灌水与氮肥对强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的调控效应研究
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摘要
1追氮时期和基追比例对强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的调控效应
以强筋高产冬小麦品种济麦20号为试验材料,采用大田试验研究了施氮量为240 kgN/hm2条件下,不同追氮时期和基追比例对小麦籽粒产量和品质形成的影响。
1.1追氮时期和基追比例对籽粒产量的影响
起身和拔节期追施氮肥处理的籽粒产量差异不显著,追氮时期由拔节期后移至孕穗和开花期,籽粒产量显著下降。在起身和拔节期追施氮肥,增加追施氮肥比例可以提高产量,在孕穗和开花期追施氮肥,增加追施氮肥比例导致产量降低。
1.2追氮时期和基追比例对成熟期小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和质量的影响
1.2.1追氮时期和基追比例对籽粒蛋白质含量的影响在基追比为1:1和3:7条件下,拔节期追施氮肥的籽粒蛋白质含量最高,当基追比为3:17时,孕穗期追施氮肥的籽粒蛋白质含量达到最高。在起身和拔节期追施氮肥,增加追施氮肥比例导致籽粒蛋白质含量降低;在孕穗期和开花期追施氮肥,增加追施氮肥比例使籽粒蛋白质含量显著提高。
1.2.2追氮时期和基追比例对籽粒蛋白质组分的影响
在基追比1:1条件下,拔节期追施氮肥处理的谷蛋白含量显著高于起身期追施氮肥处理,追氮时期由拔节期后移至孕穗期和开花期,谷蛋白含量显著降低;在基追比3:7和3:17条件下,不同追氮时期处理的谷蛋白含量差异不显著。
在一定的基追比条件下,拔节期追施氮肥处理的可溶性谷蛋白含量显著高于起身期追施氮肥处理,追氮时期由拔节期后移至孕穗期和开花期,可溶性谷蛋白含量显著降低。
在起身期和拔节期追施氮肥,清球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量随追氮比例增加均呈下降趋势;孕穗期和开花期追施氮肥,清球蛋白和醇溶蛋白随追氮比例增加呈上升趋势。
1.2.3追氮时期和基追比例对不溶性谷蛋白组分含量和比例的影响
在一定基追比条件下,起身、孕穗和开花期追施氮肥处理的HMW不溶性谷蛋白、不溶性谷蛋白含量均显著高于拔节期追施氮肥处理,孕穗期和开花期追施氮肥间差异不显著。
在起身期追施氮肥,随追氮比例的增加,HMW不溶性谷蛋白、不溶性谷蛋白含量呈下降趋势;在拔节期追施氮肥,随追氮比例增加,HMW不溶性谷蛋白含量呈下降趋势;不溶性谷蛋白含量无显著差异;在孕穗和开花期追施氮肥,随追氮比例的增加,HMW不溶性谷蛋白、不溶性谷蛋白含量呈上升趋势。
LMW不溶性谷蛋白和不溶性谷蛋白总量变化趋势基本一致。
在一定基追比条件下,拔节期追施氮肥处理的HMW不溶性谷蛋白/不溶性谷蛋白比值显著高于起身追施氮肥,追氮时期由拔节期后移至孕穗和开花期,HMW不溶性谷蛋白/不溶性谷蛋白比值降低。
1.2.4追氮时期和基追比例对醇溶蛋白组分和谷蛋白亚基的影响
醇溶蛋白各组分变化趋势基本一致,在起身和拔节期追施氮肥,各醇溶蛋白组分随追氮比例的增加呈下降趋势,在孕穗和开花期追施氮肥,各醇溶蛋白组分含量随追氮比例的增加呈上升趋势。
在基追比1:1条件下,拔节期追施氮肥处理的各醇溶蛋白组分含量显著高于起身期追施氮肥处理,追氮时期自拔节期后移至孕穗和开花期,各醇溶蛋白组分含量下降;在基追比为3:7和3:17时,随着追氮时期后移,各醇溶蛋白组分含量增加,孕穗期追施氮肥处理的各醇溶蛋白组分含量达到最高。
在各追氮时期,增加追氮比例可以提高HMW-GS含量。在一定的基追比条件下,拔节期追施氮肥处理的HMW-GS含量高于起身期追施氮肥处理,追氮时期自拔节期后移至孕穗和开花期,HMW-GS含量显著降低。LMW-GS和HMW-GS含量的变化趋势基本一致。
1.2.5追氮时期和基追比例对谷蛋白大聚合体体积和表面积的影响在起身期追施氮肥,增加追氮比例可以增加D(4, 3)(谷蛋白大集合体的加权平均体积);在拔节、孕穗和开花期追施氮肥,D(4, 3)随追氮比例增加呈下降趋势。在一定的基追比条件下,拔节期追施氮肥处理的D(4, 3)显著高于起身期追施氮肥处理,追氮时期由拔节期后移至孕穗期和开花期, D(4, 3)显著降低。D(4, 3)和D(3, 2)(谷蛋白大集合体的加权平均表面积)变化趋势基本一致。
1.3追氮时期和基追比例对小麦面团品质指标的影响
在起身和开花期追施氮肥,面团稳定时间随追氮比例增加呈上升趋势;在拔节和孕穗期追施氮肥,面团稳定时间随追氮比例增加呈下降趋势。
在一定基追比条件下,拔节期追施氮肥的面团稳定时间显著高于起身期追施氮肥处理,追氮时期自拔节期后移至孕穗和开花期,面团稳定时间显著降低。在基追比为1:1和3:7条件下,拔节期追施氮肥处理的面团形成时间高于起身、孕穗、开花期追施氮肥处理;在基追比为3:17时,孕穗期追施氮肥处理的面团形成时间达到最高。
在起身期和拔节期追施氮肥,面团形成时间随追氮比例增加呈下降趋势;在孕穗期和开花期追施氮肥,面团形成时间随追氮比例增加呈上升趋势,湿面筋含量和面团形成时间变化趋势基本一致。
1.4蛋白质各组分与面团品质的相关分析
可溶性谷蛋白含量、HMW-GS含量、HMW不可溶谷蛋白/不可溶谷蛋白比值、D(4, 3)和D(3, 2)均与面团稳定时间呈显著或极显著正相关。粗蛋白、谷蛋白、可溶性谷蛋白、醇溶蛋白各组分含量均与面团形成时间呈显著或极显著正相关。
1.5追氮时期和基追比例对淀粉品质的影响
在起身期追施氮肥,增加追氮比例提高直链淀粉含量;在拔节、孕穗和开花期追施氮肥,增加追氮比例降低直链淀粉含量。在各个追氮时期,支链淀粉和总淀粉含量均表现为随追氮比例的增加呈下降趋势。
在一定的基追比条件下,拔节期追施氮肥处理的淀粉各组分含量高于起身期追施氮肥处理,追氮时期自拔节期后移至孕穗和开花期,淀粉各组分含量显著降低。在起身、拔节和孕穗期追施氮肥,基追比1:1处理的高峰黏度、稀懈值、低谷黏度和最后黏度均显著高于基追比3:7、3:17处理;在开花期追施氮肥,不同氮肥基追比处理的淀粉黏度指标差异不显著。各淀粉黏度指标均表现为拔节期追施氮肥最高,追氮时期自拔节期后移至开花期,各淀粉黏度指标显著降低。
相关分析表明,支链淀粉和总淀粉含量均与最后黏度、稀懈值、低谷黏度和高峰黏度呈极显著正相关,直/支比与稀懈值呈显著负相关。
2灌水频次对强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的调控效应
以强筋冬小麦品种济麦20号、藁城8901和烟农15为试验材料,采用大田试验研究了施氮量为168 kgN/hm2条件下,不同灌水频次对小麦籽粒产量和品质形成的影响。
