臭氧—微波诱导催化氧化饮用水中的内分泌干扰物邻苯二甲酸二丁酯
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摘要
内分泌干扰化学物质(Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs),简称内分泌干扰物)是一种典型的持久性有毒物质,对包括人类在内的一切生物有着严重的危害作用,已成为环境污染特别是饮用水安全的重大问题。目前的常规处理工艺混凝、沉淀和过滤对这些物质的去除能力有限,因此需要探索高效的内分泌干扰物的处理方法。本论文针对环境内分泌干扰物的污染问题,以饮用水源水为研究对象,选择在饮用水源中普遍存在并具有内分泌干扰活性的邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)作模型污染物,系统地对比了O3、O3/Ru/Al2O3和O3/MW/Mn/Al2O3三种反应体系对水中DBP降解去除的效能,探讨了影响因素并分析DBP在不同条件下的降解特征,首次提出了可矿化去除水中内分泌干扰物的臭氧-微波诱导催化氧化方法,并对多相催化臭氧化和臭氧-微波诱导催化氧化的作用机制进行了考察。
在半间歇反应器中,臭氧能较快氧化降解水中的DBP,降解效率受底物浓度、反应初始温度、反应初始pH值、03+02混合气体的通气量以及共存有机物的影响。在其它反应条件相同的情况下,底物浓度对降解效果有较大的影响,较低的底物浓度可以获得较高的去除效率。低温条件有利于动态体系的臭氧转移,因此半间歇反应的降解效率随反应初始温度的降低而升高,03+02混合气体的通气量不宜太大或太小,pH值对臭氧氧化DBP的效果影响很大,中性和酸性环境中DBP的降解率比较接近,此时O3与DBP的反应以直接反应为主,随着pH值的升高,DBP的降解率呈现快速上升的趋势,叔丁醇对碱性条件DBP的臭氧氧化降解有明显的抑制作用,说明碱性条件下以03间接反应为主
Ru/Al2O3的催化作用可以提高臭氧对水中DBP的降解率,采用超声浸渍法制备的Ru/Al2O3催化剂具有较高的催化活性,O3/Ru/Al2O3催化氧化体系的氧化效能受催化剂浸渍浓度、催化剂投加量、DBP初始浓度、臭氧投加量、溶液初始pH值、水中重碳酸盐以及叔丁醇等因素的影响,在本实验条件下,0.01464M的浸渍浓度、15g/L的催化剂投加量和较高的溶液初始pH值都能获得较高的DBP降解率,水中存在较低浓度的碳酸氢根是·OH自由基反应的促进剂而较高浓度时则是抑制剂。叔丁醇对O3/Ru/Al2O3催化臭氧化体系的抑制作用十分明显,说明催化臭氧化反应中主要是Ru/Al2O3催化促进水中O3分解所产生·OH的作用,遵循自由基反应机理。
O3/MW/Mn/Al2O3体系的氧化效率受催化剂浸渍浓度、微波功率、DBP初始浓度、微波辐照时间、溶液初始pH值、水中重碳酸盐以及叔丁醇等因素的影响。在Mn/Al2O3催化剂的存在下,臭氧的加入可以提高微波诱导催化氧化有机物的能力,缩短微波辐照时间和反应时间。在本实验条件下,12.5%的浸渍浓度、400W的微波功率、60s以上的微波辐照时间以及高的溶液初始pH值都能获得较高的DBP降解率。水中存在低浓度的重碳酸盐碱度可以促进氧化反应的进行,加快反应速率,当pH为11时,反应2min即达到98%的降解率,表现出极强的催化活性。叔丁醇对O3/MW/Mn/Al2O3体系有十分明显的抑制作用,说明该体系的氧化反应遵循自由基反应机理。
Ru/Al2O3催化臭氧化和O3/MW/Mn/Al2O3的微波诱导催化臭氧化体系均具有较高的TOC去除率。对中间产物的分析表明,.OH自由基的攻击DBP的点位可能有两个,脂肪链和DBP结构中的的芳香环。当·OH自由基攻击脂肪链时形成一些芳香类中间产物,并进一步通过苯环破裂形成脂肪化合物如甲酸,乙酸和乙醛的反应等。其次,·OH自由基攻击除5C和6C外的芳香环,导致芳香环上的羟基及其羟基中间产物的形成,并进一步被.OH自由基攻击而羟基化,此外,·OH自由基有可能攻击5C和6C的两个碳原子而形成羧基,产生长链结构的中间体。在多相催化臭氧化中,臭氧的直接氧化和间接氧化水中的DBP均符合伪一级反应动力学模型。
本项研究表明,Ru/Al2O3催化臭氧化和O3/MW/Mn/Al2O3的微波诱导催化臭氧化体系能提供一个简单、快速的方法生成·OH自由基,·OH自由基是积极的和环境友好的氧化剂,它会在绿色化学、环保以及其他相关领域发挥重要作用,对以·OH自由基为主导反应的高级氧化技术的研究具有重要意义。
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) is a typical and persistent toxic substance and has a very harmful effect on the all organisms, including the human beings, which has become an important issue on environmental pollution, especially referring to the security of drinking water. The removal ability for these compounds is limited in the current commen treatment mathods of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration. Therefore the new treatment methods of endorcrine disruptors with high efficiency need to be explored. In this paper, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), a kind of endocrine disrupter which generally exists in the drinking water source, was taken as the model pollutant. The removal efficiency of DBP by three processes, such as O3, O3/Ru/Al2O3and O3/MW/Mn/Al2O3were compared. And the influence on the DBP removal and its degradation characteristics under different conditions were evaluated. It was firstly proposed to remove the EDCs by the ozone-microwave induced catalytic oxidation techonology and the mechanism of heterogeneous catalytic ozonation and ozone-microwave induced catalytic oxidation were analyzed.
