伴生气联合循环系统全局能量优化与（火用）评价
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摘要
钢铁企业伴生能源种类繁多,布局分散,品质参差不齐,加之囿于传统回收技术与方法,各项伴生能源只进行了分散回收,且利用效率偏低。鉴于此,本文从钢铁企业全局角度出发,首先对不同品位的伴生能源进行全局能量调优,然后着重对所提出的伴生气联合循环系统和耦合化学链燃烧的联合循环系统从组件层面进行(?)评价,最后阐述了伴生气联合循环系统在工程应用中的技术关键。
本文的主要内容如下：
首先,以夹点技术为基础,利用全局温焓曲线方法,展开对钢铁企业伴生能源全局能量优化理论研究。将在化工领域和换热器网络优化中常用的夹点技术尝试性地引入到钢铁企业余热能的利用中。以干熄焦装置为例,阐述了在钢铁企业换热设备系统中如何进行物流选择与数据提取；以某大型钢铁企业热能利用为例,通过比对分析当前工况、目标工况和需求工况的用能情况,详细论述了以全局温焓曲线对余热能进行调优的方法,研究发现,调整后可多输出电功率22.456MW；以燃用低热值高炉煤气的联合循环发电系统和烧结机冷却热废气发电系统为例,从全局角度出发,阐述两套系统整合的优化方案。
其次,提出炼铁工序伴生气联合循环系统,并对其进行(?)、火用经济性和(?)环境影响评价。基于能量平衡、(?)平衡和能级平衡理论,通过对富余煤气燃气-蒸汽联合循环系统及整合后的炼铁工序伴生气联合循环系统的热力学性能进行比对分析,结果表明：在富余煤气初参数及余热锅炉蒸汽侧热力参数不变条件下,整合后,系统能效率及(?)效率分别较整合前提高约3.00%及1.18%,而能级差降低约27.28%。基于热经济学结构理论,考察了系统中每个组件的三个(?)经济指标、系统性能参数和设备购买成本及燃料成本等对单位产品成本的影响,分析了系统组件(?)损对环境的影响；与现有三个发电系统进行比较表明：该系统单位输出功成本最小,而单位燃料输出功最大。
然后,提出耦合化学链燃烧的联合循环系统,并对其进行(?)、火用经济性和(?)损环境影响指标评价。在将(?)损划分为不可避免部分与可避免部分、内源性部分与外源性部分后,基于热经济学结构理论,从(?)、(?)经济性和(?)损环境影响三个角度分别详细论述了对耦合化学链燃烧的联合循环系统的评价过程,试图从系统组件层面找到效率提高与投资成本和环境影响降低的权衡点,并结合分析结果给出了系统组件相应的改造先后顺序。与所提出的伴生气联合循环系统进行性能比较后发现,该系统单位燃料输出功提高约16%,单位输出功环境影响指标降低约5.2%。
最后,从工程应用角度出发,对伴生气联合循环系统实际操作中的一些技术关键问题进行阐述,并利用EUD图像(?)分析方法,对燃气透平、余热锅炉和补汽式蒸汽轮机等关键部件进行(?)损分析。根据钢铁企业富余煤气波动规律,完成了适宜低热值煤气用燃气透平选型研究,并分析了空气压缩机压比、空气压缩机入口空气温度、高炉煤气低位发热量对燃气透平净输出功及其排烟温度的影响；根据烧结废气显热分布规律,完成了适宜烧结低温显热高效回收的重力热管蒸汽发生器方案设计,并考察了烟气侧入口处迎风面流速、热管蒸发段长度、热管外径等参数对无量纲(?)耗散数及(?)耗散数的影响；完成了多压补汽式蒸汽轮机补汽调节控制策略与系统的可行性论证研究,提出用蒸汽蓄热器的充放热过程,并结合采用505E数字式调节器的新蒸汽前压控制与补汽调节系统,来维持补汽点处蒸汽压力及流量稳定的方法。
In an iron and steel enterprise, associated energies that were uneven levels of quality, with wide varieties in kinds, were scattered. Being confined to conventional recycling technology and method, different types of associated energies were recovered individually, and their use efficiency was lower. In view of this, firstly, in the dissertation, various-quality associated energies were integrated and optimized from the point of view on total-site level. Secondly, exergy evaluations from component level for a associated-gas combined cycle system and a combined cycle system coupled with chemical-looping combustion were conducted. Finally, some key technologies of engineering application for associated-gas combined cycle system were elaborated.
The main contents in the dissertation are as follows:
To start with, the theoretical research on total-site energy optimization using a total-site profile (TSP) analysis based on pinch technology was performed. The pinch technology that was commonly used in chemical industry and network optimization of heat exchanger was tentatively applied to the utilizing of waste heat. First, taking coke oven quench (CDQ) unit as an example, how to select utilities for heaters and coolers, and how to extract data from heat exchange equipments in a steel plant were described. Then, as an illustration of the method that how to optimize the employment of waste heat, three cases including current case, targeting case and demand case were compared for a large steel plant, which shows that22.456MW of power generation could be increased after optimization. Next, for a blast-furnace-gas-fired combined cycle system and a hot-waste-gas power generation system, integrated schemes of the two systems were discussed based on TSP.
