或间接地威胁人类健康。
本文以沈阳西部浑河、细河、蒲河和沈抚灌区沿岸为研究区域。通过研究挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)和全氟有机化合物(PFCs)在水、土壤和生物中的积累与分布,评估可能存在的风险。本文得到以下主要结果:
1.本研究测得沈阳市区地表水中PFOS及PFOA的平均浓度分别为1.28 ng/L和3.67 ng/L,两者污染水平相当。沈阳市水体中普遍存在PFOS和PFOA污染,但与长江三角洲相比处于较低水平。
2.在浑河的沈阳上游段,PFASs与PFCAs相比占有PFCs的比较低(PFASs/PFCAs:0.05～0.20),在流经沈阳市区后,PFASs占的比重明显增加((PFASs/PFCAs:0.24～0.53)。细河中PFASs与PFCAs的比值为0.73～1.44。
3.除了浑河与细河合并处站点的PFOS含量丰水期低于枯水期外,枯水期与丰水期的PFOS及PFOA的浓度未见明显不同。
4.沈阳市浑河、细河、蒲河,杭州市钱塘江水及上海市长江水中PFOS环境暴露浓度对鱼类、水生浮游生物及藻类的风险表征结果表明上述地区地表中PFOS属于低风险水平,上述水体不会对鱼类、水生浮游生物类及藻类产生急性毒性效应。
5.沈阳地区人群通过鱼肉、禽肉和饮用水途径摄入的PFOS及PFOA的危害比值均小于1,即不存在对当地人群的急性毒性效应。
6.沈阳地区地表水VOCs污染主要集中在细河,且细河沿岸地下水的VOCs污染严重。沈阳市彰驿镇双树坨子村处河水及地下水均受到VOCs污染,且对当地人群存在致癌风险与非致癌健康风险。
Shenyang is an important heavy industry base in northeast of China. Organic contaminants were carried into the surrounding environment with the development of economy, and these chemicals may pose immediate or potential harm to human health through air, water, soil or food chain.
The present study focused on the accumulation and distribution patterns of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) and volatile oraganic compounds (VOCs) in water, soil and some biota samples from the Hunhe River, Xihe River, Puhe River and Shenfu Irrigation Channel in the Shenyang area. Potential ecological risk was assessed based on the distribution of contaminants in multimedia. The major results were following:
1. PFOS and PFOA were ubiquitous in water body in the Shenyang area. The mean concentration of PFOS and PFOA in surface water samples from Shenyang area is 1.28 ng/L and 3.67 ng/L, much lower compared with that in water samples from the Yangtze river delta.
2. PFASs occurred at considerably lower levels than those of PFCAs in water samples from upstream of Hunhe River (PFASs/PFCAs: 0.05-0.20), and the ratio of PFASs became higher after flowing through Shenyang city (PFASs/PFCAs: 0.24-0.53). Ratio of PFASs/PFCAs was 0.73-1.44 in the Xihe River. The different contributions of PFASs and PFCAs to the total PFCs indicated that sources of PFCs were different among rivers.
3. No significant difference of PFOS and PFOA concentrations was found between water samples collected in high flow period and drought period, except that PFOS concentration in water collected in Huanglatuo in high flow period was lower than that collected in drought period.
4. Aquatic ecological risk assessment of PFOS in water bodies was performed using hazard quotient method. The result showed that the ecological risk of PFOS in water from Shenyang, Hangzhou and Shanghai is in relatively low level, suggesting no immediate harm to fish, zooplankton, and algae.
5. Public health risk through consumption of fish, poultry meat and drinking water was assessed by estimating the hazard ratio (HR). The HRs of non-cancer risk based on PFOS and PFOA concentrations were less than unity. These findings suggest that the prevalent concentrations of PFCs are unlikely to cause immediate harm to local population.
6. Detection rates of volatile organic compounds in the Xihe River were higher than that in other surface water from the Shenyang area. Both river water and ground water samples collected in the adjacent area of Shuangshutuo were polluted by VOCs and exhibit appreciable cancer risk and non-cancer risk to local residents.
本文以沈阳西部浑河、细河、蒲河和沈抚灌区沿岸为研究区域。通过研究挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)和全氟有机化合物(PFCs)在水、土壤和生物中的积累与分布,评估可能存在的风险。本文得到以下主要结果:
1.本研究测得沈阳市区地表水中PFOS及PFOA的平均浓度分别为1.28 ng/L和3.67 ng/L,两者污染水平相当。沈阳市水体中普遍存在PFOS和PFOA污染,但与长江三角洲相比处于较低水平。
2.在浑河的沈阳上游段,PFASs与PFCAs相比占有PFCs的比较低(PFASs/PFCAs:0.05～0.20),在流经沈阳市区后,PFASs占的比重明显增加((PFASs/PFCAs:0.24～0.53)。细河中PFASs与PFCAs的比值为0.73～1.44。
3.除了浑河与细河合并处站点的PFOS含量丰水期低于枯水期外,枯水期与丰水期的PFOS及PFOA的浓度未见明显不同。
4.沈阳市浑河、细河、蒲河,杭州市钱塘江水及上海市长江水中PFOS环境暴露浓度对鱼类、水生浮游生物及藻类的风险表征结果表明上述地区地表中PFOS属于低风险水平,上述水体不会对鱼类、水生浮游生物类及藻类产生急性毒性效应。
5.沈阳地区人群通过鱼肉、禽肉和饮用水途径摄入的PFOS及PFOA的危害比值均小于1,即不存在对当地人群的急性毒性效应。
6.沈阳地区地表水VOCs污染主要集中在细河,且细河沿岸地下水的VOCs污染严重。沈阳市彰驿镇双树坨子村处河水及地下水均受到VOCs污染,且对当地人群存在致癌风险与非致癌健康风险。
Shenyang is an important heavy industry base in northeast of China. Organic contaminants were carried into the surrounding environment with the development of economy, and these chemicals may pose immediate or potential harm to human health through air, water, soil or food chain.
The present study focused on the accumulation and distribution patterns of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) and volatile oraganic compounds (VOCs) in water, soil and some biota samples from the Hunhe River, Xihe River, Puhe River and Shenfu Irrigation Channel in the Shenyang area. Potential ecological risk was assessed based on the distribution of contaminants in multimedia. The major results were following:
1. PFOS and PFOA were ubiquitous in water body in the Shenyang area. The mean concentration of PFOS and PFOA in surface water samples from Shenyang area is 1.28 ng/L and 3.67 ng/L, much lower compared with that in water samples from the Yangtze river delta.
2. PFASs occurred at considerably lower levels than those of PFCAs in water samples from upstream of Hunhe River (PFASs/PFCAs: 0.05-0.20), and the ratio of PFASs became higher after flowing through Shenyang city (PFASs/PFCAs: 0.24-0.53). Ratio of PFASs/PFCAs was 0.73-1.44 in the Xihe River. The different contributions of PFASs and PFCAs to the total PFCs indicated that sources of PFCs were different among rivers.
3. No significant difference of PFOS and PFOA concentrations was found between water samples collected in high flow period and drought period, except that PFOS concentration in water collected in Huanglatuo in high flow period was lower than that collected in drought period.
4. Aquatic ecological risk assessment of PFOS in water bodies was performed using hazard quotient method. The result showed that the ecological risk of PFOS in water from Shenyang, Hangzhou and Shanghai is in relatively low level, suggesting no immediate harm to fish, zooplankton, and algae.
