结构监测的PVDF动态特性分析和无线传感器研究
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摘要
自1880年J.居里和P.居里发现压电效应以来,压电材料的研究和发展迅速展开。近十几年来压电材料在信息激光导航、生物工程、航空航天等高科技领域应用广泛。由于聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)具有机械强度高、灵敏度高、易于布设、耐腐蚀、频率响应范围宽等优势,在传感器应用、结构控制和结构健康监测领域得到了广泛的关注。
本文以PVDF压电薄膜为传感元件,完成了PVDF的传感机理分析,应变传感和桥梁损伤检测的实验,对以Crossbow公司的Imote2为无线传感器网络节点,无线PVDF压电信号的采集平台进行了较为系统的研究。
首先,本文针对结构健康监测和无线传感器网络研究现状,将智能传感器与高性能的无线网络节点结合。根据压电材料的压电效应和压电方程,研究了PVDF的传感特性以及结构应变监测的机理。分析了PVDF的工作原理、粘贴工艺、等效测量电路等。通过应变传感特性的实验,系统研究了PVDF传感器的灵敏度、频响特性等。并且将PVDF应用于桥梁模型,完成了对桥梁自振频率、损伤检测等一系列实验。
其次,对智能无线传感器节点Imote2节点进行了研究,介绍了Imote2套件的硬件结构、处理器板、传感器板、电池板,并且完成了以Microsoft.Net Framework基础的Imote2运行环境设置,基于C#语言的ADC信号采集的程序设计。
最后,利用PVDF压电薄膜对高频敏感的特性,通过和台式冲击台的加速度传感器输出信号进行对比,分析了PVDF高频冲击特性,并且将PVDF压电薄膜和Imote2结合,搭建了无线冲击信号的采集平台,对无线冲击信号的采集进行了初探。通过实验结果表明PVDF具有耐冲击、响应快、灵敏度高等优良特性,证明了实验平台的可行性,体现了PVDF压电薄膜和Imote2无线传感器节点在结构健康监测上的广阔应用前景。
Since J. Curie and P. Curie discovered the piezoelectric effect in 1880, the research on piezoelectric materials has been developed rapidly. Over the past few decades, piezoelectric materials have been widely used in some high-tech fields such as laser navigation, biological engineering, aerospace, etc…Due to PVDF's (polyvinylidene Fluoride) prominent qualities of high mechanical strength, high sensitivity, easy layout, corrosion resistance, wide frequency response and so on, it has aroused wide concern in fields of sensor applications, structural control and structural health monitoring.
In this paper, based on PVDF piezoelectric film, the author has completed the sensing mechanism analysis of PVDF, strain sensing and bridge damage detection experiments. Much research work has been done systematically on Imote2 wireless sensor network nodes from Crossbow Technology, Inc. and to build the platform for wireless PVDF piezoelectric signal acquisition.
Firstly, according to the present situation of structural health monitoring and wireless sensor network, this paper has presented an idea to combine high-performance smart sensors with wireless sensor network nodes. Based on the piezoelectric effect and piezoelectric equations, this paper has not only studied the sensing properties of PVDF and the mechanism of structural strain monitoring, but also analyzed its working principle and paste technology, the equivalent measurement circuit. Through strain sensing experiment, the paper systematically studied the sensitivity, frequency response properties of PVDF sensors. Then PVDF is used in the bridge model. Based on PVDF, natural vibration frequency and damage detection experiments have been completed.
Secondly, the paper has studied smart wireless sensor node Imote2, introduced its hardware structure,processor board, sensor board, battery board, and completed Imote2's environment setting based on Microsoft.Net Framework, ADC signal acquisition program design based on C # language.
Finally, according to high-frequency-sensitive properties of PVDF, compared with the acceleration sensor on the shock machine, the paper analyzed the high-frequency impact properties of PVDF and combined PVDF piezoelectric film with Imote2 to build a wireless impact signal acquisition platform. The experimental results have shown PVDF's impact resistance, quick response、high sensitivity, and proved the feasibility of the experimental platform, the experiment also reflects the wide application prospects pf PVDF piezoelectric films and Imote2 wireless sensor nodes for structural health monitoring.