After that, a associated-gas combined cycle system in ironmaking process was proposed, and exergy, exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental evaluations of the system were conducted, respectively. Based on the theory of energy, exergy and energy level balances, thermodynamic performances of the common surplus-gas gas-steam combined cycle system and the associtated-gas combined cycle system were analyzed. Results show that under the same conditions of initial parameters of surplus gas and thermodynamic parameters on steam side, energy and exergy efficiencies of the system after integration improve by3.00%and1.18%, respectively, than that of the system before integration, and energy difference decreases by27.28%. In accordance with structural theory of thermoeconomics, three exergoeconomic indexes of each component, and the influences of performance parameters, purchase cost and fuel cost on the unitary cost of production were investigated, and also the effects of exergy destruction of each component on the environment were examined. Results comparing with the current three power generation systems show that for the system proposed, the cost of unitary output power was lower than others', and the output power of unitary fuel higher.
In addition, a combined cycle system coupled with chemical-looping combustion was proposed, and exergy, exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental evaluations were carried out, respectively. After dividing exergy destruction into unavoidable and avoidable parts, and endogenous and exogenous parts, on the basis of structural theory of thermoecnomics, the performance evaluation of the combined cycle system coupled with chemical-looping combustion was studied from three aspects including exergy, exergoeconomics and exergoenvironmental impact, in order to find appropriate trade-offs between efficiency enhancement and investment cost and environmental impact reduction at the component level. And transformation sequence of components was also given according to the analysis results. In contrast with the associated-gas combined cycle system, we find that the output power of unitary fuel for the system proposed was16%higher, and the environmental impact of unitary output power about5.2%lower.
Last but not the least, from the point of view on engineering application, some key technologies of actual operation for associated-gas combined cycle system were expounded, and the analysis of exergy destructions of gas turbine, heat recovery steam generator and supplementary-steam steam turbine was conducted with the help of energy utilization diagram (EUD). According to the fluctuation of surplus gas, the selection of gas turbine suited low-heat-value gas was finished, and the influences of pressure ratio and inlet temperature of air compressor and the low heat value of blast furnace gas on net output power and exhaust gas temperature of gas turbine were also set forth. In the light of the distribution law of sensible heat of sintering waste heat, the design of gravity-heat-pipe steam generator fitted low-temperature sensible heat, and some influence factors including the velocity of wind side at the inlet in the flue gas side of heat-pipe steam generator, the outer diameter and the length of evaporation section of heat pipe, for exergy dissipation number and entransy dissipation number were analyzed. The feasible study of regulation and control strategy for supplementary-steam steam turbine was performed, the steam pressure and flow rate in the supplementary-steam point could be kept stable by endothermic and exothermic processes of steam accumulator and control and regulation system of live steam using505E digital regulator.
本文的主要内容如下：
首先,以夹点技术为基础,利用全局温焓曲线方法,展开对钢铁企业伴生能源全局能量优化理论研究。将在化工领域和换热器网络优化中常用的夹点技术尝试性地引入到钢铁企业余热能的利用中。以干熄焦装置为例,阐述了在钢铁企业换热设备系统中如何进行物流选择与数据提取；以某大型钢铁企业热能利用为例,通过比对分析当前工况、目标工况和需求工况的用能情况,详细论述了以全局温焓曲线对余热能进行调优的方法,研究发现,调整后可多输出电功率22.456MW；以燃用低热值高炉煤气的联合循环发电系统和烧结机冷却热废气发电系统为例,从全局角度出发,阐述两套系统整合的优化方案。
其次,提出炼铁工序伴生气联合循环系统,并对其进行(?)、火用经济性和(?)环境影响评价。基于能量平衡、(?)平衡和能级平衡理论,通过对富余煤气燃气-蒸汽联合循环系统及整合后的炼铁工序伴生气联合循环系统的热力学性能进行比对分析,结果表明：在富余煤气初参数及余热锅炉蒸汽侧热力参数不变条件下,整合后,系统能效率及(?)效率分别较整合前提高约3.00%及1.18%,而能级差降低约27.28%。基于热经济学结构理论,考察了系统中每个组件的三个(?)经济指标、系统性能参数和设备购买成本及燃料成本等对单位产品成本的影响,分析了系统组件(?)损对环境的影响；与现有三个发电系统进行比较表明：该系统单位输出功成本最小,而单位燃料输出功最大。
然后,提出耦合化学链燃烧的联合循环系统,并对其进行(?)、火用经济性和(?)损环境影响指标评价。在将(?)损划分为不可避免部分与可避免部分、内源性部分与外源性部分后,基于热经济学结构理论,从(?)、(?)经济性和(?)损环境影响三个角度分别详细论述了对耦合化学链燃烧的联合循环系统的评价过程,试图从系统组件层面找到效率提高与投资成本和环境影响降低的权衡点,并结合分析结果给出了系统组件相应的改造先后顺序。与所提出的伴生气联合循环系统进行性能比较后发现,该系统单位燃料输出功提高约16%,单位输出功环境影响指标降低约5.2%。
最后,从工程应用角度出发,对伴生气联合循环系统实际操作中的一些技术关键问题进行阐述,并利用EUD图像(?)分析方法,对燃气透平、余热锅炉和补汽式蒸汽轮机等关键部件进行(?)损分析。根据钢铁企业富余煤气波动规律,完成了适宜低热值煤气用燃气透平选型研究,并分析了空气压缩机压比、空气压缩机入口空气温度、高炉煤气低位发热量对燃气透平净输出功及其排烟温度的影响；根据烧结废气显热分布规律,完成了适宜烧结低温显热高效回收的重力热管蒸汽发生器方案设计,并考察了烟气侧入口处迎风面流速、热管蒸发段长度、热管外径等参数对无量纲(?)耗散数及(?)耗散数的影响；完成了多压补汽式蒸汽轮机补汽调节控制策略与系统的可行性论证研究,提出用蒸汽蓄热器的充放热过程,并结合采用505E数字式调节器的新蒸汽前压控制与补汽调节系统,来维持补汽点处蒸汽压力及流量稳定的方法。