5. Public health risk through consumption of fish, poultry meat and drinking water was assessed by estimating the hazard ratio (HR). The HRs of non-cancer risk based on PFOS and PFOA concentrations were less than unity. These findings suggest that the prevalent concentrations of PFCs are unlikely to cause immediate harm to local population.
6. Detection rates of volatile organic compounds in the Xihe River were higher than that in other surface water from the Shenyang area. Both river water and ground water samples collected in the adjacent area of Shuangshutuo were polluted by VOCs and exhibit appreciable cancer risk and non-cancer risk to local residents.
引文
[1]祝凌艳,林加华.全氟辛酸的污染状况及环境行为研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(5):1149-1157.
[2]Houde M,Martin JW,Letcher R,Solomon KR,Muir DCG.Biological monitoring of polyfluoroalkyl substances:a review[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2006,40(11):3463-3473.
[3]Prevedouros K,Cousins IT,Buck RC,Korzeniowski SH.Sources,fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2006,40(1):32-44.
[4]金一和,汤先伟,曹秀娟,张颖花.全球性全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物环境污染及其生物效应[J].自然杂志,2002,24(6):344-348.
[5]金一和,刘晓,张迅,李彤,张颖花,齐藤宪光,佐佐木和明,小泉昭夫.人血清中全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物污染现状[J].中国公共卫生,2003,19(10):1200-1201.
[6]梅胜放.我国PFOS/PFOA的生产、应用以及国内外标准现状[J].有机氟工业,2008,1:21-25.
[7]史亚利,潘媛媛,王杰明,蔡亚岐.全氟化合物的环境问题[J].化学进展,2009,21(2/3):369-376.
[8]Abdellatif AG,Preat V,Vamecq J,Nilsson R,Roberfroid M.Peroxisome proliferation and modulation of rat liver carcinogenesis by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid,perfluorooctanoic acid and nafenopin[J].Carcinogenesis,1990,11(11):1899-1902.
[9]Abdellatif AG,Preat V,Taper HS,Roberfroid M The modulation of rat liver carcinogenesis by perfluorooctanoic acid,a peroxisome proliferator[J].Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,1999,111(3):530-537.
[10]Dzhekova-Stojkova S,Bogdanska J,Stojkova Z.Peroxisome proliferators:their biological and toxicological effects[J].Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine,2001,39(6):468-474.
[11]Panaretakis T,Shabalina IG,Grander D,Shoshan MC,DePierre JW.Reactive oxygen species and mitochondria mediate the induction of apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells by the rodent peroxisome proliferators and hepatocarcinogen,perfluorooctanoic acid[J].Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,2001,173(1):56-64.
[12]Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee Third meeting.Draft risk management evaluation:perfluorooctane sulfonate[G].UNEP/POPS/POPRC.3/13.2007,11-20.
[13]3M Company.US EPA Administrative Record,2003.
[14]Paul S.Perfluorooctane sulfonate:current summary of human sera,Health and Toxicological Data [R].Washington D C:U S Environmental Protection Agency,1999.
[15]章涛,王翠苹,孙红文.环境中全氟取代化合物的研究进展[J].安全与环境学报,2008,8(3):22-28.
[16]Glaza S.Acute oral toxicity study of T26669 in rabbits[R].Washington DC:US Environmental Protection Agency,1995.
[17]范轶欧,金一和,麻懿馨,张颖花,张晓芃,齐藤宪光.全氟辛烷磺酸对雄性大鼠生精功能的影响[J].卫生研究,2005,34(1):37-39.
[18]胡存丽,仲来福.全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟辛酸毒理学研究进展[J].中国工业医学杂志,2006,19(6):354-358.
[19]Shi XJ,Du YB,Lam PKS,Wu RSS,Zhou BS.Developmental toxicity and alteration of gene expression in zebrafish embryos exposed to PFOS[J].Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,2008,230(1):23-32.
[20]Xie Y,Yang Q,Nelson B D,DePierre JW.Characterization of the adipose tissue atrophy induced by peroxisome proliferators in mice[J].Lipids,2002,37(2):139-146.
[21]Berthiaume J,Wallace KB.Perfluorooctanoate,perflourooctanesulfonate,and N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamido ethanol;peroxisome proliferation and mitochondrial biogenesis[J].Toxicology Letters,2002,129(1-2):23-32.
[22]王昕,陈誉华.全氟辛烷磺酸基化合物(PFOS)对脑血管内皮细胞的损伤作用[J].中国现代医学杂志,2006,16(11):1646-1648.
[23]Xie Y,Yang Q,Nelson B D,DePierre JW.The relationship between liver peroxisome proliferation and adipose tissue atrophy induced by peroxisome proliferator exposure and withdrawal in mice[J].Biochemical Pharmacology,2003,66(5):749-756.
[24]Seacat AM,Thomford PJ,Hansen KJ,Clemen LA,Eldridge SR,Elcombe CR,Butenhoff JL.Sub-chronic dietary toxicity of potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate in rats[J].Toxicology,2003,183(1-3):117-131.
[25]杨谨,李昂,杨谦,李旭.过氧化物酶体增殖剂PFOA对小鼠免疫系统的影响[J].细胞与分子免疫学杂志,2006,22(2),157-160.
[26]周启星,胡献刚.PFOS/PFOA环境污染行为与毒性效应及机理研究进展[J].环境科学,2007,28(10):2153-2162.
[27]Olsen GW,Burris JM,Mandel JH,Zobel LR.Serum perfluorooctane sulfonate and hepatic and lipid clinical chemistry tests in fluorochemical production employees[J].Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,1999,41(9):799-806.
[28]Olsen GW,Burris JM,Burlew MM,Mandel JH.Plasma cholecystokinin and hepatic enzymes,cholesterol and lipoproteins in ammonium perfluorooctanoate production workers[J].Drug and Chemical Toxicology,2000,23(4):603-620.
[29]Phillips MM,Dinglasan-Panlilio MJA,Mabury SA,Solomon KR,Sibley PK.Fluorotelomer acids are more toxic than perfluorinated acids[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2007,41(20):7159-7163.
[30]向武,邓南圣,吴峰.挥发性卤代烃的天然米源及其生成机制[J].上海环境科学,2003,22(9),623-628.
[31]戴树桂.环境化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1997:308-311.
[32]沈学优,罗晓璐,朱利中.空气中挥发性有机物的研究进展[J].浙江大学学报,2001,28(5):477-550.
[33]赵立荣.广州市城区街道毒害空气污染无暴露特征及其来源分析[D].北京:中科院广州地球化 学研究所,2005:
[34]Hansen KJ,Johnson HO,Eldridge JS,Butenhoff JL,Dick LA.Quantitative characterization of trace levels of PFOS and PFOA in the Tennessee River[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2002,36(8):1681-1685.
[35]Moody CA,Martin JW,Kwan WC,Muir DCG,Mabury SA.Monitoring perfluorinated surfactants in biota and surface water samples following an accidental release of firefighting foam into Etobicoke creek[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2002,36(4):545-551.
[36]So MK,Taniyasu S,Yamashita N,Giesy JP,Zheng J,Fang Z,Im SH,Lam PKS.Perfluorinated compounds in coastal waters of Hong Kong,South China,and Korea[J].Environmental Science &Technology,2004,38(15):4056-4063.
