国民党应对宪政的政治举措
摘要
本文从南京政府实行宪政的背景入手,着重论述了国民党在制宪国大至行宪国大期间为应对宪政所采取的政治举措。这一系列举措包括三方面的内容:其一,整顿党的组织系统;其二,巩固蒋介石的权位;其三,构筑地方战时体制。国民党希望通过这一系列的政治举措在加强集权的基础上进行党、政、军各系统的整顿,一方面保证体制的顺利转换和内战的持久进行,一方面展示因宪政实行而带来的新气象以坚定美国支持南京政权的决心,从而在内、外因素的综合作用下稳定其在中共沉重打击下不断恶化的政局和战局,以等待国际局势的变化给其统治带来转机。但国民党的政治举措并没有达到目的,宪政的实行反而加速了国民党政权的崩溃。
After the 2nd Sino-Japanese War,KMT was hard to continue to ruleunder the name of the training politics and had to consider to transform to theconstitutional politics,so convened National Assembly of Drawing up aConstitution in November 15,1946. KMT planed to force CCP to attend theNational Assembly dominated by it through its advantageous situation onbattlefield,and if CCP refused,it would defeat CCP relying on military forcebefore the constitutional politics was carried out.However, KMT did notreach purpose, not only CCP and Democratic Alliance refused to attend theNational Assembly on the ground of sticking to the agreement of the PoliticalConsultative Conference,but also unfavorable changes happened on its civilwar battlefield.
It would impose an unbearable burden and impact on KMT to carry outconstitutional politics under the condition that its war situation worsenedcontinuously:KMT’s lax organization system is hard to deal with theconversion of political system;Chiang Kai-shek’s power and status wound bebeated by the struggle over interest of factions within KMT in the course ofsystem transformation; the civil war would be affected by the constitutionalelection and the constitution having a certain democratic quality.But if KMTpostponed the constitutional politics therefore again,it would lose politicalreputation thoroughly and could not face the pressure of Americangovernment.KMT also wished to delay its collapse time through carrying outthe constitutional politics to wait for the changes in the international situationwhich could give KMT’s crisis-ridden regime a turn for the better.So KMTconvened National Assembly of Implementing a Constitution in March 29,1948 in Nanjing.
In order to guarantee the stability of its politics and war situation during
the period of constitutional politics,KMT adopted a series of politicalmeasures between the two national assemblies.These political measuresincluded:
1、To rectify party’s organization. In order to be adjusted to the systemtransformation,KMT opened the Third and the Forth Session of its SixthNational Committee to carry out political reformation: in theparty-government relation KMT presented the policy of thegovernment-via-party,which would be fit to the principle of party-governmentseparation during the period of constitutional politics and regulate theparty-government relation during the period of training politics; in the relationbetween KMT and Youth League of Three People’s principles,KMT decidedto integrate the two organizations,which could alleviate their conflict on thegovernment elections and coordinate the policy of the government-via-partyon the basis of perfecting KMT’s organization system .Though KMT hopedto continue being in power in a more reasonable manner through politicalreformation in the period of constitutional politics, it did not mean that KMTgave up the principle of one party-rule.It is on the basis of monopolizing theregime that KMT dared to control government in an indirect manner.
2、To strengthen Chiang Kai-shek’s power and status.In order to maintainKMT’s political stability and his own rule,Chiang Kai-shek spared no effort tostrengthen his power: in the party,Chiang had already gotten KMT’slegitimism,so he strengthened his power mainly by employing factionspolitics;on the one hand he enhanced his son’s status in KMT by integratingKMT and Youth League and let his own clique seize the party’s organizationsyetem; on the other hand he restrained the strength of Guixi and was opposedto Li Zong-ren campaigning for vice president ; in the constitutionalgovernment, he was not satisfied with the power of President endowed byConstitution of Republic of China in 1946, and strengthened his autocraticpower by “Temporary Provisions in the Period of National Mobilization for
Suppression of the Communist Rebellion”.Chiang Kai-shek’s pursuingautocratic power destroyed the principle of balance of power of constitutionalpolitics.