2.1灌水频次对产量的影响
济麦20和藁城8901的籽粒产量表现为随灌水次数增加先升高后降低趋势,灌水次数在0~2范围内,籽粒产量随灌水次数增加而增加,在灌水次数增加到3次时,籽粒产量较灌2水处理下降。烟农15的籽粒产量随灌水次数的增加显著提高。
2.2灌水频次对籽粒蛋白质组分的影响
济麦20和藁城8901的粗蛋白、醇溶蛋白、清球蛋白和谷蛋白含量随灌水次数的增加均呈上升趋势,烟农15的粗蛋白、醇溶蛋白、清球蛋白和谷蛋白含量均随灌水次数的增加呈下降趋势。济麦20和藁城8901的谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比例随灌水次数增加呈下降趋势,烟农15的谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比例随灌水次数增加呈先上升后下降趋势。
2.3灌水频次对籽粒不溶性谷蛋白组分及比例的影响
济麦20和藁城8901的不溶性谷蛋白、可溶性谷蛋白各组分含量及HMW不溶性谷蛋白/不溶性谷蛋白比例随灌水次数的增加均呈上升趋势;随灌水次数的增加,烟农15的不溶性谷蛋白和可溶性谷蛋白各组分含量均呈下降趋势,HMW不溶性谷蛋白/不溶性谷蛋白比例呈先上升后下降趋势。
2.4灌水频次对籽粒醇溶蛋白组分和谷蛋白亚基的影响
随灌水次数增加,济麦20的各醇溶蛋白组分、HMW-GS和LMW-GS含量及HMW-GS/LMW-GS比值均呈上升趋势;烟农15的各醇溶蛋白组分、HMW-GS和LMW-GS含量呈下降趋势,HMW-GS/LMW-GS比值不同灌水处理间差异不显著。藁城8901的各醇溶蛋白组分、HMW-GS和LMW-GS含量及HMW-GS/LMW-GS比值均表现为在0~2水范围内随灌水次数增加呈上升趋势,再增加灌水则不同程度的降低。
2.5灌水频次对谷蛋白大集合体粒度的影响
济麦20和藁城8901的谷蛋白大聚合体的加权平均体积和加权平均表面积随灌水次数增加均呈上升趋势,烟农15的谷蛋白大聚合体的加权平均体积和加权平均表面积随灌水次数增加均呈下降趋势。
2.6灌水频次对面团品质、面包品质的影响
随灌水次数增加,济麦20和藁城8901的湿面筋、面团形成时间和稳定时间、面包体积和面包总评分均呈上升趋势。烟农15的灌1水处理面团稳定时间最高,再增加灌水,面团稳定时间显著降低;而面包体积和面包总评分在灌0~2水范围内随灌水次数的增加呈上升趋势,灌3水处理的面包体积和面包总评分较灌2水处理显著降低。
2.7蛋白质品质和面团、面包品质的相关分析
不可溶谷蛋白、HMW不可溶谷蛋白、HMW不可溶谷蛋白/不可溶谷蛋白比值均与面团稳定时间和面包总评分达到显著或极显著正相关。D(4, 3)和D(3, 2)均与面包体积呈极显著正相关。
3水氮耦合对强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的调控效应
以强筋冬小麦品种济麦20号为试验材料,采用大田试验和15N微区示踪试验相结合的方法,研究了0~240 kgN/hm2范围内不同施氮量、施肥方式、灌水次数、及水氮互作对小麦籽粒产量和品质形成的影响,水氮耦合对冬小麦氮肥的吸收利用及生育后期土壤硝态氮累积迁移的影响。本试验主要研究结果如下:
3.1水氮耦合对强筋小麦产量的调控效应
小麦生育期间灌2次水达最高产量,再增加灌水会降低产量,进一步增加灌水虽然提高了穗粒数,但是千粒重显著下降,最终导致产量的降低。施氮处理的籽粒产量均显著高于不施氮处理,但施氮处理间差异不显著。
3.2水氮耦合对强筋小麦蛋白质品质的调控效应
相同施氮水平下,各灌水处理的籽粒蛋白质含量、单体蛋白含量均显著低于不灌水处理,但不同灌水处理间无显著差异。随灌水次数增加,谷蛋白组分产生了显著的变化,其中不溶性谷蛋白(高分子量谷蛋白)含量呈下降趋势,可溶性谷蛋白(低分子量谷蛋白)含量呈上升趋势,谷蛋白聚合指数(不溶性谷蛋白含量/谷蛋白总量)降低,粉质仪参数(面团稳定时间和形成时间)也相应降低,表明灌水次数增加导致籽粒品质变劣的主要原因是不溶性谷蛋白积累减少。施氮168㎏/hm2条件下,氮肥拔节期全量追施处理的籽粒产量不降低,而其籽粒品质显著优于分次施肥处理(50%基施、50%拔节期追施),且与240㎏ N/hm2分次施用处理差异不显著。
3.3水氮耦合对强筋小麦淀粉品质的调控效应
在不施氮肥条件下,随灌水次数增加,支链淀粉和总淀粉含量呈上升趋势;施氮条件下,各灌水处理(W1、W2、W3)的总淀粉和支链淀粉含量均显著高于不灌水处理(W0),但各灌水处理间差异不显著。随灌水次数增加,直链淀粉含量和直/支比均呈下降趋势。施氮在低灌水频次(W0、W1)条件下促进支链淀粉的合成,同时降低直链淀粉含量和直/支比;高灌水频次(W2、W3)条件下则相反。黏度仪指标(峰值黏度、稀澥值）均呈上升趋势.相关分析表明，支链淀粉含量与峰值黏度、稀澥值和反弹值均达显著或极显著正相关;直链淀粉含量和直/支比均与峰值黏度、稀澥值和反弹值呈显著或极显著负相关。
3.4水氮耦合对氮肥利用率、水氮生产效率及土壤中硝态氮迁移的影响
在一定氮肥水平下,不灌水处理的氮肥利用率高于各灌水处理,各灌水处理的氮肥利用率随灌水次数增加呈上升趋势;增加灌水次数,氮肥耕层残留量和残留率显著降低,氮肥损失量和损失率则明显增加。在一定的灌溉水平上,随施氮量(0~240 kg/hm2)增加,植株总吸氮量、氮肥吸收量、氮肥耕层残留量、氮肥损失量以及损失率均呈上升趋势,而氮肥利用率和耕层残留率呈下降趋势。灌水生产效率随灌水次数增加显著下降。在一定灌溉水平上,施氮量由168 kg/hm2增至240 kg/hm2,氮素收获指数和氮肥生产效率显著降低。灌水促进了分次施氮处理(N168,N240)中土壤硝态氮向下迁移,从开花到收获0~100 cm土层中部分硝态氮迁移到了100~200 cm土层。灌水次数是导致收获期0~100 cm土层残留NO3--N累积量变化的主导因素;水氮互作效应是决定收获期100~200 cm土层残留NO3--N累积量变化的主导因素,且灌水效应大于施氮效应。
1 Regulatory effect of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on grain yield and quality of strong gluten winter wheat
When N fertilizer application amount was 240 kg N /hm2, effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on grain yield and quality of Jimai 20 (a winter wheat cultivar with strong gluten) were studied.