[37]Yamashita N,Kaunan K,Taniyasu S,Horii Y,Okazawa T,Petrick G,Gamo T.Analysis of perfluorinated acids at parts-per-quadrillion levels in seawater using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2004,38(21):5522-5528.
[38]Taniyasu S,Kannan K,Horii Y,Hanari N,Yamashita N.A survey of perfluorooctane sulfonate and related perfluorinated organic compounds in water,fish,birds,and humans from Japan[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2003,37(12):2634-2639.
[39]So MK,Miyake Y,Yeung WY,Ho YM,Taniyasu S,Rostkowski P,Yamashita N,Zhou BS,Shi XJ,Wang JX,Giesy JP,Yu H,Lam PKS.Perfluorinated compounds in the Pearl River and Yangtze River of China[J].Chemosphere,2007,68(11):2085-2095.
[40]Saito N,Saski K,Nakatome K,Harada K,Yoshinaga T,Koizumi A.Perfluoroctanesulfonate concentrations in surface water in Japan[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2003,45:149-158.
[41]Loos R,Locoro G,Huber T,Wollgast J,Christoph EH.,Jager A,Gawlik BM,Hanke G,Umlauf G,Zaldivar JM,Analysis of perfluorooctanoate(PFOA) and other perfluorinated compounds(PFCs)in the River Po watershed in N-Italy[J].Chemosphere,2008,71(2):306-313.
[42]金一和,翟成,舒为群,等.长江三峡库区江水和武汉地区地面水中PFOS和PFOA污染现状调查[J].生态环境,2006,15(3):486-489.
[43]Higgins CP,Field JA,Criddle CS,Luthy RG.Quantitative determination of perfluorochemicals in sediment and domestic sludge[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2005,39(11):3946-3956.
[44]Falandysz J,Taniyasu S,Gulkowska A,Yamashita N,Schulte-Oehlmann U.Is fish a major source of fluorinated surfactants and repellents in humans living on the Baltic Coast?[J].Environmental Science & Technology.2006,40(3):748-751.
[45]Li XM,Yeung LWY,Xu MQ,Taniyasu S,Lam PKS,Yamashita N,Dai JY.Perfluorooctane sulfonate and other flluorochemicals in zooplankton and fish collected near the outfall of wastewater treatment plant(WWTP) in Beijing[J].Environmental Pollution.2008,156(3):1298-1303.
[46]Ye XB,Strynar MJ,Nakayama SF,VarnsJ,Helfant L,Lazorchak J,Lindstrom AB.Perfluorinated compounds in whole fish homogenates from the Ohio,Missouri,and Upper Mississippi Rivers,USA[J].2008,156(3):1227-1232.
[47]Dai JY,Li M,Jin YH,Saito N,Xu MQ,Wei FW.Perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in red panda and giant panda from China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2006,40(18):5647-5652.
[48]Li XM,Yeung LWY,Taniyasu S,Li M,Yamashita N,Zhang H,Liu D,Lam PKS,Dai JY.Perfluorooctanesulfonate and Related Fluorochemicals in the Amur Tiger(Panthera tigris altaica)from China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2008,42(19):7078-7083.
[49]Li XM,Yeung LWY,Xu MQ,Taniyasu S,Lam PKS,Yamashita N,Dai JY.Accumulation of perfluorinated compounds in captive Bengal tigers(Panthera tigris tigris) and African lions(Panthera leo Linnaeus)in China[J].Chemosphere,2008,73(10):1649-1653.
[50]Giesy JP,Kannan K.Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2001,35(7):1339-1342.
[51]Karman K,Corsolini S,Falandysz J,Fillmann G,Kumar KS,Loganathan BG.,Mohd MA,Olivero J,Wouwe NV,Yang JH,Aldous KM.Perfluorooctane sulfonate and related fluorochemicals in human blood from several countries[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2004,38(17):4489-4495.
[52]Yeung LWY,So MK,Jiang GB,Taniyasu S,Yamashita N,Song MY,Wu YN,Li JG,Giesy JP,Guruge KS,Lam PKS.Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorochemicals in human blood samples from China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2006,40(3):715-720.
[53]Yeung LWY,Miyake Y,Taniyasu S,Wang Y,Yu HX,So MK,Jiang GB,Wu YN,Li JG,Giesy JP,Yamashita N,Lam PKS.Perfluorinated Compounds and Total and Extractable Organic Fluorine in Human Blood Samples from China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2008,42(21):8140-8145.
[54]金一和,刘晓,张迅,李彤,张颖花,齐藤宪光,佐佐木和明,小泉昭夫.人血清中全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物污染现状[J].中国公共卫生,2003,19(10):1200-1201.
[55]Young CJ,Furdui VI,Franklin J,Koerner RM.,Muir DCG,Mabury SA.Perfluorinated acids in arctic snow:New evidence for atmospheric[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2007,41(10):3455-3461.
[56]Murakami M,Takada H.Perfluorinated surfactants(PFSs) in size-fractionated street dust in Tokyo[J].Chemosphere,2008,73(8):1172-1177.
[57]刘薇,金一和,全燮,董光辉,刘冰,王静,王柯,于棋麟,齐藤宪光.沈阳市降雪中PFOS 和PFOA污染现状调查[J].环境科学,2007,28(9):2068-2073.
[58]Liu W,Jin YH,Quan X,Sasaki K,Saito N,Nakayama S F,Sato I,Tsuda S.Perfluorosulfonates and perfluorocarboxylates in snow and rain in Dalian,China[J].Environment International,2009,35(4):737-742.
[59]Boulanger B,Vargo JD,Schnoor JL,Hornbuckle KC.Evaluation of Perfluorooctane Surfactants in a Wastewater Treatment System and in a Commercial Surface Protection Product[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(15):5524-5530.
[60]Yamashita N,Kannan K,Taniyasu S,Horii Y,Petrick G,Gamo T.A global survey of perfluorinated acids in oceans[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2005,51:658-6681.
[61]Yamashita N,Taniyasu S,Petrick G,Wei S,Gamo T,Lam PKS,Kannan K.Perfluorinated acids as novel chemical tracers of global circulation of ocean waters[J].Chemosphere,2008,70(7):1247- 1255.
[62]US EPA.Perfluorooctyl sulfonates;Proposed Significant New Use Rule.Federal Register,2000,65(202):62319-62333.
[63]Gulkowska A,Jiang QT,So MK,Taniyasu S,Lam PKS,Yamashita N.Persistent perfluorinated acids in seafood collected from two cities of China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2006,40(12):3736-3741.
[64]So MK,Yamashita N,Taniyasu S,Jiang QT,Giesy JP,Kannan K,Lam PKS.Health Risks in Infants Associated with Exposure to Perfluorinated Compounds in Human Breast Milk from Zhoushan,China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2006,40(12):2924-2929.
[65]王媛,杨伟贤,山下信义,谷保佐知,苏敏嘉,Murphy MB,林群声.鸡蛋中全氟辛烷磺酸以及相关全氟化合物的污染现状[J].科学通报,2008,53(2):147-152.
[66]Wang Y,Yeung LWY,Taniyasu S,Yamashita N,Lam JCW,Lam PKS.Perfluorooctane Sulfonate and Other Fluorochemicals in Waterbird Eggs from South China[J].Environmental Science &Technology,2008,42(21):8146-8151.