3、To Strengthen war system in local state.In order to shake off the fettersof constitutional politics for civil war, KMT strengthened their war system:(1)carry out “Mobilization for the Suppression of Communist Rebellion" andpublish a series of decrees which composed a social mobilization system.Thesystem determined the warring states between KMT and CCP,and couldsupply the war with material safeguard.(2)establish the system of army andgovernment institution in local regime which could provide system sustain forits civil war and make KMT control the local government firmly during theperiod of constitutional politics . The establishment of war system destroyedthe principle of the protection of civil rights and local autonomy,and meansthat KMT implemented army-rule under the name of constitutional politics.
KMT’s political measures for coping with the constitutional politics hadthe quality of concentration of power,which caused these results includingmargining Constitution of the Republic of China in 1946 which should bepolitical center during the period of constitutional politics and making thepolitical order of Nanjing government during the constitutional politicsbecome KMT’s one-party rule decorated by small parties joining thegovernment and Chiang Kai-Shek’s personal autarchy rule based on the localmilitary rule. At the same time KMT’s measures had the quality of politicalrectification, which showed KMT’s synthetical consideration about theconstitutional politics question: firstly, wanted to make American governmentbe hauled in Chinese affairs and get American sustenance; secondly carriedout political rectification actively in the process of preparing for constitutionalpolitics, strengthened its rule ability, and then stabilized their war and politicalsituation by the combined effort of internal and external factors .
But KMT’s political measures for coping with the constitutional politics
After the 2nd Sino-Japanese War,KMT was hard to continue to ruleunder the name of the training politics and had to consider to transform to theconstitutional politics,so convened National Assembly of Drawing up aConstitution in November 15,1946. KMT planed to force CCP to attend theNational Assembly dominated by it through its advantageous situation onbattlefield,and if CCP refused,it would defeat CCP relying on military forcebefore the constitutional politics was carried out.However, KMT did notreach purpose, not only CCP and Democratic Alliance refused to attend theNational Assembly on the ground of sticking to the agreement of the PoliticalConsultative Conference,but also unfavorable changes happened on its civilwar battlefield.
It would impose an unbearable burden and impact on KMT to carry outconstitutional politics under the condition that its war situation worsenedcontinuously:KMT’s lax organization system is hard to deal with theconversion of political system;Chiang Kai-shek’s power and status wound bebeated by the struggle over interest of factions within KMT in the course ofsystem transformation; the civil war would be affected by the constitutionalelection and the constitution having a certain democratic quality.But if KMTpostponed the constitutional politics therefore again,it would lose politicalreputation thoroughly and could not face the pressure of Americangovernment.KMT also wished to delay its collapse time through carrying outthe constitutional politics to wait for the changes in the international situationwhich could give KMT’s crisis-ridden regime a turn for the better.So KMTconvened National Assembly of Implementing a Constitution in March 29,1948 in Nanjing.
In order to guarantee the stability of its politics and war situation during
the period of constitutional politics,KMT adopted a series of politicalmeasures between the two national assemblies.These political measuresincluded:
1、To rectify party’s organization. In order to be adjusted to the systemtransformation,KMT opened the Third and the Forth Session of its SixthNational Committee to carry out political reformation: in theparty-government relation KMT presented the policy of thegovernment-via-party,which would be fit to the principle of party-governmentseparation during the period of constitutional politics and regulate theparty-government relation during the period of training politics; in the relationbetween KMT and Youth League of Three People’s principles,KMT decidedto integrate the two organizations,which could alleviate their conflict on thegovernment elections and coordinate the policy of the government-via-partyon the basis of perfecting KMT’s organization system .Though KMT hopedto continue being in power in a more reasonable manner through politicalreformation in the period of constitutional politics, it did not mean that KMTgave up the principle of one party-rule.It is on the basis of monopolizing theregime that KMT dared to control government in an indirect manner.
