南水北调东线工程山东段城市污水治理工程规划研究
|
摘要
南水北调工程是解决中国北方地区水资源严重短缺问题的特大型基础设施项目。南水北调东线工程计划在2010年建成，能否根治污染、确保调水水质，是其成败的关键。加快编制东线工程沿线流域水污染控制规划、加强技术政策和实施方案的研究，是保证治污效果的重要环节。
本研究对南水北调东线工程山东段沿线流域有关城市的自然环境、社会经济、污水排放与治理现状等背景资料进行了调研分析。目前山东段沿线流域水体已经受到严重污染，污染源主要来自城市生活和生产、直排工业、农业与农村面源和水体养殖，其中城市污水和垃圾、直排工业污水是污染的主要原因。因而城市污水治理是水污染控制的决定性步骤。
在水污染控制规划的理论指导下，本文对山东段沿线规划控制范围内的城市水污染负荷进行了预测。由于各城市总体规划提供的人口数量中存在较大的问题，本文根据近十几年人口的自然增长率、流动人口变化以及山东省城市化进程的趋势等，重新预测了人口数量；根据山东段沿线城市供排水现状、已建成城市污水处理厂的投资和运行情况，参考国内类似城市的经验，确定了人均综合污水量标准、污水进水COD浓度；进而对各流域内规划年限内各城市人口、给排水量和水污染物的排放总量进行了预测，按照总量控制原理确定了不同规划水平年的污染物削减量。基于水污染区域性综合防治的方法，本研究提出了沿线城市水污染控制的综合技术方案和实施建议。其中工艺选择充分结合了山东省沿线城市的社会经济发展水平和该省城市污水处理系统的建设实践经验，兼顾了技术先进与经济高效的原则。
最后确定：南水北调东线工程山东段，2005年前，共需建成运转城市污水处理工程43项，处理规模175.5万m3/d，回用水规模90万m3/d，削减COD负荷25.89万吨/年，测算总投资27.93亿元；2006-2010年前，各城市续建或扩建城市污水处理工程43项，处理规模93.5万m3/d，回用水规模69万m3/d，削减COD负荷达到14.73万吨/年，测算总投资为23.20亿元。
South-to-North Water Diversion Project is super great infrastructure project which will relieve serious water shortage in north China. The East Route of water diversion should be completed by 2010, and pollution control to ensure diverted water quality is a key factor to guarantee the project successful. It is a significant sector to expedite working out the water pollution control planning for the East Route basin and strengthen researching on technical policy and implementing schemes.
In this study investigation and analysis was carried out on background information of environment, social economy and state of wastewater discharge or treatment invovled in lineal basins of Shandong segment in the East Route. Currently water bodies of lineal basins have been polluted badly through Shandong segment. Pollution sources include domestic and industrial sewage, directly dicharged industrial wastewater and agricultural or aquiculture non-point sources, among these municipal wastewater and wastes are main pollution source as well as directly dicharged industrial wasterwater. So harness on municipal wastewater is crucial step on wate pollution control schedule.
Based on theory of water pollution control planning, municipal water pollution loads were predicted for planning bound along the route. Since population in cities' general plannings cann't fit to cities' development, reestimation on population was performed according to rate of population natural increase, variation of floating population and trend of urbanization in Shandong Province during recent decades; integrated wastewater drainage standard per capita and COD concerntration of influent were confirmed according to situation of municipal water and wastewater facilities along the East Route in Shandong and construction experience of similar domestic cities. Then writer forecasted amount of water supply and wastewater, aqueous pollutants of individual cities by planning fixed number of years. In term of gross control principle whittled amount of pollutants was caculated by different planning years range level. Through regional water pollution control measures, integrative technical schemes and implementing suggestions were proposed for municipal wastewater harness along the Route in the study. Particularly treatment processes selection was combined with social and economic development level of lineal cities, and practical experience of projects construction for municipal sewerage facilities. Both of advanced technology and economic efficiency were considered.