[67]Mak YL,Taniyasu S,Yeung LWY,Lu GH,Jin L,Yang YL,Lam PKS,Kannan K,Yamashita N.Perfluorinated compounds in tap water from china and several other countries[J].Environmental Science & Technolog.es-2009-00637a.R1.
[68]Jin YH,Saito N,Harada KH,InoueK,Koizumi A.Historical Trends in Human Serum Levels of Perfluorooctanoate and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Shenyang,China[J].The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine,2007,212,67-70.
[69]潘媛媛,史亚利,蔡亚岐.高效液相色谱/串联质谱联用测定人血液中的全氟化合物[J].分析化学,2008,36(10):1321-1326.
[70]潘媛媛,史亚利,蔡亚岐.鱼、贝类等水产品中全氟化合物分析方法的研究.分析化学,2008,36(12):1619-1623.
[71]郭睿,蔡亚岐,江桂斌.高效液相/四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱法分析活性污泥中的全氟辛烷磺酸及全氟辛酸[J].环境化学,2006,25(6):674-577.
[72]Guo R,Zhou QF,Cai YQ,Jiang GB.Determination of perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in sewage sludge samples using liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry[J].Talanta,2008,75(5):1394-1399.
[73]彭胜,陈家军,王红旗.挥发性有机污染物在土壤中的运移机制与模型[J].土壤学报,2001,38(03):25-27.
[74]丁应祥,宋琰.有机污染物在土壤——水系统中的分配理论[J].农村生态环境,1997,13(3):42-45.
[75]黄毅,饶竹,王超.吹扫捕集气相色谱-质谱法定性分析人尿中挥发性有机物[J].分析测试学报,2007,26(增刊):64-66.
[76]黄毅,饶竹.吹扫捕集气相色谱-质谱法测定全国地下水调查样品中挥发性有机物[J].岩矿测试,2009,28(1):15-20.
[77]李雅岚,陈世桢,陈新苗,张桃芝.SDE-GC-μECD分析水中挥发性卤代烃[J].分析测试学报,2005,24(4):67-69.
[78]张平,陈坤洋,朱利中,沈学优.公共场所BTEX的污染特征、源解析及健康风险[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(5):779-784.
[79]沈学优,罗晓璐,朱利中.空气中挥发性有机化合物的研究进展[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2001,28(5):547-556.
[80]蒋闳,盛旋,杨嫣嫣,张蕾,郑屏。全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物(PFOS)分析研究进展[J].安徽化工,2007,33(2):5-10.
[81]张萍,史亚利,蔡亚岐,牟世芬.高效液相色谱/串联质谱联用技术测定环境水样中的全氟化合物[J].分析化学,2007,(7):969-972.
[82]Taniyasu S,Kannan K,So MK,Gulkowska A,Sinclair E,Okazawa T,Yamashita N.Analysis of fluorotelomer alcohols,fluorotelomer acids,and short- and long-chain perfluorinated acids in water and biota[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2005,1093(1-2):89-97.
[83]Taniyasu S,Kannan K,Yeung LWY,Kwok KY,Lam PKS,Yamashita N.Analysis of trifluoroacetic acid and other short-chain perfluorinated acids(C2-C4) in precipitation by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry:Comparison to patterns of long-chain perfluorinated acids(C5-C18)[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2008,619(2):221-230.
[84]Zhao RS,Wang X,Wang X,Lin JM,Yuan JP,ChenLZ.Using bamboo charcoal as solid phase extraction adsorbent for the ultra trace level determination of perfluorooctanoic acid in water samples by high performance liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry[J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2008,390(6):1671-1676.
[85]Tittlemier SA,Pepper K,Seymour C,Moisey J,Bronson R,Cao XL,and Dabeka RW.Dietary Exposure of Canadians to Perfluorinated Carboxylates and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate via Consumption of Meat,Fish,Fast Foods,and Food Items Prepared in Their Packaging[J].Journal of agricultural and food chenistry,2007,55(8):3203-3210.
[86]Yeung LWY,Yamashita N,Taniyasu S,Lam PKS,Sinha RK.,Borole DV,Kannan K.Asurvey of perfluorinated compounds in surface water and biota including dolphins from the Ganges River and in other waterbodies in India[J].Chemosphere,2009,76(1):55-62.
[87]章杰.含氟多功能织物整理剂及其生态问题[J].染整及纺织化学品,2008,11:68-72.
[88]Buszka PM,Rose DL,Ozuna GB,Groschen GE.Determination of Nanogram per Liter Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds in Water by Capillary Gas Chromatography and Selected Ion Monitoring Mass Spectrometry and Its Use To Define Groundwater Flow Directions in Edwards Aquifer,Texas[J].Analytical Chemistry,1995,67(20):3659-3667.
[89]Lin JW,Li WC.Construction and validation of automated purge-and-trap-gas chromatography for the determination of volatile organic compounds[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2001,927:143-154.
[90]Ekdahl A,Abrahamsson K.A simple and sensitive method for the determination of volatile halogenated organic compounds in sea water in amol 1-1 to pmol 1-1 range[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,1997,357:197-209.
[91]张莘民.吹扫-捕集/气相色谱法测定水中挥发性卤代烃[J].中国环境监测,2002,18(2):38-41.
[92]侯景艳,张玉龙.浑河沈阳段生态健康评价指标体系的研究[J].环境保护科学,2007,33(3):74-80.
[93]孔玉霞.沈阳市主要环境污染问题及防治对策[J].辽宁大学学报自然科学版,2005,32(4):343-347.
[94]逢守杰,金爱莲,刘畅.细河底泥污染特征分析[J].环境保护科学,2003,29(1):30-31.
[95]张革,王玉平,曲键.浑河沈阳段地表水有机污染物对水环境影响的安全性评估[J].中国环境监测,2006,22(2):66-68.
[96]王莉,王玉平,卢迎红,苏娜.辽河流域浑河沈阳段地表水重点控制有机污染物的筛选[J].中国环境监测,2005,21(6):59-62.
[97]宋雪英,孙丽娜,王鑫,李听馨,孙铁珩.细河河水及其沿岸地下水水质的有机污染特征[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(12):2057-2061.
[98]郝明家,侯景艳.沈阳市地表水生态系统健康评价[J].环境保护科学,2007,33(2):73-75.
[99]康利荥.浑河沈阳段水质污染特征分析及治理建议[J].环境保护与循环经济,2008,28(7):47-49.
[100]胡新萍,沈阳市郊蔬菜基地土壤中重金属污染状态[J].辽宁城乡环境科技,2007,27(4):1-2.
[101]宋玉芳,周启星,宋雪英,张薇.石油污灌土壤污染物的残留与生态毒理[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(5):61-66.
[102]刘冰,甄宏.辽宁省重点灌区的污染特征与环境风险研究[J].气象与环境学报,2008,24(3):67-71.
[103]何俊.沈阳部分地区As、Hg、Cd的生态地球化学研究[D].青岛:青岛大学,2009:
[104]Benskin JP,Bataineh M,Martin JW.Simultaneous Characterization of Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylate,Sulfonate,and Sulfonamide Isomers by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.Analytical chemistry,2007,79(17):6455-6464.
[105]Ellis DA,Martin JW,Silva AOD,Mabury SA,Hurley MD,Andersen MPS,Wallington TJ,Degradation of fluorotelomer alcohols:a likely atmospheric source of perfluorinated carboxylic acids[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2004,38(12),3316-3321.