2、To strengthen Chiang Kai-shek’s power and status.In order to maintainKMT’s political stability and his own rule,Chiang Kai-shek spared no effort tostrengthen his power: in the party,Chiang had already gotten KMT’slegitimism,so he strengthened his power mainly by employing factionspolitics;on the one hand he enhanced his son’s status in KMT by integratingKMT and Youth League and let his own clique seize the party’s organizationsyetem; on the other hand he restrained the strength of Guixi and was opposedto Li Zong-ren campaigning for vice president ; in the constitutionalgovernment, he was not satisfied with the power of President endowed byConstitution of Republic of China in 1946, and strengthened his autocraticpower by “Temporary Provisions in the Period of National Mobilization for
Suppression of the Communist Rebellion”.Chiang Kai-shek’s pursuingautocratic power destroyed the principle of balance of power of constitutionalpolitics.
3、To Strengthen war system in local state.In order to shake off the fettersof constitutional politics for civil war, KMT strengthened their war system:(1)carry out “Mobilization for the Suppression of Communist Rebellion" andpublish a series of decrees which composed a social mobilization system.Thesystem determined the warring states between KMT and CCP,and couldsupply the war with material safeguard.(2)establish the system of army andgovernment institution in local regime which could provide system sustain forits civil war and make KMT control the local government firmly during theperiod of constitutional politics . The establishment of war system destroyedthe principle of the protection of civil rights and local autonomy,and meansthat KMT implemented army-rule under the name of constitutional politics.
KMT’s political measures for coping with the constitutional politics hadthe quality of concentration of power,which caused these results includingmargining Constitution of the Republic of China in 1946 which should bepolitical center during the period of constitutional politics and making thepolitical order of Nanjing government during the constitutional politicsbecome KMT’s one-party rule decorated by small parties joining thegovernment and Chiang Kai-Shek’s personal autarchy rule based on the localmilitary rule. At the same time KMT’s measures had the quality of politicalrectification, which showed KMT’s synthetical consideration about theconstitutional politics question: firstly, wanted to make American governmentbe hauled in Chinese affairs and get American sustenance; secondly carriedout political rectification actively in the process of preparing for constitutionalpolitics, strengthened its rule ability, and then stabilized their war and politicalsituation by the combined effort of internal and external factors .