1.1 Effects of N fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on grain yield
Grain yield had no significant difference topdressing N fertilizer at rising and jointing. The grain yield of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging and anthesis was significantly lower than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing. The grain yield of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at anthesis was the lowest. Grain yield was increased by increasing topdressing nitrogen fertilizer rate at rising and jointing, but grain yield was decreased by increasing topdressing nitrogen fertilizer rate at flagging and anthesis.
1.2 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on grain protein content and quality at maturity
1.2.1 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on grain protein content
When the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 50% and 70% of total nitrogen application, grain protein content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing was the highest. As the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 85% of total nitrogen application, grain protein content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging was the highest. Increasing rate of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing at rising and jointing decreased grain protein content, but significantly increased grain protein content topdressing at flagging and anthesis.
1.2.2 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on grain protein composition
As the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 50% of total nitrogen application, the grain glutenin content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, flagging and anthesis were all significantly lower than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing, and that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at anthesis was the lowest. As topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 70% and 85% of total nitrogen application, the glutenin content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at all stages had no significant difference.
The soluble glutenin content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, flagging and anthesis were significantly lower than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing, and that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging was significantly higher than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at anthesis.
The content of albumin, globulin and gliadin of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and jointing were decreased by increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen, but these of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging and anthesis were increased by increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen.
1.2.3 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on the insoluble glutenin composition content and ratio
The HMW insoluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and flagging were significantly higher than these of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing, and the HMW insoluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at anthesis had no significantly difference with that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging.
As increasing topdressing nitrogen rate, the HMW insoluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin content decreased as topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, but increased as topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging and anthesis. As topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing, the HMW insoluble glutenin content was decreased and insoluble glutenin content had no significantly difference by increasing topdressing nitrogen fertilizer rate.
The LMW insoluble glutenin content had the same trend with the insoluble glutenin content. The ratio of HMW insoluble glutenin content and insoluble glutenin content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and flagging were significantly lower than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing, and that of topdressing nitrogen at anthesis was significantly lower than that of topdressing at flagging.
1.2.4 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on gliadin composition and glutenin subunit
The gliadin composition (ω5-gliadin,ω1, 2-gliadin,α-gliadin,γ-gliadin) content changed uniformly. The gliadin composition content decreased with increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and jointing, and increased with increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging and anthesis. As the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 50% of total nitrogen application, the gliadin composition content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing were significantly higher than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, and flagging, and that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging were higher than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at anthesis. As topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 70% and 85% of total nitrogen application, all gliadin composition content increased with the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer stage postponed and that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging was higher than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, flagging and anthesis.
At the different topdressing nitrogen fertilizer stage, the HMW-GS content was increased by increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer. the HMW-GS content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, flagging were lower than that of topdressing at jointing, and that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging was significantly higher than that of topdressing at anthesis. The LMW-GS content had the similar trend with the HMW-GS content.
1.2.5 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on glutenin macro-polymer volume and surface area
Increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer, D(4, 3) was increased as topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and was decreased as topdressing at jointing, flagging and anthesis stage. The D(4, 3) of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing was significantly higher than that of topdressing at rising, flagging, and that of topdressing at anthesis was significantly lower than that of topdressing at flagging. The D(3, 2) changed similarly with D(4, 3).
1.3 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on dough quality
The dough stability time was increased with increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and anthesis, and was decreased with increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing and flagging.
The dough stability time of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and flagging were significantly lower than that of topdressing at jointing, and that of topdressing at anthesis was significantly lower than that of topdressing at flagging. As topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 50% and 70% of total nitrogen application, the dough development time of topdressing at rising, flagging and anthesis were significantly shorter than that of topdressing at jointing, and that of topdressing at flagging was higher than that of topdressing at anthesis. As topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 85% of total nitrogen application, the dough development time of topdressing at flagging was longest.
The dough development time was decreased with increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and jointing and was increased with increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging and anthesis. The flour wet gluten content changed similarly with the dough development time.
1.4 Correlative analysis between protein composition and dough quality
The content of soluble glutenin, HMW-GS, D(4, 3)and D(3, 2), the ratio of HMW insoluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin were all significantly and positively correlated with the dough stability time. The content of grain protein, glutenin, soluble glutenin and gliadin composition were all significantly and positively correlated with the dough development time. 1.5 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on starch quality
Increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, the amylose content was increased, and was decreased as topdressing at jointing, flagging and anthesis. At all topdressing stage, the amylopectin content and the starch content was decreased with increasing the rate topdressing nitrogen fertilizer.
The starch composition content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and flagging were lower than that of topdressing at jointing, and that of topdressing at anthesis was significantly lower than that of topdressing at flagging.
As topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, jointing and flagging, the RVA indexes (peak viscosity, through viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity) of the 50% topdressing nitrogen fertilizer of total nitrogen application treatment was significantly higher than that of the 70% and 85% topdressing nitrogen fertilizer of total nitrogen application treatment, and RVA indexes between different topdressing nitrogen fertilizer rate treatment at anthesis had no difference.
RVA indexes of topdressing at rising and flagging were lower than that of topdressing at jointing, and these of topdressing at anthesis were significantly lower than that of topdressing at flagging. Correlative analysis indicated that both amylopectin content and starch content were significantly and positively correlated with the final viscosity, break down, through viscosity and peak viscosity. The ratio of amylose and amylopectin significantly and negatively correlated with break down.
2 Effect of irrigation frequency on the grain yield and quality of the strong gluten winter wheat
When N fertilizer application amount was 168 kgN/hm2, effects of irrigation frequency on grain yield and quality of three winter wheat cultivar with strong gluten (Jimai 20, Gaocheng 8901, Yannong 15 ) was studied.
2.1 Effect of irrigation frequency on grain yield
The grain yield of Jimai 20 and Gaocheng 8901 increased with irrigation frequency added which ranged from 0 to 2 times, however, it was noted to be decreased in thrice irrigation treatment compared with twice irrigation treatment. Grain yield of Yannong 15 increased with the irrigation frequency added.
2.2 Effect of irrigation frequency on the grain protein composition
The content of grain protein, gliadin, albumin, globulin and glutenin of Jimai 20 and Gaocheng 8901 increased with frequency irrigation added, and these of Yannong 15 all decreased with irrigation frequency added. The ratio of glutenin and gliadin of Jimai 20 and Gaocheng 8901 decreased with irrigation frequency added, and that of Yannong 15 increased with irrigation frequency added in the range of 0~2 times irrigation then decreased in three times irrigation treatment compared with two times irrigation treatment.