[106]Hurley MD,Ball JC,Wallington TJ,Andersen MPS,Ellis DA,Martin JW,Mabury SA.Atmospheric Chemistry of 4:2 Fluorotelomer Alcohol(CF3(CF2)3CH2CH2OH):Products and Mechanism of Cl Atom Initiated Oxidation[J].The journal of physical chemistry A,2004,108(26):5635-5642.
[107]Guruge KS,Manage PM,Yamanaka N,Miyazaki S,Taniyasu S,Yamashita N.Species-specific concentrations of perfluoroalkyl contaminants in farm and pet animals in Japan[J].Chemosphere,2008,73(1):S210-S215.
[108]Loganathan BG,Sajwan KS,Sinclair E,Kumar KS,Kannan K.Perfluoroallcyl sulfonates and perfluorocarboxylates in two wastewater treatment facilities in Kentucky and Georgia[J].Water Research,2007,41(20):4611-4620.
[109]Senthilkumar K,Ohi E,Sajwan K,Takasuga T,Kannan K.Perfluorinated Compounds in River Water,River Sediment,Market Fish,and Wildlife Samples from Japan[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2007,79(4):427-431.
[110]Senthilkumar K,Ohi E,Sajwan K,Takasuga T,Kannan K.Perfluorinated Compounds in River Water,River Sediment,Market Fish,and Wildlife Samples from Japan[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2007,79(4):427-431.
[111]杨伟贤.中国人血中全氟辛烷硫磺酸和同系化合物污染现状及全氟辛酸对生物化学路径的影响[D].香港:香港城市大学,2006.
[112]Kim SK,Kannan K.Perfluorinated Acids in Air,Rain,Snow,Surface Runoff,and Lakes:Relative Importance of Pathways to Contamination of Urban Lakes[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2007,41(24):8328-8334.
[113]Olsen GW,Burris JM,Ehresman DJ,Froehlich J W,Seacat AM,Butenhoff JL,Zobel LR.Half-life of serum elimination of perfluorooctanesulfonate,perfluorohexanesulfonate,perfluorooctanoate in retired fluorochemical production workers[J].Environmental health perspectives,2007,115(9),1298-305.
[114]Andersen ME,Clewell HJ,Tan YM,Butenhoff JL,Olsen GW.Pharmacokinetic modeling of saturable,renal resorption of perfluoroalkylacids in monkeys-probing the determinants of long plasma half-lives[J].Toxicology,2006,227(1-2),156-164.
[115]李哲敏.近50年中国居民食物消费与营养发展的变化特点[J].资源科学,2007,29(1):27-35.
[116]Loganathan BG,Sajwan KS,Sinclair E,Kumar KS,Kannan K.Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and perfluorocarboxylates in two wastewater treatment facilities in Kentucky and Georgia[J].Water Research,2007,41(20):4611-4620.
[117]Tomy GT,Budakowski W,Halldorson T,Helm PA,Stern GA,Friesen K,Pepper K,Tittlemier SA,Fisk AT.Fluorinated organic compounds in an Eastern Arctic marine food web[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2004,38(24):6475-6481.
[118]Martin JW,Mabury SA,Solomon KR,Muir DCG.Bioconcentration and tissue distribution of perfluorinated acids in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2003,22(1):196-204.
[119]吕刚,王利兵,刘军,李淑芬.全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物水生生态风险和人体健康风险评价[J].长江流域资源与环境,2008,17(6):904-908.
[120]GB5749-2006,中华人民共和国生活饮用水卫生标准[S].
[121]金相灿.有机化合物污染化学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1990.
[122]李政红,毕二平,张胜,殷密英,马琳娜,王文中,张翼龙.地下水污染健康风险评价方法[J].南水北调与水利科技,2008,6(6):47-51.
[123]Fan C,Wang GS,Chen YC,Ko CH.Risk assessment of exposure to volatile organic compounds in groundwater in Taiwan[J].Science of The Total Environment,2009,407(7):2165-2174.
[2]Houde M,Martin JW,Letcher R,Solomon KR,Muir DCG.Biological monitoring of polyfluoroalkyl substances:a review[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2006,40(11):3463-3473.
[3]Prevedouros K,Cousins IT,Buck RC,Korzeniowski SH.Sources,fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2006,40(1):32-44.
[4]金一和,汤先伟,曹秀娟,张颖花.全球性全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物环境污染及其生物效应[J].自然杂志,2002,24(6):344-348.
[5]金一和,刘晓,张迅,李彤,张颖花,齐藤宪光,佐佐木和明,小泉昭夫.人血清中全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物污染现状[J].中国公共卫生,2003,19(10):1200-1201.
[6]梅胜放.我国PFOS/PFOA的生产、应用以及国内外标准现状[J].有机氟工业,2008,1:21-25.
[7]史亚利,潘媛媛,王杰明,蔡亚岐.全氟化合物的环境问题[J].化学进展,2009,21(2/3):369-376.
[8]Abdellatif AG,Preat V,Vamecq J,Nilsson R,Roberfroid M.Peroxisome proliferation and modulation of rat liver carcinogenesis by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid,perfluorooctanoic acid and nafenopin[J].Carcinogenesis,1990,11(11):1899-1902.
[9]Abdellatif AG,Preat V,Taper HS,Roberfroid M The modulation of rat liver carcinogenesis by perfluorooctanoic acid,a peroxisome proliferator[J].Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,1999,111(3):530-537.
[10]Dzhekova-Stojkova S,Bogdanska J,Stojkova Z.Peroxisome proliferators:their biological and toxicological effects[J].Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine,2001,39(6):468-474.
[11]Panaretakis T,Shabalina IG,Grander D,Shoshan MC,DePierre JW.Reactive oxygen species and mitochondria mediate the induction of apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells by the rodent peroxisome proliferators and hepatocarcinogen,perfluorooctanoic acid[J].Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,2001,173(1):56-64.
[12]Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee Third meeting.Draft risk management evaluation:perfluorooctane sulfonate[G].UNEP/POPS/POPRC.3/13.2007,11-20.
[13]3M Company.US EPA Administrative Record,2003.
[14]Paul S.Perfluorooctane sulfonate:current summary of human sera,Health and Toxicological Data [R].Washington D C:U S Environmental Protection Agency,1999.
[15]章涛,王翠苹,孙红文.环境中全氟取代化合物的研究进展[J].安全与环境学报,2008,8(3):22-28.
[16]Glaza S.Acute oral toxicity study of T26669 in rabbits[R].Washington DC:US Environmental Protection Agency,1995.
[17]范轶欧,金一和,麻懿馨,张颖花,张晓芃,齐藤宪光.全氟辛烷磺酸对雄性大鼠生精功能的影响[J].卫生研究,2005,34(1):37-39.
[18]胡存丽,仲来福.全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟辛酸毒理学研究进展[J].中国工业医学杂志,2006,19(6):354-358.
[19]Shi XJ,Du YB,Lam PKS,Wu RSS,Zhou BS.Developmental toxicity and alteration of gene expression in zebrafish embryos exposed to PFOS[J].Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,2008,230(1):23-32.
[20]Xie Y,Yang Q,Nelson B D,DePierre JW.Characterization of the adipose tissue atrophy induced by peroxisome proliferators in mice[J].Lipids,2002,37(2):139-146.