The DBP could be oxidized quickly by ozone and the removal was affected by the substance concentration, initial reaction temperature, initial pH value, flux of mixed03and O2and concomitant organics. The substance concentration had a major influence and the removal efficiency was higher with the lower substance concentration when the other reaction conditions were same. The low temperature was in favor of the O3transfer in dynamic system, therefore, the efficiency in semi-continuous reaction increased with the decrease of initial temperature. The flux of mixed O3and O2should be controlled properly. The pH value is another important factor for DBP removal by ozonation. The removal efficiency was almost same in the neutral and acidic conditions, which was mainly the direct reaction between O3and DBP. With the increase of pH value, the removal efficiency presented the fast rising trend. However, the DBP removal by ozonation under the alkaline condition was seriously inhibited by tert butyl alcohol (TBA), which indicated that the indirect reaction of O3dominated in the alkaline condition.
The catalysis of Ru/Al2O3could improve the DBP removal efficiency by ozone and the Ru/Al2O3catalyst prepared by ultrasonic immersion method has a higher catalytic activity. The oxidation efficiency of O3/Ru/Al2O3process is affected by catalyst immersion concentration, catalyst dosage, initial DBP concentration, ozone concentration, initial pH value, the existence of bicarbonate and TBA. In this study, the higher DBP removal was obtained with the immersion concentration of0.01464M, catalyst dosage of15g/L and higher initial pH value. The bicarbonate is a kind of accelerating agent in a low concentration, while it is an inhibitor with higher concentration. The inhibition of TBA to O3/Ru/Al2O3process was also evident, which indicated that in this catalytic ozonation process, ozone was decomposed to produce the hydroxyl radical by the catalysis of Ru/Al2O3and it followed the reaction mechanism of free radical.
The oxidation efficiency of O3/MW/Mn/Al2O3process is affected by catalyst immersion concentration, microwave power, initial DBP concentration, microwave irradiation time, initial pH value, the existence of bicarbonate and TBA. The addition of ozone could enhance the capacity of microwave induced catalytic oxidation with the shortened microwave irradiation time and reaction time. In this study, the higher DBP removal was obtained with the immersion concentration of12.5%, microwave power of400W, microwave irradiation time of more than60s and higher initial pH value. The bicarbonate in low concentration could accelerate the oxidation process and reaction rate. The98%of removal efficiency was reached in reaction time of2min when pH value was11with extremely strong catalytic activity. The inhibition of TBA to03/MW/Mn/Al2O3process was apparent, which indicated that this oxidation process followed the reaction mechanism of free radical.
TOC removal in both catalytic ozonation process of Ru/Al2O3and microwave induced catalytic ozonation process of O3/MW/Mn/Al2O3were all high. It was shown from the analysis results of intermediate product that there might be two attacking positions to DBP by hydroxyl radical, which were aliphatic chain and aromatic nucleus in DBP structure. Some aromatic products were formed after the aliphatic chain was attacked by hydroxyl radical, and then were broken up into fatty compounds through the benzene ring, such as formic acid, acetic acid and acetaldehyde. In another way, the aromatic nucleuses, except the5C and6C were attacked by hydroxyl radical and resulted in the formation of hydroxyl and hydroxyl intermediate products on aromatic nucleuses, which were further hydroxylated by hydroxyl radical. In addition, the two carbon atoms on the5C and6C could be attacked by the hydroxyl radical to form the carboxyl, a kind of intermediate with long chain. In the heterogeneous catalytic ozonation process, either the direct or the indirect oxidation of DBP by ozone accorded with the first-order kinetics model.