2.3 Effect of irrigation frequency on the grain insoluble glutenin composition and ratio
The content of insoluble glutenin composition and soluble glutenin composition and the ratio of HMW insoluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin of Jimai 20 and Gaocheng 8901 increased with irrigation frequency added. The content of insoluble glutenin composition and soluble glutenin composition of Yannong 15 decreased with irrigation frequency added, but the ratio of HMW insoluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin of Yannong 15 increased with irrigation frequency increasing in the range of 0~2 times irrigation and then decreased in three times irrigation treatment compared with two times irrigation treatment.
2.4 Effect of irrigation frequency on gliadin composition and glutenin subunit
The content of gliadin composition, HMW-GS, and LMW-GS and the ratio of HMW-GS and LMW-GS of Jimai 20 increased with irrigation frequency added. The content of gliadin composition, HMW-GS, and LMW-GS of Yannong 15 decreased with irrigation frequency added, but the ratio of HMW-GS and LMW-GS of Yannong 15 had no significantly difference between the irrigation treatments. The content of gliadin, HMW-GS and LMW-GS and the ratio of HMW-GS and LMW-GS of Gaocheng 8901 increased with the irrigation frequency added in the range of 0 to 2 times irrigation, and then decreased in three times irrigation treatment compared with two times irrigation treatment.
2.5 Effect of irrigation frequency on the glutenin macro-polymer particle size
The weighted average volume and the weighted average surface area of GMP of Jimai 20 and Gaocheng 8901 were increased with irrigation frequency added, and these of Yannong 15 were decreased with irrigation frequency added.
2.6 Effect of irrigation frequency on dough quality and bread quality
The flour wet gluten, the dough development and stability time, the bread volume and the bread total score of Jimai 20 and Gaocheng 8901 increased with irrigation frequency added. The dough stability time of once irrigation treatment of Yannong 15 was higher than that of twice and thrice irrigation treatments. The bread volume and total score of Yannong 15 increased with the irrigation frequency increasing in the range of 0 to 2 times irrigation, and then decreased in three times irrigation treatment compared with two times irrigation treatment.
2.7 Correlative analysis of the protein quality and the dough and bread quality
The insoluble glutenin content, the HMW insoluble glutenin content and the ratio of HMW insoluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin were significantly and positively correlated with the dough stability time and bread total score. The D(4, 3) and D(3, 2) were significantly and positivly correlated with bread volume.
3 Coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and quality of winter wheat
JM20, typical cultivars of winter wheat with strong gluten potential used in local production were chosen in this study. The 15N isotope trace technique was applied in the experiment. The effects of different nitrogen application amount (0~240 kgN/hm2), fertilizer application method, irrigation frequncey, interaction of irrigation and nitrogen on the the grain yield and quality of wheat were studied in the field experiment. Interactive effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen fertilizer recovery and nitrate-N movement across soil profile from anthesis to maturity were also investigated. The main results were as follows:
3.1 Coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield Grain yield had increased with irrigation frequency which ranged from none to twice, however, it was noted to be decreased in thrice irrigation treatment compared with twice irrigation treatment. Although grains per ear was increased but 1000-grain weight was significantly decreased in thrice irrigation treatment compared to twice irrigation treatment, leading to yield of thrice irrigation treatment lower to yield of twice irrigation treatment. Grain yield of nitrogen application treatment was significantly higher than that of non-nitrogen treatment, but these of nitrogen application treatment had no significant difference.
3.2 Coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on protein quality
The contents of grain protein and monomeric protein in irrigation treatments were significantly lower than these in non-irrigation treatment, but there were no significant differences among irrigation treatments. With the irrigation frequency increase, the changes of glutenin composition were not uniformed, in which soluble glutenin (low molelular weight glutenin) content was increased while insoluble glutenin (high molelular weight glutenin) content and polymerization index (insoluble glutenin/total glutenin) were reduced. In addition, both dough development time and stability time had the same tendency as insoluble glutenin and polymerization index, which suggested retarded formation and accumulation of insoluble glutenin was the major reason of worsen grain quality with added irrigation frequency.
Compared with N split application (50% of 168 kgN/hm2 was applied at preplanting and the remainder at jointing), N fertilizer totally top-dressed at jointing led to significantly improved grain quality and similar grain yield. The grain quality of N fertilizer totally top-dressed (168 kg N /hm2) at jointing had no significant difference with the quality of N split application (50% of 240 kgN/hm2 was applied at preplanting and the remainder at jointing). Therefore, it is proposed that N fertilizer can be totally top-dressed at jointing under high yield condition for the sake of high grain yield and excellent quality.
3.3 Coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on starch quality
Starch content and amylopectin content was increased with adding irrigation frequency in non-nitrogen treatment. Under nitrogen treatment, irrigation significant increased starch content and amylopectin content compared to non-irrigation treatment, but there were no significant difference on starch and amylopectin content between irrigation treatments. Amylose content and the ratio of amylose to amylopectin were reduced while RVA indexes (peak viscosity, breakdown) were increased with adding irrigation frequency. Nitrogen application significantly improved amylopectin content and decreased amylose content in lower frequency irrigation (W0 and W1), while amylopectin content was decreased and amylose content was improved by nitrogen application in higher frequency irrigation (W2 and W3). The amylopectin content was significantly and positively correlated with the peak viscosity, breakdown and setback. The amylose content and the ratio of amylose and amylopectin were significantly and negatively correlated with the peak viscosity, breakdown and setback.
3.4 Coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen fertilizer recovery, productive efficiency of water and nitrogen, nitrate-N movement across soil profile
The N fertilizer recovery rate of non-irrigation treatments was found to be higher than those of irrigation treatments. It was noted that irrigation treatments increased the recovery rate along with increased irrigation frequency. Both N fertilizer residual amount and residual rate in 0~25 cm plough soil layer decreased with increased irrigation frequency, while N fertilizer loss amount and loss rate increased. N recovered by wheat plant, N fertilizer uptake by wheat plant, N fertilizer residual amount in plough soil layer, N fertilizer loss amount as well as loss rate all increased,and N fertilizer recovery rate and soil residual rate both decreased when N fertilizer application amount ranged from 0 to 240 kg/hm2.
Water productive efficiency decreased with increased irrigation frequency. N harvest index and N fertilizer productive efficiency all significantly decreased as N fertilizer application increased from 168 to 240 kg/hm2. Irrigation accelerated NO3--N leaching in N fertilizer application treatments (N168, N240). Dimensionally, the leaching of NO3--N happened from upper soil (0~100 cm) to deeper soil (100~200 cm) during anthesis to harvest of wheat croping. Our findings suggested that the irrigation frequency was crucial to influence the residual NO3--N accumulation in 0~100 cm soil profile at harvest. The coupling effect of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation accessed the process of residual NO3--N accumulation in 100~200 cm soil at harvest while irrigation played greater role in nitrate movement compared with N fertilizer application.