本文以PVDF压电薄膜为传感元件,完成了PVDF的传感机理分析,应变传感和桥梁损伤检测的实验,对以Crossbow公司的Imote2为无线传感器网络节点,无线PVDF压电信号的采集平台进行了较为系统的研究。
首先,本文针对结构健康监测和无线传感器网络研究现状,将智能传感器与高性能的无线网络节点结合。根据压电材料的压电效应和压电方程,研究了PVDF的传感特性以及结构应变监测的机理。分析了PVDF的工作原理、粘贴工艺、等效测量电路等。通过应变传感特性的实验,系统研究了PVDF传感器的灵敏度、频响特性等。并且将PVDF应用于桥梁模型,完成了对桥梁自振频率、损伤检测等一系列实验。
其次,对智能无线传感器节点Imote2节点进行了研究,介绍了Imote2套件的硬件结构、处理器板、传感器板、电池板,并且完成了以Microsoft.Net Framework基础的Imote2运行环境设置,基于C#语言的ADC信号采集的程序设计。
最后,利用PVDF压电薄膜对高频敏感的特性,通过和台式冲击台的加速度传感器输出信号进行对比,分析了PVDF高频冲击特性,并且将PVDF压电薄膜和Imote2结合,搭建了无线冲击信号的采集平台,对无线冲击信号的采集进行了初探。通过实验结果表明PVDF具有耐冲击、响应快、灵敏度高等优良特性,证明了实验平台的可行性,体现了PVDF压电薄膜和Imote2无线传感器节点在结构健康监测上的广阔应用前景。
Since J. Curie and P. Curie discovered the piezoelectric effect in 1880, the research on piezoelectric materials has been developed rapidly. Over the past few decades, piezoelectric materials have been widely used in some high-tech fields such as laser navigation, biological engineering, aerospace, etc…Due to PVDF's (polyvinylidene Fluoride) prominent qualities of high mechanical strength, high sensitivity, easy layout, corrosion resistance, wide frequency response and so on, it has aroused wide concern in fields of sensor applications, structural control and structural health monitoring.
In this paper, based on PVDF piezoelectric film, the author has completed the sensing mechanism analysis of PVDF, strain sensing and bridge damage detection experiments. Much research work has been done systematically on Imote2 wireless sensor network nodes from Crossbow Technology, Inc. and to build the platform for wireless PVDF piezoelectric signal acquisition.
Firstly, according to the present situation of structural health monitoring and wireless sensor network, this paper has presented an idea to combine high-performance smart sensors with wireless sensor network nodes. Based on the piezoelectric effect and piezoelectric equations, this paper has not only studied the sensing properties of PVDF and the mechanism of structural strain monitoring, but also analyzed its working principle and paste technology, the equivalent measurement circuit. Through strain sensing experiment, the paper systematically studied the sensitivity, frequency response properties of PVDF sensors. Then PVDF is used in the bridge model. Based on PVDF, natural vibration frequency and damage detection experiments have been completed.
Secondly, the paper has studied smart wireless sensor node Imote2, introduced its hardware structure,processor board, sensor board, battery board, and completed Imote2's environment setting based on Microsoft.Net Framework, ADC signal acquisition program design based on C # language.
Finally, according to high-frequency-sensitive properties of PVDF, compared with the acceleration sensor on the shock machine, the paper analyzed the high-frequency impact properties of PVDF and combined PVDF piezoelectric film with Imote2 to build a wireless impact signal acquisition platform. The experimental results have shown PVDF's impact resistance, quick response、high sensitivity, and proved the feasibility of the experimental platform, the experiment also reflects the wide application prospects pf PVDF piezoelectric films and Imote2 wireless sensor nodes for structural health monitoring.
引文
[1]欧进萍,关新春.土木工程智能结构体系的研究与发展[J].地震工程与振动,1999(19)：21-27.
[2]U. S. Consus Bureau.1997 Economic Census--Construction Reports[C/OL], http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/cons-hou.html,2000
[3]S. Jensen. Summary Outlook to 2005 for the European Construction Market [C/OL], http://www.dowcorning.com.cn/zh_CN/content/construction/tech_manual_europe. as px,2003
[4]袁慎芳.结构健康监控[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2007：1-21
[5]周智,欧进萍.FBG智能传感器及其在土木工程中的应用研究[J].功能材料,2004,4(35)：152-156.