It was found in this study that both catalytic ozonation process of Ru/Al2O3and microwave induced catalytic ozonation process of03/MW/Mn/Al2O3were simple and fast methods to form the hydroxyl radical orderly, which is a positive and environmental friendly oxidant and will play an important role in green chemistry, environmental protection and other related fields. This study has a vital significance in the research of advanced oxidation processes oriented by the hydroxyl radical.
在半间歇反应器中,臭氧能较快氧化降解水中的DBP,降解效率受底物浓度、反应初始温度、反应初始pH值、03+02混合气体的通气量以及共存有机物的影响。在其它反应条件相同的情况下,底物浓度对降解效果有较大的影响,较低的底物浓度可以获得较高的去除效率。低温条件有利于动态体系的臭氧转移,因此半间歇反应的降解效率随反应初始温度的降低而升高,03+02混合气体的通气量不宜太大或太小,pH值对臭氧氧化DBP的效果影响很大,中性和酸性环境中DBP的降解率比较接近,此时O3与DBP的反应以直接反应为主,随着pH值的升高,DBP的降解率呈现快速上升的趋势,叔丁醇对碱性条件DBP的臭氧氧化降解有明显的抑制作用,说明碱性条件下以03间接反应为主
Ru/Al2O3的催化作用可以提高臭氧对水中DBP的降解率,采用超声浸渍法制备的Ru/Al2O3催化剂具有较高的催化活性,O3/Ru/Al2O3催化氧化体系的氧化效能受催化剂浸渍浓度、催化剂投加量、DBP初始浓度、臭氧投加量、溶液初始pH值、水中重碳酸盐以及叔丁醇等因素的影响,在本实验条件下,0.01464M的浸渍浓度、15g/L的催化剂投加量和较高的溶液初始pH值都能获得较高的DBP降解率,水中存在较低浓度的碳酸氢根是·OH自由基反应的促进剂而较高浓度时则是抑制剂。叔丁醇对O3/Ru/Al2O3催化臭氧化体系的抑制作用十分明显,说明催化臭氧化反应中主要是Ru/Al2O3催化促进水中O3分解所产生·OH的作用,遵循自由基反应机理。
O3/MW/Mn/Al2O3体系的氧化效率受催化剂浸渍浓度、微波功率、DBP初始浓度、微波辐照时间、溶液初始pH值、水中重碳酸盐以及叔丁醇等因素的影响。在Mn/Al2O3催化剂的存在下,臭氧的加入可以提高微波诱导催化氧化有机物的能力,缩短微波辐照时间和反应时间。在本实验条件下,12.5%的浸渍浓度、400W的微波功率、60s以上的微波辐照时间以及高的溶液初始pH值都能获得较高的DBP降解率。水中存在低浓度的重碳酸盐碱度可以促进氧化反应的进行,加快反应速率,当pH为11时,反应2min即达到98%的降解率,表现出极强的催化活性。叔丁醇对O3/MW/Mn/Al2O3体系有十分明显的抑制作用,说明该体系的氧化反应遵循自由基反应机理。
Ru/Al2O3催化臭氧化和O3/MW/Mn/Al2O3的微波诱导催化臭氧化体系均具有较高的TOC去除率。对中间产物的分析表明,.OH自由基的攻击DBP的点位可能有两个,脂肪链和DBP结构中的的芳香环。当·OH自由基攻击脂肪链时形成一些芳香类中间产物,并进一步通过苯环破裂形成脂肪化合物如甲酸,乙酸和乙醛的反应等。其次,·OH自由基攻击除5C和6C外的芳香环,导致芳香环上的羟基及其羟基中间产物的形成,并进一步被.OH自由基攻击而羟基化,此外,·OH自由基有可能攻击5C和6C的两个碳原子而形成羧基,产生长链结构的中间体。在多相催化臭氧化中,臭氧的直接氧化和间接氧化水中的DBP均符合伪一级反应动力学模型。
本项研究表明,Ru/Al2O3催化臭氧化和O3/MW/Mn/Al2O3的微波诱导催化臭氧化体系能提供一个简单、快速的方法生成·OH自由基,·OH自由基是积极的和环境友好的氧化剂,它会在绿色化学、环保以及其他相关领域发挥重要作用,对以·OH自由基为主导反应的高级氧化技术的研究具有重要意义。
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) is a typical and persistent toxic substance and has a very harmful effect on the all organisms, including the human beings, which has become an important issue on environmental pollution, especially referring to the security of drinking water. The removal ability for these compounds is limited in the current commen treatment mathods of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration. Therefore the new treatment methods of endorcrine disruptors with high efficiency need to be explored. In this paper, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), a kind of endocrine disrupter which generally exists in the drinking water source, was taken as the model pollutant. The removal efficiency of DBP by three processes, such as O3, O3/Ru/Al2O3and O3/MW/Mn/Al2O3were compared. And the influence on the DBP removal and its degradation characteristics under different conditions were evaluated. It was firstly proposed to remove the EDCs by the ozone-microwave induced catalytic oxidation techonology and the mechanism of heterogeneous catalytic ozonation and ozone-microwave induced catalytic oxidation were analyzed.