以强筋高产冬小麦品种济麦20号为试验材料,采用大田试验研究了施氮量为240 kgN/hm2条件下,不同追氮时期和基追比例对小麦籽粒产量和品质形成的影响。
1.1追氮时期和基追比例对籽粒产量的影响
起身和拔节期追施氮肥处理的籽粒产量差异不显著,追氮时期由拔节期后移至孕穗和开花期,籽粒产量显著下降。在起身和拔节期追施氮肥,增加追施氮肥比例可以提高产量,在孕穗和开花期追施氮肥,增加追施氮肥比例导致产量降低。
1.2追氮时期和基追比例对成熟期小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和质量的影响
1.2.1追氮时期和基追比例对籽粒蛋白质含量的影响在基追比为1:1和3:7条件下,拔节期追施氮肥的籽粒蛋白质含量最高,当基追比为3:17时,孕穗期追施氮肥的籽粒蛋白质含量达到最高。在起身和拔节期追施氮肥,增加追施氮肥比例导致籽粒蛋白质含量降低;在孕穗期和开花期追施氮肥,增加追施氮肥比例使籽粒蛋白质含量显著提高。
1.2.2追氮时期和基追比例对籽粒蛋白质组分的影响
在基追比1:1条件下,拔节期追施氮肥处理的谷蛋白含量显著高于起身期追施氮肥处理,追氮时期由拔节期后移至孕穗期和开花期,谷蛋白含量显著降低;在基追比3:7和3:17条件下,不同追氮时期处理的谷蛋白含量差异不显著。
在一定的基追比条件下,拔节期追施氮肥处理的可溶性谷蛋白含量显著高于起身期追施氮肥处理,追氮时期由拔节期后移至孕穗期和开花期,可溶性谷蛋白含量显著降低。
在起身期和拔节期追施氮肥,清球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量随追氮比例增加均呈下降趋势;孕穗期和开花期追施氮肥,清球蛋白和醇溶蛋白随追氮比例增加呈上升趋势。
1.2.3追氮时期和基追比例对不溶性谷蛋白组分含量和比例的影响
在一定基追比条件下,起身、孕穗和开花期追施氮肥处理的HMW不溶性谷蛋白、不溶性谷蛋白含量均显著高于拔节期追施氮肥处理,孕穗期和开花期追施氮肥间差异不显著。
在起身期追施氮肥,随追氮比例的增加,HMW不溶性谷蛋白、不溶性谷蛋白含量呈下降趋势;在拔节期追施氮肥,随追氮比例增加,HMW不溶性谷蛋白含量呈下降趋势;不溶性谷蛋白含量无显著差异;在孕穗和开花期追施氮肥,随追氮比例的增加,HMW不溶性谷蛋白、不溶性谷蛋白含量呈上升趋势。
LMW不溶性谷蛋白和不溶性谷蛋白总量变化趋势基本一致。
在一定基追比条件下,拔节期追施氮肥处理的HMW不溶性谷蛋白/不溶性谷蛋白比值显著高于起身追施氮肥,追氮时期由拔节期后移至孕穗和开花期,HMW不溶性谷蛋白/不溶性谷蛋白比值降低。
1.2.4追氮时期和基追比例对醇溶蛋白组分和谷蛋白亚基的影响
醇溶蛋白各组分变化趋势基本一致,在起身和拔节期追施氮肥,各醇溶蛋白组分随追氮比例的增加呈下降趋势,在孕穗和开花期追施氮肥,各醇溶蛋白组分含量随追氮比例的增加呈上升趋势。
在基追比1:1条件下,拔节期追施氮肥处理的各醇溶蛋白组分含量显著高于起身期追施氮肥处理,追氮时期自拔节期后移至孕穗和开花期,各醇溶蛋白组分含量下降;在基追比为3:7和3:17时,随着追氮时期后移,各醇溶蛋白组分含量增加,孕穗期追施氮肥处理的各醇溶蛋白组分含量达到最高。
在各追氮时期,增加追氮比例可以提高HMW-GS含量。在一定的基追比条件下,拔节期追施氮肥处理的HMW-GS含量高于起身期追施氮肥处理,追氮时期自拔节期后移至孕穗和开花期,HMW-GS含量显著降低。LMW-GS和HMW-GS含量的变化趋势基本一致。
1.2.5追氮时期和基追比例对谷蛋白大聚合体体积和表面积的影响在起身期追施氮肥,增加追氮比例可以增加D(4, 3)(谷蛋白大集合体的加权平均体积);在拔节、孕穗和开花期追施氮肥,D(4, 3)随追氮比例增加呈下降趋势。在一定的基追比条件下,拔节期追施氮肥处理的D(4, 3)显著高于起身期追施氮肥处理,追氮时期由拔节期后移至孕穗期和开花期, D(4, 3)显著降低。D(4, 3)和D(3, 2)(谷蛋白大集合体的加权平均表面积)变化趋势基本一致。
1.3追氮时期和基追比例对小麦面团品质指标的影响
在起身和开花期追施氮肥,面团稳定时间随追氮比例增加呈上升趋势;在拔节和孕穗期追施氮肥,面团稳定时间随追氮比例增加呈下降趋势。
在一定基追比条件下,拔节期追施氮肥的面团稳定时间显著高于起身期追施氮肥处理,追氮时期自拔节期后移至孕穗和开花期,面团稳定时间显著降低。在基追比为1:1和3:7条件下,拔节期追施氮肥处理的面团形成时间高于起身、孕穗、开花期追施氮肥处理;在基追比为3:17时,孕穗期追施氮肥处理的面团形成时间达到最高。
在起身期和拔节期追施氮肥,面团形成时间随追氮比例增加呈下降趋势;在孕穗期和开花期追施氮肥,面团形成时间随追氮比例增加呈上升趋势,湿面筋含量和面团形成时间变化趋势基本一致。
1.4蛋白质各组分与面团品质的相关分析
可溶性谷蛋白含量、HMW-GS含量、HMW不可溶谷蛋白/不可溶谷蛋白比值、D(4, 3)和D(3, 2)均与面团稳定时间呈显著或极显著正相关。粗蛋白、谷蛋白、可溶性谷蛋白、醇溶蛋白各组分含量均与面团形成时间呈显著或极显著正相关。
1.5追氮时期和基追比例对淀粉品质的影响
在起身期追施氮肥,增加追氮比例提高直链淀粉含量;在拔节、孕穗和开花期追施氮肥,增加追氮比例降低直链淀粉含量。在各个追氮时期,支链淀粉和总淀粉含量均表现为随追氮比例的增加呈下降趋势。
在一定的基追比条件下,拔节期追施氮肥处理的淀粉各组分含量高于起身期追施氮肥处理,追氮时期自拔节期后移至孕穗和开花期,淀粉各组分含量显著降低。在起身、拔节和孕穗期追施氮肥,基追比1:1处理的高峰黏度、稀懈值、低谷黏度和最后黏度均显著高于基追比3:7、3:17处理;在开花期追施氮肥,不同氮肥基追比处理的淀粉黏度指标差异不显著。各淀粉黏度指标均表现为拔节期追施氮肥最高,追氮时期自拔节期后移至开花期,各淀粉黏度指标显著降低。
相关分析表明,支链淀粉和总淀粉含量均与最后黏度、稀懈值、低谷黏度和高峰黏度呈极显著正相关,直/支比与稀懈值呈显著负相关。
2灌水频次对强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的调控效应
以强筋冬小麦品种济麦20号、藁城8901和烟农15为试验材料,采用大田试验研究了施氮量为168 kgN/hm2条件下,不同灌水频次对小麦籽粒产量和品质形成的影响。
2.1灌水频次对产量的影响
济麦20和藁城8901的籽粒产量表现为随灌水次数增加先升高后降低趋势,灌水次数在0~2范围内,籽粒产量随灌水次数增加而增加,在灌水次数增加到3次时,籽粒产量较灌2水处理下降。烟农15的籽粒产量随灌水次数的增加显著提高。