[6]欧进萍等.重大工程结构智能传感网络与健康监测系统的研究与应用[J].中国科学基金,第一期2005：8-12.
[7]Housner G W, Bergman L A, Caughey T K, et al. Structural control:past, present and future [J]. ASCE,Journal of Engineering Mechanics,1997,123(9):897-971.
[8]孙利民,李建中,陈渝.无线传感器网络[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005：3-23.
[9]吴报铢,沈寿彭,史观一等.压电高聚物[M].上海科学技术文献出版社,1980
[10]张福学,王丽坤.现代压电学(中)[M].北京：科学出版社,2001
[11]Halliyal A, Safari A, Bhalla A S. Grainoriented glass-ceramics for piezoelectric devices[J]. American Ceramic Soci.1983(54):1201-1211
[12]Kaiwai H. The piezoelectricity of polyvinyldene fluoride[J]. Journal of Applied Physics,1969,8(7):975-976.
[13]J. Knapp,E. Altmann, J. Niemann, K.-D. Werner. Measurement of shock events by means of strain gauges and accelerometers[J]. Measurement 24.1998:87-96
[14]Cuhat D, Davies P, An experimental approach to the design of PVDF modal sensors[J]. Proceedings of the ASME Design Engineering Technical Conference,2001(v 6B): 1997-2004
[15]Audrain P, Masson P, Berry A. The use of PVDF strain sensing in active control of structural intensity in beams[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. May,2004, p 319-327
[16]S. R. K. Morikawa, A. L. Gama. Monitoring Surface Breaking Defects with Piezoelectric Active Systems[J].Society for Experimental Mechanics 2005:89-95
[17]A. V. Shirinov, W. K. Schomburg. Pressure sensor from a PVDF film Sensors and Actuators[J].1422008(142):48-55.
[18]王代华,周德高,刘建胜,黄尚廉.PVDF压电薄膜振动传感器及其信号处理系统[J].压电与声光,1999,21(2)：122-126.
[19]李焰,钟方平,刘乾.PVDF动态应变测量中的应用[J].爆炸与冲击,2003,23(3)：230-234
[20]具典淑.PVDF的应变传感特性及构建裂纹监测实验研究[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学,2004.
[21]孙宇.基于压电薄膜的结构应变与损伤监测研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,2006
[22]Bauer F, Graham R A, Andersong M U, et al. Piezoelectric polarization of the ferroelectric polymer PVDF from 10MPa to 10GPa[C]. Studies of loading-path dependence, in Shock Waves in Condensed Matter-1991,1992:883—886.
[23]Bauer F, Graham R A, Andersong M U, et al. Piezoelectric response of precisely poled PVDF to shock compression greater than 10GPa[C]. Studies of loading-path dependence, in Shock Waves in Condensed Matter-1991,1992:273—276.
[24]席道瑛,郑永来.PVDF压电计在动态应力测量中的应用[J].爆炸与冲击,1995,15(2)：174—179.
[25]温殿英,林其文.冲击波压缩PVDF膜的点响应研究[N].高压物理学报,2000,12,14(4)
[26]杜晓松,杨邦朝等.PVDF冲击压力传感器的制备和应用[J].功能材料,2002,33(1)：15-17
[27]李焰,张向荣,谭红梅等.国产PVDF压电薄膜的冲击加载及卸载响应研究[N].高压物理学报,2004,9,18(3).
[28]张智丹,纪松,张延松.冲击载荷下PVDF和PZT压电材料的动态性能研究[J].兵器材料科学与工程,2008,31(2)：65-69.
[29]张安跃,唐志平,郑航.PVDF压力传感器的冲击压电特性研究[J].实验力学,2009,24(3)：243-250
[30]E. Hausler, E. Stein, Implantable physiological power supply with PVDF film[J], Ferroelectronics,1984(60):277-282.