The DBP could be oxidized quickly by ozone and the removal was affected by the substance concentration, initial reaction temperature, initial pH value, flux of mixed03and O2and concomitant organics. The substance concentration had a major influence and the removal efficiency was higher with the lower substance concentration when the other reaction conditions were same. The low temperature was in favor of the O3transfer in dynamic system, therefore, the efficiency in semi-continuous reaction increased with the decrease of initial temperature. The flux of mixed O3and O2should be controlled properly. The pH value is another important factor for DBP removal by ozonation. The removal efficiency was almost same in the neutral and acidic conditions, which was mainly the direct reaction between O3and DBP. With the increase of pH value, the removal efficiency presented the fast rising trend. However, the DBP removal by ozonation under the alkaline condition was seriously inhibited by tert butyl alcohol (TBA), which indicated that the indirect reaction of O3dominated in the alkaline condition.
The catalysis of Ru/Al2O3could improve the DBP removal efficiency by ozone and the Ru/Al2O3catalyst prepared by ultrasonic immersion method has a higher catalytic activity. The oxidation efficiency of O3/Ru/Al2O3process is affected by catalyst immersion concentration, catalyst dosage, initial DBP concentration, ozone concentration, initial pH value, the existence of bicarbonate and TBA. In this study, the higher DBP removal was obtained with the immersion concentration of0.01464M, catalyst dosage of15g/L and higher initial pH value. The bicarbonate is a kind of accelerating agent in a low concentration, while it is an inhibitor with higher concentration. The inhibition of TBA to O3/Ru/Al2O3process was also evident, which indicated that in this catalytic ozonation process, ozone was decomposed to produce the hydroxyl radical by the catalysis of Ru/Al2O3and it followed the reaction mechanism of free radical.
The oxidation efficiency of O3/MW/Mn/Al2O3process is affected by catalyst immersion concentration, microwave power, initial DBP concentration, microwave irradiation time, initial pH value, the existence of bicarbonate and TBA. The addition of ozone could enhance the capacity of microwave induced catalytic oxidation with the shortened microwave irradiation time and reaction time. In this study, the higher DBP removal was obtained with the immersion concentration of12.5%, microwave power of400W, microwave irradiation time of more than60s and higher initial pH value. The bicarbonate in low concentration could accelerate the oxidation process and reaction rate. The98%of removal efficiency was reached in reaction time of2min when pH value was11with extremely strong catalytic activity. The inhibition of TBA to03/MW/Mn/Al2O3process was apparent, which indicated that this oxidation process followed the reaction mechanism of free radical.
TOC removal in both catalytic ozonation process of Ru/Al2O3and microwave induced catalytic ozonation process of O3/MW/Mn/Al2O3were all high. It was shown from the analysis results of intermediate product that there might be two attacking positions to DBP by hydroxyl radical, which were aliphatic chain and aromatic nucleus in DBP structure. Some aromatic products were formed after the aliphatic chain was attacked by hydroxyl radical, and then were broken up into fatty compounds through the benzene ring, such as formic acid, acetic acid and acetaldehyde. In another way, the aromatic nucleuses, except the5C and6C were attacked by hydroxyl radical and resulted in the formation of hydroxyl and hydroxyl intermediate products on aromatic nucleuses, which were further hydroxylated by hydroxyl radical. In addition, the two carbon atoms on the5C and6C could be attacked by the hydroxyl radical to form the carboxyl, a kind of intermediate with long chain. In the heterogeneous catalytic ozonation process, either the direct or the indirect oxidation of DBP by ozone accorded with the first-order kinetics model.
It was found in this study that both catalytic ozonation process of Ru/Al2O3and microwave induced catalytic ozonation process of03/MW/Mn/Al2O3were simple and fast methods to form the hydroxyl radical orderly, which is a positive and environmental friendly oxidant and will play an important role in green chemistry, environmental protection and other related fields. This study has a vital significance in the research of advanced oxidation processes oriented by the hydroxyl radical.
引文
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