福建寿山石矿床的矿物学研究和成因分析
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摘要
寿山石是一种以粘土矿物为主要成分的用于工艺美术雕刻、印章篆刻的玉石,因主要产于福建省寿山而得名。本文在野外地质调查的基础上,通过肉眼、偏光显微镜和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察以及现代先进仪器分析,对寿山石矿床的地质特征和矿物学特征进行了详细研究,分析了矿床的成因,取得了以下主要成果。
(1)寿山石矿床的含矿围岩以流纹质晶屑凝灰熔岩和流纹质晶屑凝灰岩为主。
(2)寿山石原生矿石可分为迪开石型、高岭石型、叶蜡石型和伊利石型四种主要类型。
(3)寿山石矿石的结构主要有显微隐晶结构、显微微晶结构、显微板片状结构;矿物颗粒形态主要为假六方板状、不规则片板状及叠瓦状;后期形成的褐铁矿沿矿物粒间、微裂隙呈斑点状、浸染状分布,使玉石局部呈现不同程度的红色或褐紫色团块状或斑块状,提高了玉石的经济和美学价值。
(4)样品中的高岭石和迪开石有序度较高,表明它们是由低温热液结晶形成的。
(5)四种矿石类型寿山石在矿石热失重值、脱羟基吸热谷温度值及峰形、放热峰温度值等方面具有明显的差异,分别显示出迪开石、高岭石、叶蜡石和伊利石的特点。
(6)寿山石的矿化硅质来源于矿区热液蚀变的流纹质晶屑凝灰熔岩和流纹质晶屑凝灰岩;成矿热液主要来源于大气降水,矿床形成于低温(100～150℃)和还原环境。
(7)寿山石的矿床成因类型主要为火山热液型矿床,也有部分外生风化沉积型矿床(如田黄石),成矿作用具有多阶段的特点。
Named as“Shoushanshi”in Chinese owing to its occurrence only in the Shoushan area of Fujian Province, East China, agalmatolite is a kind of famous jade consisting mainly of clay minerals and used to make handiworks by carving and signets by seal cutting. A detailed study has been carried out on the geological and mineralogical characteristics of the agalmatolite deposits in Fujian Province through field geological investigation, naked eye, micropolariscope and scanning electronic microscope observation, and advanced devices analysis. Based on this study, a discussion has been made on the genesis of the deposits.
The following are major achievements obtained in this thesis.
(1) The agalmatolite deposits in Fujian Province are mainly hosted in the surrounding rocks of rhyolitic crystal tuff lava and rhyolitic crystal tuff.
(2) The primary agalmatolite ores can be divided into four main types including dickite, kaolinite, pyrophyllite and illite ones.
(3) Microcryptocrystalline, platy and microcrystalline structures are generally observed in the ores. Agalmatolite grains usually occur as pseudohexagonal platy, irregular sheet and imbricate. The distribution of deuterogenic limonite grains in space among other minerals or along tiny cracks as spot or disseminated spot results in the occurrence of some areas of agalmatolite as red or brown purple lumps or patches, leading to increase their economic and aesthetic value.
(4) Kaolinite and dickite from our samples have high degree of order, which supports their formation through crystallization of hydrothermal fluid at low temperature.
(5) The four types of agalmatolite ores have obviously different loss weight value, temperature range and pattern of dehydroxy endothermic valley, and temperature range of exothermic peak, indicating that their major component is dickite, kaolinite, pyrophyllite and illite, respectively.
(6) Silicon material for agalmatolite mineralization is from hydrothermally altered rhyolitic crystal tuff lava and rhyolitic crystal tuff. The hydrothermal fluid for mineralization is mainly from atmospheric water. The mineralogical and isotopic data are consistent with formation of the ore deposits in a reducing environment and at low temperature of 100～150℃.
(7) In view of genetic type, the agalmatolite deposits are mainly volcanic hydrothermal deposit, and rarely weathering and sedimentary deposit. All of the data support multiple stages of mineralization for the formation of the deposits.
(1)寿山石矿床的含矿围岩以流纹质晶屑凝灰熔岩和流纹质晶屑凝灰岩为主。
(2)寿山石原生矿石可分为迪开石型、高岭石型、叶蜡石型和伊利石型四种主要类型。
(3)寿山石矿石的结构主要有显微隐晶结构、显微微晶结构、显微板片状结构;矿物颗粒形态主要为假六方板状、不规则片板状及叠瓦状;后期形成的褐铁矿沿矿物粒间、微裂隙呈斑点状、浸染状分布,使玉石局部呈现不同程度的红色或褐紫色团块状或斑块状,提高了玉石的经济和美学价值。
(4)样品中的高岭石和迪开石有序度较高,表明它们是由低温热液结晶形成的。
(5)四种矿石类型寿山石在矿石热失重值、脱羟基吸热谷温度值及峰形、放热峰温度值等方面具有明显的差异,分别显示出迪开石、高岭石、叶蜡石和伊利石的特点。
(6)寿山石的矿化硅质来源于矿区热液蚀变的流纹质晶屑凝灰熔岩和流纹质晶屑凝灰岩;成矿热液主要来源于大气降水,矿床形成于低温(100～150℃)和还原环境。
(7)寿山石的矿床成因类型主要为火山热液型矿床,也有部分外生风化沉积型矿床(如田黄石),成矿作用具有多阶段的特点。
Named as“Shoushanshi”in Chinese owing to its occurrence only in the Shoushan area of Fujian Province, East China, agalmatolite is a kind of famous jade consisting mainly of clay minerals and used to make handiworks by carving and signets by seal cutting. A detailed study has been carried out on the geological and mineralogical characteristics of the agalmatolite deposits in Fujian Province through field geological investigation, naked eye, micropolariscope and scanning electronic microscope observation, and advanced devices analysis. Based on this study, a discussion has been made on the genesis of the deposits.