Eventually it was concluded that in Shandong segment of the East Route of South-to-North Watet Diversion Project 43 items of municipal wastewater treatment projects should be constructed and put to running by 2005 and total scale should reach to 1.755 million m3/d, reused water to 0.90 million m3/d, whittled COD load to 0.2589 million t/a, investment estimated to 2.793 billion yuan; by 2010 those 43 projects should be continued and expanded, then total scale should increase 0.935 million m3/d, reused water 0.69 million m3/d and whittled COD load 0.1473 million t/a, investment 2.320 billion yuan respectively.
本研究对南水北调东线工程山东段沿线流域有关城市的自然环境、社会经济、污水排放与治理现状等背景资料进行了调研分析。目前山东段沿线流域水体已经受到严重污染，污染源主要来自城市生活和生产、直排工业、农业与农村面源和水体养殖，其中城市污水和垃圾、直排工业污水是污染的主要原因。因而城市污水治理是水污染控制的决定性步骤。
在水污染控制规划的理论指导下，本文对山东段沿线规划控制范围内的城市水污染负荷进行了预测。由于各城市总体规划提供的人口数量中存在较大的问题，本文根据近十几年人口的自然增长率、流动人口变化以及山东省城市化进程的趋势等，重新预测了人口数量；根据山东段沿线城市供排水现状、已建成城市污水处理厂的投资和运行情况，参考国内类似城市的经验，确定了人均综合污水量标准、污水进水COD浓度；进而对各流域内规划年限内各城市人口、给排水量和水污染物的排放总量进行了预测，按照总量控制原理确定了不同规划水平年的污染物削减量。基于水污染区域性综合防治的方法，本研究提出了沿线城市水污染控制的综合技术方案和实施建议。其中工艺选择充分结合了山东省沿线城市的社会经济发展水平和该省城市污水处理系统的建设实践经验，兼顾了技术先进与经济高效的原则。
最后确定：南水北调东线工程山东段，2005年前，共需建成运转城市污水处理工程43项，处理规模175.5万m3/d，回用水规模90万m3/d，削减COD负荷25.89万吨/年，测算总投资27.93亿元；2006-2010年前，各城市续建或扩建城市污水处理工程43项，处理规模93.5万m3/d，回用水规模69万m3/d，削减COD负荷达到14.73万吨/年，测算总投资为23.20亿元。
South-to-North Water Diversion Project is super great infrastructure project which will relieve serious water shortage in north China. The East Route of water diversion should be completed by 2010, and pollution control to ensure diverted water quality is a key factor to guarantee the project successful. It is a significant sector to expedite working out the water pollution control planning for the East Route basin and strengthen researching on technical policy and implementing schemes.
In this study investigation and analysis was carried out on background information of environment, social economy and state of wastewater discharge or treatment invovled in lineal basins of Shandong segment in the East Route. Currently water bodies of lineal basins have been polluted badly through Shandong segment. Pollution sources include domestic and industrial sewage, directly dicharged industrial wastewater and agricultural or aquiculture non-point sources, among these municipal wastewater and wastes are main pollution source as well as directly dicharged industrial wasterwater. So harness on municipal wastewater is crucial step on wate pollution control schedule.
Based on theory of water pollution control planning, municipal water pollution loads were predicted for planning bound along the route. Since population in cities' general plannings cann't fit to cities' development, reestimation on population was performed according to rate of population natural increase, variation of floating population and trend of urbanization in Shandong Province during recent decades; integrated wastewater drainage standard per capita and COD concerntration of influent were confirmed according to situation of municipal water and wastewater facilities along the East Route in Shandong and construction experience of similar domestic cities. Then writer forecasted amount of water supply and wastewater, aqueous pollutants of individual cities by planning fixed number of years. In term of gross control principle whittled amount of pollutants was caculated by different planning years range level. Through regional water pollution control measures, integrative technical schemes and implementing suggestions were proposed for municipal wastewater harness along the Route in the study. Particularly treatment processes selection was combined with social and economic development level of lineal cities, and practical experience of projects construction for municipal sewerage facilities. Both of advanced technology and economic efficiency were considered.