In an iron and steel enterprise, associated energies that were uneven levels of quality, with wide varieties in kinds, were scattered. Being confined to conventional recycling technology and method, different types of associated energies were recovered individually, and their use efficiency was lower. In view of this, firstly, in the dissertation, various-quality associated energies were integrated and optimized from the point of view on total-site level. Secondly, exergy evaluations from component level for a associated-gas combined cycle system and a combined cycle system coupled with chemical-looping combustion were conducted. Finally, some key technologies of engineering application for associated-gas combined cycle system were elaborated.
The main contents in the dissertation are as follows:
To start with, the theoretical research on total-site energy optimization using a total-site profile (TSP) analysis based on pinch technology was performed. The pinch technology that was commonly used in chemical industry and network optimization of heat exchanger was tentatively applied to the utilizing of waste heat. First, taking coke oven quench (CDQ) unit as an example, how to select utilities for heaters and coolers, and how to extract data from heat exchange equipments in a steel plant were described. Then, as an illustration of the method that how to optimize the employment of waste heat, three cases including current case, targeting case and demand case were compared for a large steel plant, which shows that22.456MW of power generation could be increased after optimization. Next, for a blast-furnace-gas-fired combined cycle system and a hot-waste-gas power generation system, integrated schemes of the two systems were discussed based on TSP.
After that, a associated-gas combined cycle system in ironmaking process was proposed, and exergy, exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental evaluations of the system were conducted, respectively. Based on the theory of energy, exergy and energy level balances, thermodynamic performances of the common surplus-gas gas-steam combined cycle system and the associtated-gas combined cycle system were analyzed. Results show that under the same conditions of initial parameters of surplus gas and thermodynamic parameters on steam side, energy and exergy efficiencies of the system after integration improve by3.00%and1.18%, respectively, than that of the system before integration, and energy difference decreases by27.28%. In accordance with structural theory of thermoeconomics, three exergoeconomic indexes of each component, and the influences of performance parameters, purchase cost and fuel cost on the unitary cost of production were investigated, and also the effects of exergy destruction of each component on the environment were examined. Results comparing with the current three power generation systems show that for the system proposed, the cost of unitary output power was lower than others', and the output power of unitary fuel higher.
In addition, a combined cycle system coupled with chemical-looping combustion was proposed, and exergy, exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental evaluations were carried out, respectively. After dividing exergy destruction into unavoidable and avoidable parts, and endogenous and exogenous parts, on the basis of structural theory of thermoecnomics, the performance evaluation of the combined cycle system coupled with chemical-looping combustion was studied from three aspects including exergy, exergoeconomics and exergoenvironmental impact, in order to find appropriate trade-offs between efficiency enhancement and investment cost and environmental impact reduction at the component level. And transformation sequence of components was also given according to the analysis results. In contrast with the associated-gas combined cycle system, we find that the output power of unitary fuel for the system proposed was16%higher, and the environmental impact of unitary output power about5.2%lower.
Last but not the least, from the point of view on engineering application, some key technologies of actual operation for associated-gas combined cycle system were expounded, and the analysis of exergy destructions of gas turbine, heat recovery steam generator and supplementary-steam steam turbine was conducted with the help of energy utilization diagram (EUD). According to the fluctuation of surplus gas, the selection of gas turbine suited low-heat-value gas was finished, and the influences of pressure ratio and inlet temperature of air compressor and the low heat value of blast furnace gas on net output power and exhaust gas temperature of gas turbine were also set forth. In the light of the distribution law of sensible heat of sintering waste heat, the design of gravity-heat-pipe steam generator fitted low-temperature sensible heat, and some influence factors including the velocity of wind side at the inlet in the flue gas side of heat-pipe steam generator, the outer diameter and the length of evaporation section of heat pipe, for exergy dissipation number and entransy dissipation number were analyzed. The feasible study of regulation and control strategy for supplementary-steam steam turbine was performed, the steam pressure and flow rate in the supplementary-steam point could be kept stable by endothermic and exothermic processes of steam accumulator and control and regulation system of live steam using505E digital regulator.
引文
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