2.2灌水频次对籽粒蛋白质组分的影响
济麦20和藁城8901的粗蛋白、醇溶蛋白、清球蛋白和谷蛋白含量随灌水次数的增加均呈上升趋势,烟农15的粗蛋白、醇溶蛋白、清球蛋白和谷蛋白含量均随灌水次数的增加呈下降趋势。济麦20和藁城8901的谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比例随灌水次数增加呈下降趋势,烟农15的谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比例随灌水次数增加呈先上升后下降趋势。
2.3灌水频次对籽粒不溶性谷蛋白组分及比例的影响
济麦20和藁城8901的不溶性谷蛋白、可溶性谷蛋白各组分含量及HMW不溶性谷蛋白/不溶性谷蛋白比例随灌水次数的增加均呈上升趋势;随灌水次数的增加,烟农15的不溶性谷蛋白和可溶性谷蛋白各组分含量均呈下降趋势,HMW不溶性谷蛋白/不溶性谷蛋白比例呈先上升后下降趋势。
2.4灌水频次对籽粒醇溶蛋白组分和谷蛋白亚基的影响
随灌水次数增加,济麦20的各醇溶蛋白组分、HMW-GS和LMW-GS含量及HMW-GS/LMW-GS比值均呈上升趋势;烟农15的各醇溶蛋白组分、HMW-GS和LMW-GS含量呈下降趋势,HMW-GS/LMW-GS比值不同灌水处理间差异不显著。藁城8901的各醇溶蛋白组分、HMW-GS和LMW-GS含量及HMW-GS/LMW-GS比值均表现为在0~2水范围内随灌水次数增加呈上升趋势,再增加灌水则不同程度的降低。
2.5灌水频次对谷蛋白大集合体粒度的影响
济麦20和藁城8901的谷蛋白大聚合体的加权平均体积和加权平均表面积随灌水次数增加均呈上升趋势,烟农15的谷蛋白大聚合体的加权平均体积和加权平均表面积随灌水次数增加均呈下降趋势。
2.6灌水频次对面团品质、面包品质的影响
随灌水次数增加,济麦20和藁城8901的湿面筋、面团形成时间和稳定时间、面包体积和面包总评分均呈上升趋势。烟农15的灌1水处理面团稳定时间最高,再增加灌水,面团稳定时间显著降低;而面包体积和面包总评分在灌0~2水范围内随灌水次数的增加呈上升趋势,灌3水处理的面包体积和面包总评分较灌2水处理显著降低。
2.7蛋白质品质和面团、面包品质的相关分析
不可溶谷蛋白、HMW不可溶谷蛋白、HMW不可溶谷蛋白/不可溶谷蛋白比值均与面团稳定时间和面包总评分达到显著或极显著正相关。D(4, 3)和D(3, 2)均与面包体积呈极显著正相关。
3水氮耦合对强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的调控效应
以强筋冬小麦品种济麦20号为试验材料,采用大田试验和15N微区示踪试验相结合的方法,研究了0~240 kgN/hm2范围内不同施氮量、施肥方式、灌水次数、及水氮互作对小麦籽粒产量和品质形成的影响,水氮耦合对冬小麦氮肥的吸收利用及生育后期土壤硝态氮累积迁移的影响。本试验主要研究结果如下:
3.1水氮耦合对强筋小麦产量的调控效应
小麦生育期间灌2次水达最高产量,再增加灌水会降低产量,进一步增加灌水虽然提高了穗粒数,但是千粒重显著下降,最终导致产量的降低。施氮处理的籽粒产量均显著高于不施氮处理,但施氮处理间差异不显著。
3.2水氮耦合对强筋小麦蛋白质品质的调控效应
相同施氮水平下,各灌水处理的籽粒蛋白质含量、单体蛋白含量均显著低于不灌水处理,但不同灌水处理间无显著差异。随灌水次数增加,谷蛋白组分产生了显著的变化,其中不溶性谷蛋白(高分子量谷蛋白)含量呈下降趋势,可溶性谷蛋白(低分子量谷蛋白)含量呈上升趋势,谷蛋白聚合指数(不溶性谷蛋白含量/谷蛋白总量)降低,粉质仪参数(面团稳定时间和形成时间)也相应降低,表明灌水次数增加导致籽粒品质变劣的主要原因是不溶性谷蛋白积累减少。施氮168㎏/hm2条件下,氮肥拔节期全量追施处理的籽粒产量不降低,而其籽粒品质显著优于分次施肥处理(50%基施、50%拔节期追施),且与240㎏ N/hm2分次施用处理差异不显著。
3.3水氮耦合对强筋小麦淀粉品质的调控效应
在不施氮肥条件下,随灌水次数增加,支链淀粉和总淀粉含量呈上升趋势;施氮条件下,各灌水处理(W1、W2、W3)的总淀粉和支链淀粉含量均显著高于不灌水处理(W0),但各灌水处理间差异不显著。随灌水次数增加,直链淀粉含量和直/支比均呈下降趋势。施氮在低灌水频次(W0、W1)条件下促进支链淀粉的合成,同时降低直链淀粉含量和直/支比;高灌水频次(W2、W3)条件下则相反。黏度仪指标(峰值黏度、稀澥值）均呈上升趋势.相关分析表明，支链淀粉含量与峰值黏度、稀澥值和反弹值均达显著或极显著正相关;直链淀粉含量和直/支比均与峰值黏度、稀澥值和反弹值呈显著或极显著负相关。
3.4水氮耦合对氮肥利用率、水氮生产效率及土壤中硝态氮迁移的影响
在一定氮肥水平下,不灌水处理的氮肥利用率高于各灌水处理,各灌水处理的氮肥利用率随灌水次数增加呈上升趋势;增加灌水次数,氮肥耕层残留量和残留率显著降低,氮肥损失量和损失率则明显增加。在一定的灌溉水平上,随施氮量(0~240 kg/hm2)增加,植株总吸氮量、氮肥吸收量、氮肥耕层残留量、氮肥损失量以及损失率均呈上升趋势,而氮肥利用率和耕层残留率呈下降趋势。灌水生产效率随灌水次数增加显著下降。在一定灌溉水平上,施氮量由168 kg/hm2增至240 kg/hm2,氮素收获指数和氮肥生产效率显著降低。灌水促进了分次施氮处理(N168,N240)中土壤硝态氮向下迁移,从开花到收获0~100 cm土层中部分硝态氮迁移到了100~200 cm土层。灌水次数是导致收获期0~100 cm土层残留NO3--N累积量变化的主导因素;水氮互作效应是决定收获期100~200 cm土层残留NO3--N累积量变化的主导因素,且灌水效应大于施氮效应。
1 Regulatory effect of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on grain yield and quality of strong gluten winter wheat
When N fertilizer application amount was 240 kg N /hm2, effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on grain yield and quality of Jimai 20 (a winter wheat cultivar with strong gluten) were studied.