[31]Kaneko A, Tanabe T, Fumoto T, Nishida J. Inst. TV Eng. Jpn,1986
[32]李鸿波.PVDF咀嚼力测试仪的研制及松动牙咀嚼生理功能的研究[D].西安：第四军医大学,2000
[33]J. Dargahi, W. F. Xie, Peng Jin. An experimental tactile system for sensing and teleperception of human pulse[J]. Mechatronics,2008:1-13
[34]张兢,基于PVDF的表面计测传感特性分析与应用[J].压电与声光,2008,30(2),164-166
[35]张福学,王丽坤.现代压电学(上)[M].北京：科学出版社,2001,84-90.
[36]张华,张桂芳.压电和热释电聚合物PVDF及其应用[J].天津工业大学学报.2003,1(22)：35-39.
[37]许小红,武海顺.压电薄膜的制备、结构与应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2002
[38]压电薄膜传感器技术[M].深圳：精量电子有限公司.1998.
[39]Piezo Film Sensors Technical Manual [J/OL]. Measurement specialties. www.meas-spec.com.
[40]田裕鹏,姚恩涛,李开宇.传感器原理[M].北京：科学出版社,2007
[41]马祖长,孙怡宁.无线传感器网络综述[J].软件学报,2004,4(25)：114-124.
[42]Imote2 Hardware Reference Manual Revision A[J/OL]. Crossbow technology Inc. www. xbow. com,2007
[43]Imote2. Builder Kit Manual Revision A [J/OL]. Crossbow technology Inc. www. xbow. com,2007
[44]陈锡辉,张银鸿.LabVIEW 8.20程序设计从入门到精通[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2007
[45]黄文虎等.振动与冲击手册[M].第一卷.北京：中国计量出版社,1996
[46]陈长征,罗跃纲,白秉三等.结构损伤监测与智能诊断[M].北京：科学出版社,2001
[47]Manuel Ruiz-sandoval. Sensor Development Using Berkeley Mote Platform[J]. Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Azcapotzalco.2005,15(2):265-270
[48]C. Caneva, I.M. De Rosa, F. Sarasini. Embessed PVDF Sensor for Impact and AE DetectionE in Composite Structures [J]. Modern Practice in Acoustic Emission. 2008,33:923-924
[49]Nagayama, T. Rice, J. A. Spencer. Efficacy of Intel's Imote2 wireless sensor plateform for structural health monitoring application Asia-Pacific Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, Ypkphama, Japan[R],2006
[50]白石.PVDF动态应变感知特性及其结构监测应用[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学,2006.
[51]靳亚静.PVDF动态特性研究与键盘应用设计[D].大连：大连理工大学,2009
[2]U. S. Consus Bureau.1997 Economic Census--Construction Reports[C/OL], http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/cons-hou.html,2000
[3]S. Jensen. Summary Outlook to 2005 for the European Construction Market [C/OL], http://www.dowcorning.com.cn/zh_CN/content/construction/tech_manual_europe. as px,2003
[4]袁慎芳.结构健康监控[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2007：1-21
[5]周智,欧进萍.FBG智能传感器及其在土木工程中的应用研究[J].功能材料,2004,4(35)：152-156.
[6]欧进萍等.重大工程结构智能传感网络与健康监测系统的研究与应用[J].中国科学基金,第一期2005：8-12.
[7]Housner G W, Bergman L A, Caughey T K, et al. Structural control:past, present and future [J]. ASCE,Journal of Engineering Mechanics,1997,123(9):897-971.
[8]孙利民,李建中,陈渝.无线传感器网络[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005：3-23.
[9]吴报铢,沈寿彭,史观一等.压电高聚物[M].上海科学技术文献出版社,1980
[10]张福学,王丽坤.现代压电学(中)[M].北京：科学出版社,2001
[11]Halliyal A, Safari A, Bhalla A S. Grainoriented glass-ceramics for piezoelectric devices[J]. American Ceramic Soci.1983(54):1201-1211
[12]Kaiwai H. The piezoelectricity of polyvinyldene fluoride[J]. Journal of Applied Physics,1969,8(7):975-976.