Eventually it was concluded that in Shandong segment of the East Route of South-to-North Watet Diversion Project 43 items of municipal wastewater treatment projects should be constructed and put to running by 2005 and total scale should reach to 1.755 million m3/d, reused water to 0.90 million m3/d, whittled COD load to 0.2589 million t/a, investment estimated to 2.793 billion yuan; by 2010 those 43 projects should be continued and expanded, then total scale should increase 0.935 million m3/d, reused water 0.69 million m3/d and whittled COD load 0.1473 million t/a, investment 2.320 billion yuan respectively.
引文
[1] 姜文来,水资源价值论．北京:科学出版社．1998
[1] 陈家琦，中国的水资源．钱正英主编．中国水利．北京：水利电力出版社，1991
[1] 陈家琦，王浩．水资源学概论．北京：中国水利水电出版社．1996
[1] 水利电力部水文局．中国水资源评价．北京：水利电力出版社．1987
[1] 钱正英，张光斗主编．中国可持续发展水资源战略研究综合报告及各专题报告．中国水利水电出版社．2001
[1] 国家环境保护总局．中国环境质量公报'99．北京：2000
[1] 中国21世纪议程——中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书．1994
[1] 冯忠华．我国城市供水节水的基本情况和‘九五’期间的目标与对策．给水排水技术动态．1998(1)
[1] 建设部城市节水办公室．城市节约用水十年规划要点．城镇供水．1992(3)
[1] 贝拉．G．利普泰克主编．龚均陶译．环境工程师手册．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．1985
[1] 何大伟等．我国水环境管理的现状与展望．环境科学进展．1998(5)
[1] 聂梅生．美国污水回用技术调研分析．http://www.h2o-china.com/domain/assets/mgwshyjs.htm/
[1] 吴舜泽，夏青，刘鸿亮．中国流域水污染分析．环境科学与技术．2000(2)
[1] 中国南水北调工程--总体布局．水利部南水北调规划设计管理局．http://www.nsbd.mwr.gov.cn/nsbd/intro/brief.html
[1] 南水北调东线工程．水利部南水北调规划设计管理局．http://www.nsbd.mwr.gov.cn/nsbd/intro/east.html
[1] 何强．基于GIS的水污染控制规划研究．博士学位论文．重庆：重庆大学．2001
[1] 陈晓宏等编著．《水环境评价与方法》．中山大学出版社．2001.9．20-28
[1] 王宝贞等．水污染控制工程．高等教育出版社．1991．441~446
[1] Chadilk P.A. Removing Trihalomethane Precursors from Various Natural-waters by Metal Coagulants. J. AWWA. 1983．75(10)．532~536
[1] 中国环境状况公报-1998．国家环保局．1999．6
[1] Speical Report. Water: The Potential for Wars and Conflict. World Water and Envir. Engng. 21(5): 12
[1] Bill Mccann. Global Prospects for Catchment Security. Water 21. 2000． 4:15~16
[1] Trie Sunaryo. Integrated Management of the Brantas River Basin: Experiences of Corporatisation. Water 21. 2000．12: 40
[1] Michael Weyand, Gilbert Willems. Stormwater Mamagement in the Ruhr River Area. Water
Quality International. 1999．5/6:44~52
[1] Hernz-Christian Baumgart, et al. Managing the Lower Lippe. Water Quality International. 1999．1/2:46~51