1.1 Effects of N fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on grain yield
Grain yield had no significant difference topdressing N fertilizer at rising and jointing. The grain yield of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging and anthesis was significantly lower than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing. The grain yield of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at anthesis was the lowest. Grain yield was increased by increasing topdressing nitrogen fertilizer rate at rising and jointing, but grain yield was decreased by increasing topdressing nitrogen fertilizer rate at flagging and anthesis.
1.2 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on grain protein content and quality at maturity
1.2.1 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on grain protein content
When the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 50% and 70% of total nitrogen application, grain protein content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing was the highest. As the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 85% of total nitrogen application, grain protein content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging was the highest. Increasing rate of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing at rising and jointing decreased grain protein content, but significantly increased grain protein content topdressing at flagging and anthesis.
1.2.2 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on grain protein composition
As the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 50% of total nitrogen application, the grain glutenin content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, flagging and anthesis were all significantly lower than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing, and that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at anthesis was the lowest. As topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 70% and 85% of total nitrogen application, the glutenin content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at all stages had no significant difference.
The soluble glutenin content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, flagging and anthesis were significantly lower than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing, and that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging was significantly higher than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at anthesis.
The content of albumin, globulin and gliadin of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and jointing were decreased by increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen, but these of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging and anthesis were increased by increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen.
1.2.3 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on the insoluble glutenin composition content and ratio
The HMW insoluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and flagging were significantly higher than these of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing, and the HMW insoluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at anthesis had no significantly difference with that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging.
As increasing topdressing nitrogen rate, the HMW insoluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin content decreased as topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, but increased as topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging and anthesis. As topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing, the HMW insoluble glutenin content was decreased and insoluble glutenin content had no significantly difference by increasing topdressing nitrogen fertilizer rate.
The LMW insoluble glutenin content had the same trend with the insoluble glutenin content. The ratio of HMW insoluble glutenin content and insoluble glutenin content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and flagging were significantly lower than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing, and that of topdressing nitrogen at anthesis was significantly lower than that of topdressing at flagging.
1.2.4 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on gliadin composition and glutenin subunit
The gliadin composition (ω5-gliadin,ω1, 2-gliadin,α-gliadin,γ-gliadin) content changed uniformly. The gliadin composition content decreased with increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and jointing, and increased with increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging and anthesis. As the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 50% of total nitrogen application, the gliadin composition content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing were significantly higher than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, and flagging, and that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging were higher than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at anthesis. As topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 70% and 85% of total nitrogen application, all gliadin composition content increased with the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer stage postponed and that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging was higher than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, flagging and anthesis.
At the different topdressing nitrogen fertilizer stage, the HMW-GS content was increased by increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer. the HMW-GS content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, flagging were lower than that of topdressing at jointing, and that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging was significantly higher than that of topdressing at anthesis. The LMW-GS content had the similar trend with the HMW-GS content.
1.2.5 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on glutenin macro-polymer volume and surface area
Increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer, D(4, 3) was increased as topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and was decreased as topdressing at jointing, flagging and anthesis stage. The D(4, 3) of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing was significantly higher than that of topdressing at rising, flagging, and that of topdressing at anthesis was significantly lower than that of topdressing at flagging. The D(3, 2) changed similarly with D(4, 3).
1.3 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on dough quality
The dough stability time was increased with increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and anthesis, and was decreased with increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing and flagging.
The dough stability time of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and flagging were significantly lower than that of topdressing at jointing, and that of topdressing at anthesis was significantly lower than that of topdressing at flagging. As topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 50% and 70% of total nitrogen application, the dough development time of topdressing at rising, flagging and anthesis were significantly shorter than that of topdressing at jointing, and that of topdressing at flagging was higher than that of topdressing at anthesis. As topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 85% of total nitrogen application, the dough development time of topdressing at flagging was longest.
The dough development time was decreased with increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and jointing and was increased with increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging and anthesis. The flour wet gluten content changed similarly with the dough development time.
1.4 Correlative analysis between protein composition and dough quality
The content of soluble glutenin, HMW-GS, D(4, 3)and D(3, 2), the ratio of HMW insoluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin were all significantly and positively correlated with the dough stability time. The content of grain protein, glutenin, soluble glutenin and gliadin composition were all significantly and positively correlated with the dough development time. 1.5 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on starch quality
Increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, the amylose content was increased, and was decreased as topdressing at jointing, flagging and anthesis. At all topdressing stage, the amylopectin content and the starch content was decreased with increasing the rate topdressing nitrogen fertilizer.
The starch composition content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and flagging were lower than that of topdressing at jointing, and that of topdressing at anthesis was significantly lower than that of topdressing at flagging.
As topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, jointing and flagging, the RVA indexes (peak viscosity, through viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity) of the 50% topdressing nitrogen fertilizer of total nitrogen application treatment was significantly higher than that of the 70% and 85% topdressing nitrogen fertilizer of total nitrogen application treatment, and RVA indexes between different topdressing nitrogen fertilizer rate treatment at anthesis had no difference.
RVA indexes of topdressing at rising and flagging were lower than that of topdressing at jointing, and these of topdressing at anthesis were significantly lower than that of topdressing at flagging. Correlative analysis indicated that both amylopectin content and starch content were significantly and positively correlated with the final viscosity, break down, through viscosity and peak viscosity. The ratio of amylose and amylopectin significantly and negatively correlated with break down.
2 Effect of irrigation frequency on the grain yield and quality of the strong gluten winter wheat
When N fertilizer application amount was 168 kgN/hm2, effects of irrigation frequency on grain yield and quality of three winter wheat cultivar with strong gluten (Jimai 20, Gaocheng 8901, Yannong 15 ) was studied.
2.1 Effect of irrigation frequency on grain yield
The grain yield of Jimai 20 and Gaocheng 8901 increased with irrigation frequency added which ranged from 0 to 2 times, however, it was noted to be decreased in thrice irrigation treatment compared with twice irrigation treatment. Grain yield of Yannong 15 increased with the irrigation frequency added.
2.2 Effect of irrigation frequency on the grain protein composition
The content of grain protein, gliadin, albumin, globulin and glutenin of Jimai 20 and Gaocheng 8901 increased with frequency irrigation added, and these of Yannong 15 all decreased with irrigation frequency added. The ratio of glutenin and gliadin of Jimai 20 and Gaocheng 8901 decreased with irrigation frequency added, and that of Yannong 15 increased with irrigation frequency added in the range of 0~2 times irrigation then decreased in three times irrigation treatment compared with two times irrigation treatment.