[13]J. Knapp,E. Altmann, J. Niemann, K.-D. Werner. Measurement of shock events by means of strain gauges and accelerometers[J]. Measurement 24.1998:87-96
[14]Cuhat D, Davies P, An experimental approach to the design of PVDF modal sensors[J]. Proceedings of the ASME Design Engineering Technical Conference,2001(v 6B): 1997-2004
[15]Audrain P, Masson P, Berry A. The use of PVDF strain sensing in active control of structural intensity in beams[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. May,2004, p 319-327
[16]S. R. K. Morikawa, A. L. Gama. Monitoring Surface Breaking Defects with Piezoelectric Active Systems[J].Society for Experimental Mechanics 2005:89-95
[17]A. V. Shirinov, W. K. Schomburg. Pressure sensor from a PVDF film Sensors and Actuators[J].1422008(142):48-55.
[18]王代华,周德高,刘建胜,黄尚廉.PVDF压电薄膜振动传感器及其信号处理系统[J].压电与声光,1999,21(2)：122-126.
[19]李焰,钟方平,刘乾.PVDF动态应变测量中的应用[J].爆炸与冲击,2003,23(3)：230-234
[20]具典淑.PVDF的应变传感特性及构建裂纹监测实验研究[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学,2004.
[21]孙宇.基于压电薄膜的结构应变与损伤监测研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,2006
[22]Bauer F, Graham R A, Andersong M U, et al. Piezoelectric polarization of the ferroelectric polymer PVDF from 10MPa to 10GPa[C]. Studies of loading-path dependence, in Shock Waves in Condensed Matter-1991,1992:883—886.
[23]Bauer F, Graham R A, Andersong M U, et al. Piezoelectric response of precisely poled PVDF to shock compression greater than 10GPa[C]. Studies of loading-path dependence, in Shock Waves in Condensed Matter-1991,1992:273—276.
[24]席道瑛,郑永来.PVDF压电计在动态应力测量中的应用[J].爆炸与冲击,1995,15(2)：174—179.
[25]温殿英,林其文.冲击波压缩PVDF膜的点响应研究[N].高压物理学报,2000,12,14(4)
[26]杜晓松,杨邦朝等.PVDF冲击压力传感器的制备和应用[J].功能材料,2002,33(1)：15-17
[27]李焰,张向荣,谭红梅等.国产PVDF压电薄膜的冲击加载及卸载响应研究[N].高压物理学报,2004,9,18(3).
[28]张智丹,纪松,张延松.冲击载荷下PVDF和PZT压电材料的动态性能研究[J].兵器材料科学与工程,2008,31(2)：65-69.
[29]张安跃,唐志平,郑航.PVDF压力传感器的冲击压电特性研究[J].实验力学,2009,24(3)：243-250
[30]E. Hausler, E. Stein, Implantable physiological power supply with PVDF film[J], Ferroelectronics,1984(60):277-282.
[31]Kaneko A, Tanabe T, Fumoto T, Nishida J. Inst. TV Eng. Jpn,1986
[32]李鸿波.PVDF咀嚼力测试仪的研制及松动牙咀嚼生理功能的研究[D].西安：第四军医大学,2000
[33]J. Dargahi, W. F. Xie, Peng Jin. An experimental tactile system for sensing and teleperception of human pulse[J]. Mechatronics,2008:1-13
[34]张兢,基于PVDF的表面计测传感特性分析与应用[J].压电与声光,2008,30(2),164-166
[35]张福学,王丽坤.现代压电学(上)[M].北京：科学出版社,2001,84-90.
[36]张华,张桂芳.压电和热释电聚合物PVDF及其应用[J].天津工业大学学报.2003,1(22)：35-39.
[37]许小红,武海顺.压电薄膜的制备、结构与应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2002
[38]压电薄膜传感器技术[M].深圳：精量电子有限公司.1998.
[39]Piezo Film Sensors Technical Manual [J/OL]. Measurement specialties. www.meas-spec.com.
[40]田裕鹏,姚恩涛,李开宇.传感器原理[M].北京：科学出版社,2007
[41]马祖长,孙怡宁.无线传感器网络综述[J].软件学报,2004,4(25)：114-124.
[42]Imote2 Hardware Reference Manual Revision A[J/OL]. Crossbow technology Inc. www. xbow. com,2007
[43]Imote2. Builder Kit Manual Revision A [J/OL]. Crossbow technology Inc. www. xbow. com,2007
[44]陈锡辉,张银鸿.LabVIEW 8.20程序设计从入门到精通[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2007
[45]黄文虎等.振动与冲击手册[M].第一卷.北京：中国计量出版社,1996
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