[1] Gerd Kolisch, et al. Integrated and Sustainable River Basin Management by German River Associations. Water 21. 2000．10：38~41
[1] 郝明家，王莹编著．《城市水污染集中控制指南》．中国环境科学出版社．1996
[1] 张坤民．何时缚住苍龙. 我国21世纪水环境与可持续发展. 北京科技出版社．2000:1～9
[1] 赵武京．水环境治理是21世纪治理淮河的战略重点．我国21世纪水环境与可持续发展．北京科技出版社．2000:．14~316
[1] 阎世辉．关于我国水环境形势的分析及政策建议．环境保护．2001．8．10～13
[1] 朱镕基．《要求工程尽早开工建设》．http://www.sina.com.cn ．2000．10．5
[1] 温家宝．《强调节水治污生态全面规划统筹兼顾》．http://www.hwcc.com.cn．2001．8
[1] 一九九年山东省统计年鉴．山东省统计局．2000．9
[1] 一九九九年城市（县城）建设统计年报．山东省建设厅．2000．6
[1] 1999年环境统计年报．山东省环保局．2000．7
[1] 《南水北调东线工程山东段水污染防治规划》．山东省环境保护科学研究设计院．2001．51～53
[1] 翁焕新编．城市水资源控制与管理．浙江大学出版社．1998．63～68
[1] 陈晓宏等编著．《水环境评价与方法》．中山大学出版社．2001.（9）．144～147
[1] 国家环境保护局编．总量控制技术手册．中国环境科学出版社．1990
[1] 尘峰，李玉琳，张玉兆．浅谈山东省城镇污水处理建设的现状及方向．《山东勘察设计》．2001．（1）．
[1] 杨鲁豫，王琳，王宝贞．我国水资源污染治理的技术策略．《给水排水》．2000．（1）
[1] 《城市污水处理及污染防治技术政策》．建设部、国家环保局、科技部联颁发的（建城[2000]号文件
[1] Gunnar Demoulin,Mervyn C.Goronszy et.al. Co-Current Nitrification/Denitrification and Biological P-Removal in Cyclic Acctivated Sludge Plants by Redox Controlled Cycle Operation Wat.Sci.Tech.1997,35(1)
[1] 沈耀良．AB工艺的应用及其改进．污染防治技术．1997．10（2）
[1] 王洪臣．城市污水处理厂运行控制与维护管理．北京：科学出版社．1997
[1] 顾秀勤．A+A2O工艺处理城市污水的生产性试验研究．给水排水．1998．24（３）
[1] 王凯军，贾立敏编著．城市污水生物处理新技术开发与应用．北京：化学工业出版社．2001
[1] 郑兴灿，李亚新．污水除磷脱氮技术．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．1998
[1] 罗万申．新型污水处理工艺--MSBR．中国给水排水．1999．Vol.15，No.6．
[1] 李探微等．一种新的污水处理技术--MSBR法．给水排水．1999．Vol.25．No.6．
[1] 熊建英等．连续流SBR法处理城市污水试验研究．中国给水排水．1999．Vol.15．No.8．
[1] 王守中等．北京航天城污水处理厂CASS法工艺调试及运行．给水排水．1999．Vol.25．No.8．
[1] 沈耀良等．循环式活性污泥系统（CASS）处理城市废水．给水排水．1999．Vol.25．No.11．
[1] 柏景方编译．美国CASS法城市废水处理技术．国外环境科学技术．1995．No.1．
[1] 侯瑞琴等．循环式活性污泥法污水处理厂的设计及运行．中国给水排水．1999．Vol.15．No.8．
[1] 扬肇键．三沟式氧化沟在处理城市污水中的应用．给水排水．1995．Vol.21．No.3．
[1] 颜秀琴等．奥伯尔氧化沟的工程应用性能研究．中国给水排水．1999．Vol.15．No.7．
[1] 邓荣森等．一体化氧化沟技术的发展．中国给水排水．1998．Vol.14．No.1．
[1] 邓荣森等．从运行方式看氧化沟技术的发展．给水排水．2000．Vol.26．No.3．
[1] 尘峰等．招远市城市污水处理工程可行性研究报告．山东省城建设计院．1998.10
[1] 庞煜等．枣庄新城区污水处理工程及回用水工程项目可行性研究报告．山东省城建设计院．2000.4
[1] Paul R. Adler, Steven T. Summerfelt, et al. Evaluation of a Wetland System Designed to Meet Stringent Phosphrus Discharge Requirements. Water Environ. Res. 1996,68(5): 836~840