But KMT’s political measures for coping with the constitutional politics
引文
(1)中国第二历史档案馆编:《中华民国史档案资料汇编》第五辑第三编政治(一)、(二)、(三),江苏古籍出版社1999 年版。
(2)中国第二历史档案馆编:《中华民国史档案资料汇编》第五辑第三编军事(一),江苏古籍出版社1999 年版。
(3)荣孟源主编孙彩霞编辑:《中国国民党历次代表大会及中央全会资料》(下册),光明日报出版社1985 年版。
(4)万仁元方庆秋主编《中华民国史史料长编》(七十), 南京大学出版社1993 年版。
(5)《中美关系资料汇编》(第一辑) ,世界知识出版社1957 年版。
(6)肯尼斯·雷约翰·布鲁尔:《被遗忘的大使:司徒雷登驻华报告,1946—1949》,江苏人民出版社1990 年版。
(7)公安部档案馆编注:《在蒋介石身边八年——侍从室高级幕僚唐纵日记》,群众出版社1991 年版。
(8)《吴铁城回忆录》在李敖手中的佚文,李敖:《中国现代史正论》,中国友谊出版公司2001 年版。
(9)李宗仁口述唐德刚撰写:《李宗仁回忆录》,广西人民出版社1988年版。
(10)程思远:《李宗仁先生晚年》,文史资料出版社1980 年版。
(11)程思远:《政坛回忆》,广西人民出版社1983 年版。
(12)程思远:《白崇禧传》,华艺出版社1995 年版。
(13)韩信夫姜克夫主编:《中华民国大事记》(第五册), 中国文史出版社1997 年版。
(14)王桧林主编:《中国现代史参考资料》下册,北京师范大学出版社1992 年版。
(15)方蒙主编:《〈大公报〉与现代中国——1926—1949 大事记实录》,1993 年版。
(16)广东省社会科学院历史研究所等编:《孙中山全集》(第11 卷)。
(17)龙显昭主编:《张澜文集》,四川教育出版社1991 年版。
(18)启跃:《国民党怎样失掉了大陆》,新疆人民出版社1997 年版。
(19)王奇生著:《党员、党权与党争——1924～1949 年中国国民党的组织形态》,上海书店出版社2003 年版。
(20)金冲及著:《转折年代:中国的1947 年》,生活·读书·新知三联书店2002 年版。
(21)汪朝光著:《中华民国史》第三编第五卷,中华书局2000 年版。
(22)朱宗震陶文钊著:《中华民国史》第三编第六卷,中华书局2000年版。
(23)邓野著:《联合政府与一党训政:1944～1946 年间国共政争》,社会科学文献出版社2003 年版。
(24)张公权:《中国通货膨胀史(1937—1949 年)》,文史资料出版社1986年版。
(25)庹平:《蒋介石研究:解读蒋介石的政治理念》,团结出版社2001年版。
(26)日本《产经新闻》社撰古屋奎二主笔:《蒋介石秘录》(第四卷),湖南人民出版社1988 年版。
(27)张学继徐凯峰徐付群著:《八桂骁将——白崇禧》,兰州大学出版社1996 年版。
(28)邹谠著:《美国在中国的失败,1941—1950》,上海人民出版社1997
(2)中国第二历史档案馆编:《中华民国史档案资料汇编》第五辑第三编军事(一),江苏古籍出版社1999 年版。
(3)荣孟源主编孙彩霞编辑:《中国国民党历次代表大会及中央全会资料》(下册),光明日报出版社1985 年版。
(4)万仁元方庆秋主编《中华民国史史料长编》(七十), 南京大学出版社1993 年版。
(5)《中美关系资料汇编》(第一辑) ,世界知识出版社1957 年版。
(6)肯尼斯·雷约翰·布鲁尔:《被遗忘的大使:司徒雷登驻华报告,1946—1949》,江苏人民出版社1990 年版。
(7)公安部档案馆编注:《在蒋介石身边八年——侍从室高级幕僚唐纵日记》,群众出版社1991 年版。
(8)《吴铁城回忆录》在李敖手中的佚文,李敖:《中国现代史正论》,中国友谊出版公司2001 年版。
(9)李宗仁口述唐德刚撰写:《李宗仁回忆录》,广西人民出版社1988年版。
(10)程思远:《李宗仁先生晚年》,文史资料出版社1980 年版。
(11)程思远:《政坛回忆》,广西人民出版社1983 年版。
(12)程思远:《白崇禧传》,华艺出版社1995 年版。
(13)韩信夫姜克夫主编:《中华民国大事记》(第五册), 中国文史出版社1997 年版。
(14)王桧林主编:《中国现代史参考资料》下册,北京师范大学出版社1992 年版。
(15)方蒙主编:《〈大公报〉与现代中国——1926—1949 大事记实录》,1993 年版。
(16)广东省社会科学院历史研究所等编:《孙中山全集》(第11 卷)。
(17)龙显昭主编:《张澜文集》,四川教育出版社1991 年版。
(18)启跃:《国民党怎样失掉了大陆》,新疆人民出版社1997 年版。
(19)王奇生著:《党员、党权与党争——1924～1949 年中国国民党的组织形态》,上海书店出版社2003 年版。
(20)金冲及著:《转折年代:中国的1947 年》,生活·读书·新知三联书店2002 年版。
(21)汪朝光著:《中华民国史》第三编第五卷,中华书局2000 年版。
(22)朱宗震陶文钊著:《中华民国史》第三编第六卷,中华书局2000年版。
(23)邓野著:《联合政府与一党训政:1944～1946 年间国共政争》,社会科学文献出版社2003 年版。
(24)张公权:《中国通货膨胀史(1937—1949 年)》,文史资料出版社1986年版。
(25)庹平:《蒋介石研究:解读蒋介石的政治理念》,团结出版社2001年版。
(26)日本《产经新闻》社撰古屋奎二主笔:《蒋介石秘录》(第四卷),湖南人民出版社1988 年版。
(27)张学继徐凯峰徐付群著:《八桂骁将——白崇禧》,兰州大学出版社1996 年版。
(28)邹谠著:《美国在中国的失败,1941—1950》,上海人民出版社1997