The following are major achievements obtained in this thesis.
(1) The agalmatolite deposits in Fujian Province are mainly hosted in the surrounding rocks of rhyolitic crystal tuff lava and rhyolitic crystal tuff.
(2) The primary agalmatolite ores can be divided into four main types including dickite, kaolinite, pyrophyllite and illite ones.
(3) Microcryptocrystalline, platy and microcrystalline structures are generally observed in the ores. Agalmatolite grains usually occur as pseudohexagonal platy, irregular sheet and imbricate. The distribution of deuterogenic limonite grains in space among other minerals or along tiny cracks as spot or disseminated spot results in the occurrence of some areas of agalmatolite as red or brown purple lumps or patches, leading to increase their economic and aesthetic value.
(4) Kaolinite and dickite from our samples have high degree of order, which supports their formation through crystallization of hydrothermal fluid at low temperature.
(5) The four types of agalmatolite ores have obviously different loss weight value, temperature range and pattern of dehydroxy endothermic valley, and temperature range of exothermic peak, indicating that their major component is dickite, kaolinite, pyrophyllite and illite, respectively.
(6) Silicon material for agalmatolite mineralization is from hydrothermally altered rhyolitic crystal tuff lava and rhyolitic crystal tuff. The hydrothermal fluid for mineralization is mainly from atmospheric water. The mineralogical and isotopic data are consistent with formation of the ore deposits in a reducing environment and at low temperature of 100～150℃.
(7) In view of genetic type, the agalmatolite deposits are mainly volcanic hydrothermal deposit, and rarely weathering and sedimentary deposit. All of the data support multiple stages of mineralization for the formation of the deposits.
引文
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[2] 陈石.寿山石图鉴.香港:八龙书屋,1995
[3] 丁尚南.瑰丽·珍贵的田黄石——简介寿山石之王“田黄”.美术之友,1997,1:64～65
[4] 方宗珪.中国寿山石.福州:福建美术出版社,2002
[5] 傅建国,张振儒.高岭石结构有序度的 X 射线衍射研究.中南大学学报,1988,19(6):604～611
[6] 高天钧,张智亮,刘志逊.寿山石成矿地质条件及找矿前景.福建地质,1997,16(3):110-131
[7] 黄伯龄.矿物差热分析鉴定手册.北京:科学出版社,1987
[8] 江爱耕.福州峨嵋铝绿泥石叶蜡石型矿石.福州大学学报,1995,23(1):105～109
[9] 江爱耕,汤德平.福建连江溪利伊利石矿矿床地质特征.福建地质,1997,16(3):132～137
[10] 江爱耕,汤德平.连江溪利伊利石的矿物学特征.福州大学学报,1998,26(4):119～122
[11] 金凤英,朱玉玲,等.伊利石矿床成因类型及应用.吉林地质,2006,25(3):20～23
[12]《矿物 X 射线粉晶鉴定手册》编著组.矿物 X 射线粉晶鉴定手册.北京:科学出版社,1978
[13] 乐昌硕.岩石学.北京:地质出版社,2005
[14] 李文瑛.我国几个矿区叶蜡石 X 射线粉晶衍射研究.矿物学报,1989,9(4):378～382
[15] 李延河,丁悌平,万德芳.硅同位素动力学分馏的实验研究及地质应用.矿床地质, 1994,13(3):282～288
[16] 李迎春.福州峨嵋叶蜡石矿床地质特征及成矿机制探讨.福建地质,1987,6(2):108～127
[17] 刘羽.两类伊利石的矿物学特征.武汉化工学院学报,1987,(2):62～67
[18] 潘兆橹.结晶学及矿物学.北京:地质出版社,1994
[19] 任磊夫.粘土矿物与粘土岩.北京:地质出版社,1992
[20] 沈喜伦,顾国华.国之珍宝——寿山石、鸡血石.江苏地质,2000,24(4):245～248
[21] 施加辛.寿山石有关问题的探讨——兼谈田黄石的命名、评价.珠宝科技,2001,(4):21～24
[22] 孙旎,崔文元,徐湘.福建加良山寿山石的矿物学特征及成因.岩石矿物学杂志,2003,22(3):273～278
[23] 汤德平,姚春茂,解小建.一些寿山石新品种的宝石学研究.宝石和宝石学杂志,2005,7(4):1～6
[24] 汤德平,郑宗坦.寿山石的矿物组成与宝石学研究.宝石和宝石学杂志,1999,1(4):28～36
[25] 汪灵.中国东南沿海叶蜡石矿床成因类型及其地质特征.建材地质,1997,(5):9～12
[26] 王小慧.巴林石的矿物学与宝石学研究:[博士学位论文].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2007
[27] 王宗明,何欣翔,孙殿卿.实用红外光谱学.北京:石油工业出版社,1990
[28] 吴资龙. 寿宁—福州上侏罗统南园群叶蜡石矿地质特征.福建地质,22(3):125～130
[29] 武新逢,崔文元.寿山石的矿物学研究.岩石矿物学杂志,1999,18(2):186-192
[30] 徐步台,邵益生.浙江高岭土矿床中氢氧同位素的研究.地质科学,1986,1:90～96
[31] 杨杰东,徐士进.同位素与全球环境变化.北京:地质出版社,2007
[32] 杨泰铭,林达,林强.福建省峨嵋叶蜡石矿的主要矿石类型及叶蜡石的多型特征.福建地质,1991,10(1):16～21
[33] 杨文宗,等.浙东南主要非金属矿床的地质特征、控矿条件和成矿机理.见:陆志刚、陶奎元,《中国东南沿海火山地质与矿产论文集(第 2 辑)》.北京:地质出版社,1992
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