[1] J Upton, B Green. A Successful Strategy for Small Treatment Plants. Water Quality International. 1995
[1] 王宝贞，王琳．中国缺水城市污水回收与再用探讨．21世纪中国城市水管理国际研讨会论文集．1999
[1] 陈汉辉．污水回用的发展与前景．污染防治技术．1999．12(3)．55~57
[1] 《关于加大污水处理费的征收力度建立城市污水排放和集中处理良性运行机制的通知》．国家计委、建设部、国家环保总局．（计价格[1999]1192号）
[1] 全省城市污水处理厂建设和运行情况调查报告．山东省建设厅城市污水处理工作调研组，2001.7
[1] 陈家琦，中国的水资源．钱正英主编．中国水利．北京：水利电力出版社，1991
[1] 陈家琦，王浩．水资源学概论．北京：中国水利水电出版社．1996
[1] 水利电力部水文局．中国水资源评价．北京：水利电力出版社．1987
[1] 钱正英，张光斗主编．中国可持续发展水资源战略研究综合报告及各专题报告．中国水利水电出版社．2001
[1] 国家环境保护总局．中国环境质量公报'99．北京：2000
[1] 中国21世纪议程——中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书．1994
[1] 冯忠华．我国城市供水节水的基本情况和‘九五’期间的目标与对策．给水排水技术动态．1998(1)
[1] 建设部城市节水办公室．城市节约用水十年规划要点．城镇供水．1992(3)
[1] 贝拉．G．利普泰克主编．龚均陶译．环境工程师手册．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．1985
[1] 何大伟等．我国水环境管理的现状与展望．环境科学进展．1998(5)
[1] 聂梅生．美国污水回用技术调研分析．http://www.h2o-china.com/domain/assets/mgwshyjs.htm/
[1] 吴舜泽，夏青，刘鸿亮．中国流域水污染分析．环境科学与技术．2000(2)
[1] 中国南水北调工程--总体布局．水利部南水北调规划设计管理局．http://www.nsbd.mwr.gov.cn/nsbd/intro/brief.html
[1] 南水北调东线工程．水利部南水北调规划设计管理局．http://www.nsbd.mwr.gov.cn/nsbd/intro/east.html
[1] 何强．基于GIS的水污染控制规划研究．博士学位论文．重庆：重庆大学．2001
[1] 陈晓宏等编著．《水环境评价与方法》．中山大学出版社．2001.9．20-28
[1] 王宝贞等．水污染控制工程．高等教育出版社．1991．441~446
[1] Chadilk P.A. Removing Trihalomethane Precursors from Various Natural-waters by Metal Coagulants. J. AWWA. 1983．75(10)．532~536
[1] 中国环境状况公报-1998．国家环保局．1999．6
[1] Speical Report. Water: The Potential for Wars and Conflict. World Water and Envir. Engng. 21(5): 12
[1] Bill Mccann. Global Prospects for Catchment Security. Water 21. 2000． 4:15~16
[1] Trie Sunaryo. Integrated Management of the Brantas River Basin: Experiences of Corporatisation. Water 21. 2000．12: 40
[1] Michael Weyand, Gilbert Willems. Stormwater Mamagement in the Ruhr River Area. Water
Quality International. 1999．5/6:44~52
[1] Hernz-Christian Baumgart, et al. Managing the Lower Lippe. Water Quality International. 1999．1/2:46~51
[1] Gerd Kolisch, et al. Integrated and Sustainable River Basin Management by German River Associations. Water 21. 2000．10：38~41
[1] 郝明家，王莹编著．《城市水污染集中控制指南》．中国环境科学出版社．1996
[1] 张坤民．何时缚住苍龙. 我国21世纪水环境与可持续发展. 北京科技出版社．2000:1～9
[1] 赵武京．水环境治理是21世纪治理淮河的战略重点．我国21世纪水环境与可持续发展．北京科技出版社．2000:．14~316
[1] 阎世辉．关于我国水环境形势的分析及政策建议．环境保护．2001．8．10～13