2.3 Effect of irrigation frequency on the grain insoluble glutenin composition and ratio
The content of insoluble glutenin composition and soluble glutenin composition and the ratio of HMW insoluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin of Jimai 20 and Gaocheng 8901 increased with irrigation frequency added. The content of insoluble glutenin composition and soluble glutenin composition of Yannong 15 decreased with irrigation frequency added, but the ratio of HMW insoluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin of Yannong 15 increased with irrigation frequency increasing in the range of 0~2 times irrigation and then decreased in three times irrigation treatment compared with two times irrigation treatment.
2.4 Effect of irrigation frequency on gliadin composition and glutenin subunit
The content of gliadin composition, HMW-GS, and LMW-GS and the ratio of HMW-GS and LMW-GS of Jimai 20 increased with irrigation frequency added. The content of gliadin composition, HMW-GS, and LMW-GS of Yannong 15 decreased with irrigation frequency added, but the ratio of HMW-GS and LMW-GS of Yannong 15 had no significantly difference between the irrigation treatments. The content of gliadin, HMW-GS and LMW-GS and the ratio of HMW-GS and LMW-GS of Gaocheng 8901 increased with the irrigation frequency added in the range of 0 to 2 times irrigation, and then decreased in three times irrigation treatment compared with two times irrigation treatment.
2.5 Effect of irrigation frequency on the glutenin macro-polymer particle size
The weighted average volume and the weighted average surface area of GMP of Jimai 20 and Gaocheng 8901 were increased with irrigation frequency added, and these of Yannong 15 were decreased with irrigation frequency added.
2.6 Effect of irrigation frequency on dough quality and bread quality
The flour wet gluten, the dough development and stability time, the bread volume and the bread total score of Jimai 20 and Gaocheng 8901 increased with irrigation frequency added. The dough stability time of once irrigation treatment of Yannong 15 was higher than that of twice and thrice irrigation treatments. The bread volume and total score of Yannong 15 increased with the irrigation frequency increasing in the range of 0 to 2 times irrigation, and then decreased in three times irrigation treatment compared with two times irrigation treatment.
2.7 Correlative analysis of the protein quality and the dough and bread quality
The insoluble glutenin content, the HMW insoluble glutenin content and the ratio of HMW insoluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin were significantly and positively correlated with the dough stability time and bread total score. The D(4, 3) and D(3, 2) were significantly and positivly correlated with bread volume.
3 Coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and quality of winter wheat
JM20, typical cultivars of winter wheat with strong gluten potential used in local production were chosen in this study. The 15N isotope trace technique was applied in the experiment. The effects of different nitrogen application amount (0~240 kgN/hm2), fertilizer application method, irrigation frequncey, interaction of irrigation and nitrogen on the the grain yield and quality of wheat were studied in the field experiment. Interactive effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen fertilizer recovery and nitrate-N movement across soil profile from anthesis to maturity were also investigated. The main results were as follows:
3.1 Coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield Grain yield had increased with irrigation frequency which ranged from none to twice, however, it was noted to be decreased in thrice irrigation treatment compared with twice irrigation treatment. Although grains per ear was increased but 1000-grain weight was significantly decreased in thrice irrigation treatment compared to twice irrigation treatment, leading to yield of thrice irrigation treatment lower to yield of twice irrigation treatment. Grain yield of nitrogen application treatment was significantly higher than that of non-nitrogen treatment, but these of nitrogen application treatment had no significant difference.
3.2 Coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on protein quality
The contents of grain protein and monomeric protein in irrigation treatments were significantly lower than these in non-irrigation treatment, but there were no significant differences among irrigation treatments. With the irrigation frequency increase, the changes of glutenin composition were not uniformed, in which soluble glutenin (low molelular weight glutenin) content was increased while insoluble glutenin (high molelular weight glutenin) content and polymerization index (insoluble glutenin/total glutenin) were reduced. In addition, both dough development time and stability time had the same tendency as insoluble glutenin and polymerization index, which suggested retarded formation and accumulation of insoluble glutenin was the major reason of worsen grain quality with added irrigation frequency.
Compared with N split application (50% of 168 kgN/hm2 was applied at preplanting and the remainder at jointing), N fertilizer totally top-dressed at jointing led to significantly improved grain quality and similar grain yield. The grain quality of N fertilizer totally top-dressed (168 kg N /hm2) at jointing had no significant difference with the quality of N split application (50% of 240 kgN/hm2 was applied at preplanting and the remainder at jointing). Therefore, it is proposed that N fertilizer can be totally top-dressed at jointing under high yield condition for the sake of high grain yield and excellent quality.
3.3 Coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on starch quality
Starch content and amylopectin content was increased with adding irrigation frequency in non-nitrogen treatment. Under nitrogen treatment, irrigation significant increased starch content and amylopectin content compared to non-irrigation treatment, but there were no significant difference on starch and amylopectin content between irrigation treatments. Amylose content and the ratio of amylose to amylopectin were reduced while RVA indexes (peak viscosity, breakdown) were increased with adding irrigation frequency. Nitrogen application significantly improved amylopectin content and decreased amylose content in lower frequency irrigation (W0 and W1), while amylopectin content was decreased and amylose content was improved by nitrogen application in higher frequency irrigation (W2 and W3). The amylopectin content was significantly and positively correlated with the peak viscosity, breakdown and setback. The amylose content and the ratio of amylose and amylopectin were significantly and negatively correlated with the peak viscosity, breakdown and setback.
3.4 Coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen fertilizer recovery, productive efficiency of water and nitrogen, nitrate-N movement across soil profile
The N fertilizer recovery rate of non-irrigation treatments was found to be higher than those of irrigation treatments. It was noted that irrigation treatments increased the recovery rate along with increased irrigation frequency. Both N fertilizer residual amount and residual rate in 0~25 cm plough soil layer decreased with increased irrigation frequency, while N fertilizer loss amount and loss rate increased. N recovered by wheat plant, N fertilizer uptake by wheat plant, N fertilizer residual amount in plough soil layer, N fertilizer loss amount as well as loss rate all increased,and N fertilizer recovery rate and soil residual rate both decreased when N fertilizer application amount ranged from 0 to 240 kg/hm2.
Water productive efficiency decreased with increased irrigation frequency. N harvest index and N fertilizer productive efficiency all significantly decreased as N fertilizer application increased from 168 to 240 kg/hm2. Irrigation accelerated NO3--N leaching in N fertilizer application treatments (N168, N240). Dimensionally, the leaching of NO3--N happened from upper soil (0~100 cm) to deeper soil (100~200 cm) during anthesis to harvest of wheat croping. Our findings suggested that the irrigation frequency was crucial to influence the residual NO3--N accumulation in 0~100 cm soil profile at harvest. The coupling effect of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation accessed the process of residual NO3--N accumulation in 100~200 cm soil at harvest while irrigation played greater role in nitrate movement compared with N fertilizer application.
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