[21]Berthiaume J,Wallace KB.Perfluorooctanoate,perflourooctanesulfonate,and N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamido ethanol;peroxisome proliferation and mitochondrial biogenesis[J].Toxicology Letters,2002,129(1-2):23-32.
[22]王昕,陈誉华.全氟辛烷磺酸基化合物(PFOS)对脑血管内皮细胞的损伤作用[J].中国现代医学杂志,2006,16(11):1646-1648.
[23]Xie Y,Yang Q,Nelson B D,DePierre JW.The relationship between liver peroxisome proliferation and adipose tissue atrophy induced by peroxisome proliferator exposure and withdrawal in mice[J].Biochemical Pharmacology,2003,66(5):749-756.
[24]Seacat AM,Thomford PJ,Hansen KJ,Clemen LA,Eldridge SR,Elcombe CR,Butenhoff JL.Sub-chronic dietary toxicity of potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate in rats[J].Toxicology,2003,183(1-3):117-131.
[25]杨谨,李昂,杨谦,李旭.过氧化物酶体增殖剂PFOA对小鼠免疫系统的影响[J].细胞与分子免疫学杂志,2006,22(2),157-160.
[26]周启星,胡献刚.PFOS/PFOA环境污染行为与毒性效应及机理研究进展[J].环境科学,2007,28(10):2153-2162.
[27]Olsen GW,Burris JM,Mandel JH,Zobel LR.Serum perfluorooctane sulfonate and hepatic and lipid clinical chemistry tests in fluorochemical production employees[J].Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,1999,41(9):799-806.
[28]Olsen GW,Burris JM,Burlew MM,Mandel JH.Plasma cholecystokinin and hepatic enzymes,cholesterol and lipoproteins in ammonium perfluorooctanoate production workers[J].Drug and Chemical Toxicology,2000,23(4):603-620.
[29]Phillips MM,Dinglasan-Panlilio MJA,Mabury SA,Solomon KR,Sibley PK.Fluorotelomer acids are more toxic than perfluorinated acids[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2007,41(20):7159-7163.
[30]向武,邓南圣,吴峰.挥发性卤代烃的天然米源及其生成机制[J].上海环境科学,2003,22(9),623-628.
[31]戴树桂.环境化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1997:308-311.
[32]沈学优,罗晓璐,朱利中.空气中挥发性有机物的研究进展[J].浙江大学学报,2001,28(5):477-550.
[33]赵立荣.广州市城区街道毒害空气污染无暴露特征及其来源分析[D].北京:中科院广州地球化 学研究所,2005:
[34]Hansen KJ,Johnson HO,Eldridge JS,Butenhoff JL,Dick LA.Quantitative characterization of trace levels of PFOS and PFOA in the Tennessee River[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2002,36(8):1681-1685.
[35]Moody CA,Martin JW,Kwan WC,Muir DCG,Mabury SA.Monitoring perfluorinated surfactants in biota and surface water samples following an accidental release of firefighting foam into Etobicoke creek[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2002,36(4):545-551.
[36]So MK,Taniyasu S,Yamashita N,Giesy JP,Zheng J,Fang Z,Im SH,Lam PKS.Perfluorinated compounds in coastal waters of Hong Kong,South China,and Korea[J].Environmental Science &Technology,2004,38(15):4056-4063.
[37]Yamashita N,Kaunan K,Taniyasu S,Horii Y,Okazawa T,Petrick G,Gamo T.Analysis of perfluorinated acids at parts-per-quadrillion levels in seawater using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2004,38(21):5522-5528.
[38]Taniyasu S,Kannan K,Horii Y,Hanari N,Yamashita N.A survey of perfluorooctane sulfonate and related perfluorinated organic compounds in water,fish,birds,and humans from Japan[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2003,37(12):2634-2639.
[39]So MK,Miyake Y,Yeung WY,Ho YM,Taniyasu S,Rostkowski P,Yamashita N,Zhou BS,Shi XJ,Wang JX,Giesy JP,Yu H,Lam PKS.Perfluorinated compounds in the Pearl River and Yangtze River of China[J].Chemosphere,2007,68(11):2085-2095.
[40]Saito N,Saski K,Nakatome K,Harada K,Yoshinaga T,Koizumi A.Perfluoroctanesulfonate concentrations in surface water in Japan[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2003,45:149-158.
[41]Loos R,Locoro G,Huber T,Wollgast J,Christoph EH.,Jager A,Gawlik BM,Hanke G,Umlauf G,Zaldivar JM,Analysis of perfluorooctanoate(PFOA) and other perfluorinated compounds(PFCs)in the River Po watershed in N-Italy[J].Chemosphere,2008,71(2):306-313.
[42]金一和,翟成,舒为群,等.长江三峡库区江水和武汉地区地面水中PFOS和PFOA污染现状调查[J].生态环境,2006,15(3):486-489.
[43]Higgins CP,Field JA,Criddle CS,Luthy RG.Quantitative determination of perfluorochemicals in sediment and domestic sludge[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2005,39(11):3946-3956.
[44]Falandysz J,Taniyasu S,Gulkowska A,Yamashita N,Schulte-Oehlmann U.Is fish a major source of fluorinated surfactants and repellents in humans living on the Baltic Coast?[J].Environmental Science & Technology.2006,40(3):748-751.
[45]Li XM,Yeung LWY,Xu MQ,Taniyasu S,Lam PKS,Yamashita N,Dai JY.Perfluorooctane sulfonate and other flluorochemicals in zooplankton and fish collected near the outfall of wastewater treatment plant(WWTP) in Beijing[J].Environmental Pollution.2008,156(3):1298-1303.
[46]Ye XB,Strynar MJ,Nakayama SF,VarnsJ,Helfant L,Lazorchak J,Lindstrom AB.Perfluorinated compounds in whole fish homogenates from the Ohio,Missouri,and Upper Mississippi Rivers,USA[J].2008,156(3):1227-1232.
[47]Dai JY,Li M,Jin YH,Saito N,Xu MQ,Wei FW.Perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in red panda and giant panda from China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2006,40(18):5647-5652.
[48]Li XM,Yeung LWY,Taniyasu S,Li M,Yamashita N,Zhang H,Liu D,Lam PKS,Dai JY.Perfluorooctanesulfonate and Related Fluorochemicals in the Amur Tiger(Panthera tigris altaica)from China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2008,42(19):7078-7083.
[49]Li XM,Yeung LWY,Xu MQ,Taniyasu S,Lam PKS,Yamashita N,Dai JY.Accumulation of perfluorinated compounds in captive Bengal tigers(Panthera tigris tigris) and African lions(Panthera leo Linnaeus)in China[J].Chemosphere,2008,73(10):1649-1653.
[50]Giesy JP,Kannan K.Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2001,35(7):1339-1342.
[51]Karman K,Corsolini S,Falandysz J,Fillmann G,Kumar KS,Loganathan BG.,Mohd MA,Olivero J,Wouwe NV,Yang JH,Aldous KM.Perfluorooctane sulfonate and related fluorochemicals in human blood from several countries[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2004,38(17):4489-4495.
[52]Yeung LWY,So MK,Jiang GB,Taniyasu S,Yamashita N,Song MY,Wu YN,Li JG,Giesy JP,Guruge KS,Lam PKS.Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorochemicals in human blood samples from China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2006,40(3):715-720.
[53]Yeung LWY,Miyake Y,Taniyasu S,Wang Y,Yu HX,So MK,Jiang GB,Wu YN,Li JG,Giesy JP,Yamashita N,Lam PKS.Perfluorinated Compounds and Total and Extractable Organic Fluorine in Human Blood Samples from China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2008,42(21):8140-8145.
[54]金一和,刘晓,张迅,李彤,张颖花,齐藤宪光,佐佐木和明,小泉昭夫.人血清中全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物污染现状[J].中国公共卫生,2003,19(10):1200-1201.
[55]Young CJ,Furdui VI,Franklin J,Koerner RM.,Muir DCG,Mabury SA.Perfluorinated acids in arctic snow:New evidence for atmospheric[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2007,41(10):3455-3461.
[56]Murakami M,Takada H.Perfluorinated surfactants(PFSs) in size-fractionated street dust in Tokyo[J].Chemosphere,2008,73(8):1172-1177.
[57]刘薇,金一和,全燮,董光辉,刘冰,王静,王柯,于棋麟,齐藤宪光.沈阳市降雪中PFOS 和PFOA污染现状调查[J].环境科学,2007,28(9):2068-2073.
[58]Liu W,Jin YH,Quan X,Sasaki K,Saito N,Nakayama S F,Sato I,Tsuda S.Perfluorosulfonates and perfluorocarboxylates in snow and rain in Dalian,China[J].Environment International,2009,35(4):737-742.
[59]Boulanger B,Vargo JD,Schnoor JL,Hornbuckle KC.Evaluation of Perfluorooctane Surfactants in a Wastewater Treatment System and in a Commercial Surface Protection Product[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(15):5524-5530.
[60]Yamashita N,Kannan K,Taniyasu S,Horii Y,Petrick G,Gamo T.A global survey of perfluorinated acids in oceans[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2005,51:658-6681.
[61]Yamashita N,Taniyasu S,Petrick G,Wei S,Gamo T,Lam PKS,Kannan K.Perfluorinated acids as novel chemical tracers of global circulation of ocean waters[J].Chemosphere,2008,70(7):1247- 1255.
[62]US EPA.Perfluorooctyl sulfonates;Proposed Significant New Use Rule.Federal Register,2000,65(202):62319-62333.
[63]Gulkowska A,Jiang QT,So MK,Taniyasu S,Lam PKS,Yamashita N.Persistent perfluorinated acids in seafood collected from two cities of China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2006,40(12):3736-3741.
[64]So MK,Yamashita N,Taniyasu S,Jiang QT,Giesy JP,Kannan K,Lam PKS.Health Risks in Infants Associated with Exposure to Perfluorinated Compounds in Human Breast Milk from Zhoushan,China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2006,40(12):2924-2929.
[65]王媛,杨伟贤,山下信义,谷保佐知,苏敏嘉,Murphy MB,林群声.鸡蛋中全氟辛烷磺酸以及相关全氟化合物的污染现状[J].科学通报,2008,53(2):147-152.
[66]Wang Y,Yeung LWY,Taniyasu S,Yamashita N,Lam JCW,Lam PKS.Perfluorooctane Sulfonate and Other Fluorochemicals in Waterbird Eggs from South China[J].Environmental Science &Technology,2008,42(21):8146-8151.
[67]Mak YL,Taniyasu S,Yeung LWY,Lu GH,Jin L,Yang YL,Lam PKS,Kannan K,Yamashita N.Perfluorinated compounds in tap water from china and several other countries[J].Environmental Science & Technolog.es-2009-00637a.R1.
[68]Jin YH,Saito N,Harada KH,InoueK,Koizumi A.Historical Trends in Human Serum Levels of Perfluorooctanoate and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Shenyang,China[J].The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine,2007,212,67-70.
[69]潘媛媛,史亚利,蔡亚岐.高效液相色谱/串联质谱联用测定人血液中的全氟化合物[J].分析化学,2008,36(10):1321-1326.
[70]潘媛媛,史亚利,蔡亚岐.鱼、贝类等水产品中全氟化合物分析方法的研究.分析化学,2008,36(12):1619-1623.
[71]郭睿,蔡亚岐,江桂斌.高效液相/四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱法分析活性污泥中的全氟辛烷磺酸及全氟辛酸[J].环境化学,2006,25(6):674-577.
[72]Guo R,Zhou QF,Cai YQ,Jiang GB.Determination of perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in sewage sludge samples using liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry[J].Talanta,2008,75(5):1394-1399.
[73]彭胜,陈家军,王红旗.挥发性有机污染物在土壤中的运移机制与模型[J].土壤学报,2001,38(03):25-27.
[74]丁应祥,宋琰.有机污染物在土壤——水系统中的分配理论[J].农村生态环境,1997,13(3):42-45.
[75]黄毅,饶竹,王超.吹扫捕集气相色谱-质谱法定性分析人尿中挥发性有机物[J].分析测试学报,2007,26(增刊):64-66.
[76]黄毅,饶竹.吹扫捕集气相色谱-质谱法测定全国地下水调查样品中挥发性有机物[J].岩矿测试,2009,28(1):15-20.
[77]李雅岚,陈世桢,陈新苗,张桃芝.SDE-GC-μECD分析水中挥发性卤代烃[J].分析测试学报,2005,24(4):67-69.
[78]张平,陈坤洋,朱利中,沈学优.公共场所BTEX的污染特征、源解析及健康风险[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(5):779-784.
[79]沈学优,罗晓璐,朱利中.空气中挥发性有机化合物的研究进展[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2001,28(5):547-556.
[80]蒋闳,盛旋,杨嫣嫣,张蕾,郑屏。全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物(PFOS)分析研究进展[J].安徽化工,2007,33(2):5-10.
[81]张萍,史亚利,蔡亚岐,牟世芬.高效液相色谱/串联质谱联用技术测定环境水样中的全氟化合物[J].分析化学,2007,(7):969-972.
[82]Taniyasu S,Kannan K,So MK,Gulkowska A,Sinclair E,Okazawa T,Yamashita N.Analysis of fluorotelomer alcohols,fluorotelomer acids,and short- and long-chain perfluorinated acids in water and biota[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2005,1093(1-2):89-97.
[83]Taniyasu S,Kannan K,Yeung LWY,Kwok KY,Lam PKS,Yamashita N.Analysis of trifluoroacetic acid and other short-chain perfluorinated acids(C2-C4) in precipitation by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry:Comparison to patterns of long-chain perfluorinated acids(C5-C18)[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2008,619(2):221-230.
[84]Zhao RS,Wang X,Wang X,Lin JM,Yuan JP,ChenLZ.Using bamboo charcoal as solid phase extraction adsorbent for the ultra trace level determination of perfluorooctanoic acid in water samples by high performance liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry[J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2008,390(6):1671-1676.
[85]Tittlemier SA,Pepper K,Seymour C,Moisey J,Bronson R,Cao XL,and Dabeka RW.Dietary Exposure of Canadians to Perfluorinated Carboxylates and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate via Consumption of Meat,Fish,Fast Foods,and Food Items Prepared in Their Packaging[J].Journal of agricultural and food chenistry,2007,55(8):3203-3210.
[86]Yeung LWY,Yamashita N,Taniyasu S,Lam PKS,Sinha RK.,Borole DV,Kannan K.Asurvey of perfluorinated compounds in surface water and biota including dolphins from the Ganges River and in other waterbodies in India[J].Chemosphere,2009,76(1):55-62.
[87]章杰.含氟多功能织物整理剂及其生态问题[J].染整及纺织化学品,2008,11:68-72.
[88]Buszka PM,Rose DL,Ozuna GB,Groschen GE.Determination of Nanogram per Liter Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds in Water by Capillary Gas Chromatography and Selected Ion Monitoring Mass Spectrometry and Its Use To Define Groundwater Flow Directions in Edwards Aquifer,Texas[J].Analytical Chemistry,1995,67(20):3659-3667.
[89]Lin JW,Li WC.Construction and validation of automated purge-and-trap-gas chromatography for the determination of volatile organic compounds[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2001,927:143-154.
[90]Ekdahl A,Abrahamsson K.A simple and sensitive method for the determination of volatile halogenated organic compounds in sea water in amol 1-1 to pmol 1-1 range[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,1997,357:197-209.
[91]张莘民.吹扫-捕集/气相色谱法测定水中挥发性卤代烃[J].中国环境监测,2002,18(2):38-41.
[92]侯景艳,张玉龙.浑河沈阳段生态健康评价指标体系的研究[J].环境保护科学,2007,33(3):74-80.
[93]孔玉霞.沈阳市主要环境污染问题及防治对策[J].辽宁大学学报自然科学版,2005,32(4):343-347.
[94]逢守杰,金爱莲,刘畅.细河底泥污染特征分析[J].环境保护科学,2003,29(1):30-31.
[95]张革,王玉平,曲键.浑河沈阳段地表水有机污染物对水环境影响的安全性评估[J].中国环境监测,2006,22(2):66-68.
[96]王莉,王玉平,卢迎红,苏娜.辽河流域浑河沈阳段地表水重点控制有机污染物的筛选[J].中国环境监测,2005,21(6):59-62.
[97]宋雪英,孙丽娜,王鑫,李听馨,孙铁珩.细河河水及其沿岸地下水水质的有机污染特征[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(12):2057-2061.
[98]郝明家,侯景艳.沈阳市地表水生态系统健康评价[J].环境保护科学,2007,33(2):73-75.
[99]康利荥.浑河沈阳段水质污染特征分析及治理建议[J].环境保护与循环经济,2008,28(7):47-49.
[100]胡新萍,沈阳市郊蔬菜基地土壤中重金属污染状态[J].辽宁城乡环境科技,2007,27(4):1-2.
[101]宋玉芳,周启星,宋雪英,张薇.石油污灌土壤污染物的残留与生态毒理[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(5):61-66.
[102]刘冰,甄宏.辽宁省重点灌区的污染特征与环境风险研究[J].气象与环境学报,2008,24(3):67-71.
[103]何俊.沈阳部分地区As、Hg、Cd的生态地球化学研究[D].青岛:青岛大学,2009:
[104]Benskin JP,Bataineh M,Martin JW.Simultaneous Characterization of Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylate,Sulfonate,and Sulfonamide Isomers by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.Analytical chemistry,2007,79(17):6455-6464.
[105]Ellis DA,Martin JW,Silva AOD,Mabury SA,Hurley MD,Andersen MPS,Wallington TJ,Degradation of fluorotelomer alcohols:a likely atmospheric source of perfluorinated carboxylic acids[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2004,38(12),3316-3321.
[106]Hurley MD,Ball JC,Wallington TJ,Andersen MPS,Ellis DA,Martin JW,Mabury SA.Atmospheric Chemistry of 4:2 Fluorotelomer Alcohol(CF3(CF2)3CH2CH2OH):Products and Mechanism of Cl Atom Initiated Oxidation[J].The journal of physical chemistry A,2004,108(26):5635-5642.
[107]Guruge KS,Manage PM,Yamanaka N,Miyazaki S,Taniyasu S,Yamashita N.Species-specific concentrations of perfluoroalkyl contaminants in farm and pet animals in Japan[J].Chemosphere,2008,73(1):S210-S215.
[108]Loganathan BG,Sajwan KS,Sinclair E,Kumar KS,Kannan K.Perfluoroallcyl sulfonates and perfluorocarboxylates in two wastewater treatment facilities in Kentucky and Georgia[J].Water Research,2007,41(20):4611-4620.
[109]Senthilkumar K,Ohi E,Sajwan K,Takasuga T,Kannan K.Perfluorinated Compounds in River Water,River Sediment,Market Fish,and Wildlife Samples from Japan[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2007,79(4):427-431.
[110]Senthilkumar K,Ohi E,Sajwan K,Takasuga T,Kannan K.Perfluorinated Compounds in River Water,River Sediment,Market Fish,and Wildlife Samples from Japan[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2007,79(4):427-431.
[111]杨伟贤.中国人血中全氟辛烷硫磺酸和同系化合物污染现状及全氟辛酸对生物化学路径的影响[D].香港:香港城市大学,2006.
[112]Kim SK,Kannan K.Perfluorinated Acids in Air,Rain,Snow,Surface Runoff,and Lakes:Relative Importance of Pathways to Contamination of Urban Lakes[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2007,41(24):8328-8334.
[113]Olsen GW,Burris JM,Ehresman DJ,Froehlich J W,Seacat AM,Butenhoff JL,Zobel LR.Half-life of serum elimination of perfluorooctanesulfonate,perfluorohexanesulfonate,perfluorooctanoate in retired fluorochemical production workers[J].Environmental health perspectives,2007,115(9),1298-305.
[114]Andersen ME,Clewell HJ,Tan YM,Butenhoff JL,Olsen GW.Pharmacokinetic modeling of saturable,renal resorption of perfluoroalkylacids in monkeys-probing the determinants of long plasma half-lives[J].Toxicology,2006,227(1-2),156-164.
[115]李哲敏.近50年中国居民食物消费与营养发展的变化特点[J].资源科学,2007,29(1):27-35.
[116]Loganathan BG,Sajwan KS,Sinclair E,Kumar KS,Kannan K.Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and perfluorocarboxylates in two wastewater treatment facilities in Kentucky and Georgia[J].Water Research,2007,41(20):4611-4620.
[117]Tomy GT,Budakowski W,Halldorson T,Helm PA,Stern GA,Friesen K,Pepper K,Tittlemier SA,Fisk AT.Fluorinated organic compounds in an Eastern Arctic marine food web[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2004,38(24):6475-6481.
[118]Martin JW,Mabury SA,Solomon KR,Muir DCG.Bioconcentration and tissue distribution of perfluorinated acids in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2003,22(1):196-204.
[119]吕刚,王利兵,刘军,李淑芬.全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物水生生态风险和人体健康风险评价[J].长江流域资源与环境,2008,17(6):904-908.
[120]GB5749-2006,中华人民共和国生活饮用水卫生标准[S].
[121]金相灿.有机化合物污染化学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1990.
[122]李政红,毕二平,张胜,殷密英,马琳娜,王文中,张翼龙.地下水污染健康风险评价方法[J].南水北调与水利科技,2008,6(6):47-51.
[123]Fan C,Wang GS,Chen YC,Ko CH.Risk assessment of exposure to volatile organic compounds in groundwater in Taiwan[J].Science of The Total Environment,2009,407(7):2165-2174.