[1] 朱镕基．《要求工程尽早开工建设》．http://www.sina.com.cn ．2000．10．5
[1] 温家宝．《强调节水治污生态全面规划统筹兼顾》．http://www.hwcc.com.cn．2001．8
[1] 一九九年山东省统计年鉴．山东省统计局．2000．9
[1] 一九九九年城市（县城）建设统计年报．山东省建设厅．2000．6
[1] 1999年环境统计年报．山东省环保局．2000．7
[1] 《南水北调东线工程山东段水污染防治规划》．山东省环境保护科学研究设计院．2001．51～53
[1] 翁焕新编．城市水资源控制与管理．浙江大学出版社．1998．63～68
[1] 陈晓宏等编著．《水环境评价与方法》．中山大学出版社．2001.（9）．144～147
[1] 国家环境保护局编．总量控制技术手册．中国环境科学出版社．1990
[1] 尘峰，李玉琳，张玉兆．浅谈山东省城镇污水处理建设的现状及方向．《山东勘察设计》．2001．（1）．
[1] 杨鲁豫，王琳，王宝贞．我国水资源污染治理的技术策略．《给水排水》．2000．（1）
[1] 《城市污水处理及污染防治技术政策》．建设部、国家环保局、科技部联颁发的（建城[2000]号文件
[1] Gunnar Demoulin,Mervyn C.Goronszy et.al. Co-Current Nitrification/Denitrification and Biological P-Removal in Cyclic Acctivated Sludge Plants by Redox Controlled Cycle Operation Wat.Sci.Tech.1997,35(1)
[1] 沈耀良．AB工艺的应用及其改进．污染防治技术．1997．10（2）
[1] 王洪臣．城市污水处理厂运行控制与维护管理．北京：科学出版社．1997
[1] 顾秀勤．A+A2O工艺处理城市污水的生产性试验研究．给水排水．1998．24（３）
[1] 王凯军，贾立敏编著．城市污水生物处理新技术开发与应用．北京：化学工业出版社．2001
[1] 郑兴灿，李亚新．污水除磷脱氮技术．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．1998
[1] 罗万申．新型污水处理工艺--MSBR．中国给水排水．1999．Vol.15，No.6．
[1] 李探微等．一种新的污水处理技术--MSBR法．给水排水．1999．Vol.25．No.6．
[1] 熊建英等．连续流SBR法处理城市污水试验研究．中国给水排水．1999．Vol.15．No.8．
[1] 王守中等．北京航天城污水处理厂CASS法工艺调试及运行．给水排水．1999．Vol.25．No.8．
[1] 沈耀良等．循环式活性污泥系统（CASS）处理城市废水．给水排水．1999．Vol.25．No.11．
[1] 柏景方编译．美国CASS法城市废水处理技术．国外环境科学技术．1995．No.1．
[1] 侯瑞琴等．循环式活性污泥法污水处理厂的设计及运行．中国给水排水．1999．Vol.15．No.8．
[1] 扬肇键．三沟式氧化沟在处理城市污水中的应用．给水排水．1995．Vol.21．No.3．
[1] 颜秀琴等．奥伯尔氧化沟的工程应用性能研究．中国给水排水．1999．Vol.15．No.7．
[1] 邓荣森等．一体化氧化沟技术的发展．中国给水排水．1998．Vol.14．No.1．
[1] 邓荣森等．从运行方式看氧化沟技术的发展．给水排水．2000．Vol.26．No.3．
[1] 尘峰等．招远市城市污水处理工程可行性研究报告．山东省城建设计院．1998.10
[1] 庞煜等．枣庄新城区污水处理工程及回用水工程项目可行性研究报告．山东省城建设计院．2000.4
[1] Paul R. Adler, Steven T. Summerfelt, et al. Evaluation of a Wetland System Designed to Meet Stringent Phosphrus Discharge Requirements. Water Environ. Res. 1996,68(5): 836~840
[1] J Upton, B Green. A Successful Strategy for Small Treatment Plants. Water Quality International. 1995
[1] 王宝贞，王琳．中国缺水城市污水回收与再用探讨．21世纪中国城市水管理国际研讨会论文集．1999
[1] 陈汉辉．污水回用的发展与前景．污染防治技术．1999．12(3)．55~57
[1] 《关于加大污水处理费的征收力度建立城市污水排放和集中处理良性运行机制的通知》．国家计委、建设部、国家环保总局．（计价格[1999]1192号）
[1] 全省城市污水处理厂建设和运行情况调查报告．山东省建设厅城市污水处理工作调研组，2001.7
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |