温度对电声脉冲法聚合物空间电荷测量的影响
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摘要
电声脉冲法(PEA)已广泛应用于聚合物材料的空间电荷特性研究中,同时也是研究不同温度下聚合物材料空间电荷特性的主要手段。然而,温度对PEA测试系统本身及试样的影响将会使空间电荷测量的稳定性和测量结果的可靠性受到干扰。为了提高不同温度下电声脉冲法空间电荷测量的准确性,本文由PEA原理分析出发,探讨了温度变化对PEA系统产生的可能影响。
通过对PEA空间电荷密度测量、计算过程的分析可见：随着温度的升高,测量系统硬件参数的改变将会导致系统传递函数的改变,但通过两次测量选取参考信号进行标定的计算方法,可以消除传递函数改变对计算结果的影响；随着温度升高,声波在测试系统中传播速度也会改变,同样会导致空间电荷密度计算结果的失真。在上述分析基础上,提出了基于实时声速的空间电荷测试分析方案。论文通过选取空气间隙作为参考试样,证实了使用实时声速进行电荷密度计算分析能够更准确地反映空间电荷；通过对不同温度下低密度聚乙烯材料空间电荷的测量对比,验证了基于实时声速的测试方案的可行性。此研究对提高在不同温度下电声脉冲法空间电荷测量的准确性有积极的意义。
Pulsed Electro-Acoustic method (PEA) has been extensively used for space charge measurement of polymers, and it was also used to investigated the space charge of polymer under different temperature. However, the influence of temperature on the hardware of PEA system and the test sample would disturb the stability of PEA system and the reliability of space charge calculation results. Based on the principle of PEA, the probably influences of temperature on the PEA system has been analyzed, and the temperature influence on space charge measurement of polymer insulating material has been investigated.
The analysis of PEA space charge density measurement and calculation show that the system transfer function of PEA would be different due to the hardware parameters changing as the change of test temperature. Though the sound velocity change of test sample would also bring distortion into the space charge calculation under varied test temperature, the above influences might be reduced using the right transfer function through two times measurements at a same temperature. According to above analyses, this paper put forward a simply measurement way to reduce the distortion of space charge calculation which is based on the real-time sound velocity of the test sample under different test temperatures. By selecting air gap as the referenced sample, it was confirmed that the calculation of space charge would be much more accurate using the simply measurement way for varied temperatures based on the real-time sound velocity. In addition, the investigation on the low-density polyethylene under different temperatures has also verified the feasibility of the simply measurement way.
This study would contribute to improve the accuracy of PEA measurement at different temperatures.
通过对PEA空间电荷密度测量、计算过程的分析可见：随着温度的升高,测量系统硬件参数的改变将会导致系统传递函数的改变,但通过两次测量选取参考信号进行标定的计算方法,可以消除传递函数改变对计算结果的影响；随着温度升高,声波在测试系统中传播速度也会改变,同样会导致空间电荷密度计算结果的失真。在上述分析基础上,提出了基于实时声速的空间电荷测试分析方案。论文通过选取空气间隙作为参考试样,证实了使用实时声速进行电荷密度计算分析能够更准确地反映空间电荷；通过对不同温度下低密度聚乙烯材料空间电荷的测量对比,验证了基于实时声速的测试方案的可行性。此研究对提高在不同温度下电声脉冲法空间电荷测量的准确性有积极的意义。
Pulsed Electro-Acoustic method (PEA) has been extensively used for space charge measurement of polymers, and it was also used to investigated the space charge of polymer under different temperature. However, the influence of temperature on the hardware of PEA system and the test sample would disturb the stability of PEA system and the reliability of space charge calculation results. Based on the principle of PEA, the probably influences of temperature on the PEA system has been analyzed, and the temperature influence on space charge measurement of polymer insulating material has been investigated.
The analysis of PEA space charge density measurement and calculation show that the system transfer function of PEA would be different due to the hardware parameters changing as the change of test temperature. Though the sound velocity change of test sample would also bring distortion into the space charge calculation under varied test temperature, the above influences might be reduced using the right transfer function through two times measurements at a same temperature. According to above analyses, this paper put forward a simply measurement way to reduce the distortion of space charge calculation which is based on the real-time sound velocity of the test sample under different test temperatures. By selecting air gap as the referenced sample, it was confirmed that the calculation of space charge would be much more accurate using the simply measurement way for varied temperatures based on the real-time sound velocity. In addition, the investigation on the low-density polyethylene under different temperatures has also verified the feasibility of the simply measurement way.
This study would contribute to improve the accuracy of PEA measurement at different temperatures.
引文
[1]巫松桢,谢大荣,陈寿田,等.电气绝缘材料科学与工程[M]：西安：西安交通大学出版社,1996
[2]卡里特维杨斯基.电机绝缘[M]：机械工业出版社,1958
[3]周泽存.高电压技术[M]：北京：中国电力出版社,1988
[4]张乒.直流电缆绝缘设计[J].高电压技术,2004,(8)：20-21
[5]Fukunaga K. Innovative PEA space charge measurement systems for industrial applications[J]. Electrical Insulation Magazine, IEEE,2004,20(2):18-26
[6]Fukunaga K. Progress in space charge measurement techniques and their industrial applications[C]. Solid Dielectrics,2007. ICSD'07. IEEE International Conference on,2007
[7]屠德民,吕亮,方亮,等.硅橡胶中空间电荷的形成机理[J].中国电机工程学报,2003,23(7)：139-144
[8]周远翔,王宁华,王云杉,等.固体电介质空间电荷研究进展[J].电工技术学报,2008,(9)：16-25
[9]张冶文,夏钟福,李英,等.固体电介质中空间电荷分布与极化分布的测量方法及其比较[J].电工技术学报,1999,(3)：40-43
[10]Damamme G, Le Gressus C, De Reggi A S. Space charge characterization for the 21th century[J]. Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on, 1997,4(5):558-584
[11]李景德,雷德铭.电介质材料物理和应用[M]：广州：中山大学出版社,1992
[12]陈季丹,刘子玉.电介质物理学[M]：北京：机械工业出版社,1982
[13]李吉晓,张冶文,夏钟福,等.空间电荷在聚合物老化和击穿过程中的作用[J].科学通报,2000,(23)
[14]Zhang C, Mizutani T, Kaneko K, et al. Estimation of temperature increase in polymer film under DC voltage with PEA[C]. Electrical Insulating Materials, 2001
[15]Kitajima H, Tanaka Y, Takada T. Measurement of space charge distribution at high temperature using the pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method[C]. Dielectric Materials, Measurements and Applications, Seventh International Conference on (Conf. Publ. No.430),1996
[16]Ishizaki S, Miyatake K, Tanaka Y, et al. Space charge accumulation process in PET film at high temperature under high electric stress[C]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,2002 Annual Report Conference on,2002
[17]Choo W, Chen G, Swingler S G. Space charge accumulation under effects of temperature gradient and applied voltage reversal on solid dielectric DC cable[C]. Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials,2009. ICPADM 2009. IEEE 9th International Conference on the,2009
[18]Yu Z, Qiaohua W, Yi Y, et al. Temperature effect on space charge dynamics in LDPE/MgO nanocomposite under DC stress[C]. Solid Dielectrics (ICSD),2010 10th IEEE International Conference on,2010
[19]Chong Y L, Chen G, Ho Y F F. Temperature effect on space charge dynamics in XLPE insulation[J]. Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on, 2007,14(1):65-76
[20]陈曦,王霞,吴锴,等.聚乙烯绝缘中温度梯度效应对直流电场的畸变特性[J].西安交通大学学报,2010,(4)：62-65
[21]陈曦,王霞,王增彬,等.温度梯度对直流电压极性反转过程中瞬态电场的影响[J].高电压技术,2010,(5)：1222-1227
[22]Choo W, Chen G, Swingler S G. Space charge accumulation under effects of temperature gradient and applied voltage reversal on solid dielectric DC cable[C]. Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials,2009. ICPADM 2009. IEEE 9th International Conference on the,2009
[23]Choo W, Chen G, Swingler S G. Temperature gradient effect on the conductivity of an XLPE insulated polymeric power cable[C]. Solid Dielectrics (ICSD),2010 10th IEEE International Conference on,2010
[24]郑飞虎,张冶文,宫斌,等.低密度聚乙烯中空间电荷包的形成与迁移过程[J].中国科学E辑：工程科学材料科学,2005,(7)：701-707
[25]Fukunaga K. Industrial applications of space charge measurement in Japan[J]. Electrical Insulation Magazine, IEEE,1999,15(5):6-18
[26]Li Y, Takada T. Progress in space charge measurement of solid insulating materials in Japan[J]. Electrical Insulation Magazine, IEEE,1994,10(5):16-28
[27]Chen G, Fu M, Liu X Z, et al. ac aging and space-charge characteristics in low-density polyethylene polymeric insulation[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2005,97(8):83713
[28]Fukuma M, Fukunaga K, Maeno T. Space charge dynamics in LDPE films immediately before breakdown [J]. Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on,2001,8(2):304-306
[29]Mizutani T, Taniguchi Y, Hori T, et al. Space charge dynamics of low-density polyethylene[C]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,2002 Annual Report Conference on,2002
[30]Maeno T, Futami T, Kushibe H, et al. Measurement of spatial charge distribution in thick dielectrics using the pulsed electroacoustic method[J]. Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on,1988,23(3):433-439
[31]Lim F N, Fleming R J. The temperature dependence of space charge accumulation and DC current in XLPE power cable insulation[C]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,1999 Annual Report Conference on,1999
[32]Fukuma M, Nagao M, Kosaki M. Measurements of space charge distribution up to electrical breakdown and pressure wave generated at electrical breakdown in PP film[C]. Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials,1997. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on,1997
[33]Takada T, Maeno T, Kushibe H. An Electric Stress-Pulse Technique for The Measurement of Charges in A Plastic Plate Irradiated by an Electron Beam[J]. Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on,1987, EI-22(4):497-501
[34]Takashima M, Soda K, Takada T. Measurement of electric charges at the interface between two dielectric layers using an electro-acoustic transducer technique[J]. Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on,1988,23(2):287-295
[35]Takada T, Sakai T. Measurement of Electric Fields at a Dielectric/Electrode Interface Using an Acoustic Transducer Technique[J]. Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on,1983, El-18(6):619-628
[36]诱电绝缘材料的空间电荷分布计测法标准化调查专门委员会.诱电·绝缘材料的空间电荷分布计测法标准化.日本电气学会技术报告第834号,2001,东京：电气学会
[37]Fukuma M, Nagao M, Kosaki M, et al. Measurements of conduction current and electric field distribution up to electrical breakdown in two-layer polymer film[C]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,2000 Annual Report Conference on,2000
[38]Maeno T, Fukunaga K. High-resolution PEA charge distribution measurement system[J]. Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on,1996, 3(6):754-757
[39]李盛涛,刘辅宜,李博.氧化锌压敏陶瓷与有机绝缘材料间界面电荷及其作用[J].材料研究学报,1997,11(5)：479-482
[40]金日光,华幼卿.高分子物理[M]：北京：化学工业出版社,2002
[41]R B K, R F. Therm.[J].1997,50(19)
[42]陈曦,王霞,吴锴,等.温度梯度场对电声脉冲法空间电荷测量波形的影响[J].物理学报,2010,(10)：7327-7332
[43]李琼芬.高分子材料学概论[M]：北京：中国人民大学出版社,1986
[44]方亮,付海金,吕亮,等.等离子表面处理聚乙烯中空间电荷分布[J].中国电机工程学报,2003,(8)：152-155
[45]郑飞虎,张冶文,肖春,等.电子束辐照对PMMA样品介电常数的影响研究[J].四川大学学报(自然科学版),2005：343-346
[46]黄兴溢,江平开,金天雄,等.聚合物纳米复合电介质[J].化学进展,2007,(11)：1776-1782
[47]Taima J, Inaoka K, Maezawa T, et al. Observation of Space Charge Formation in LDPE/MgO Nano-composite under DC Stress at High Temperature[C]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,2006 IEEE Conference on,2006
[2]卡里特维杨斯基.电机绝缘[M]：机械工业出版社,1958
[3]周泽存.高电压技术[M]：北京：中国电力出版社,1988
[4]张乒.直流电缆绝缘设计[J].高电压技术,2004,(8)：20-21
[5]Fukunaga K. Innovative PEA space charge measurement systems for industrial applications[J]. Electrical Insulation Magazine, IEEE,2004,20(2):18-26
[6]Fukunaga K. Progress in space charge measurement techniques and their industrial applications[C]. Solid Dielectrics,2007. ICSD'07. IEEE International Conference on,2007
[7]屠德民,吕亮,方亮,等.硅橡胶中空间电荷的形成机理[J].中国电机工程学报,2003,23(7)：139-144
[8]周远翔,王宁华,王云杉,等.固体电介质空间电荷研究进展[J].电工技术学报,2008,(9)：16-25
[9]张冶文,夏钟福,李英,等.固体电介质中空间电荷分布与极化分布的测量方法及其比较[J].电工技术学报,1999,(3)：40-43
[10]Damamme G, Le Gressus C, De Reggi A S. Space charge characterization for the 21th century[J]. Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on, 1997,4(5):558-584
[11]李景德,雷德铭.电介质材料物理和应用[M]：广州：中山大学出版社,1992
[12]陈季丹,刘子玉.电介质物理学[M]：北京：机械工业出版社,1982
[13]李吉晓,张冶文,夏钟福,等.空间电荷在聚合物老化和击穿过程中的作用[J].科学通报,2000,(23)
[14]Zhang C, Mizutani T, Kaneko K, et al. Estimation of temperature increase in polymer film under DC voltage with PEA[C]. Electrical Insulating Materials, 2001
[15]Kitajima H, Tanaka Y, Takada T. Measurement of space charge distribution at high temperature using the pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method[C]. Dielectric Materials, Measurements and Applications, Seventh International Conference on (Conf. Publ. No.430),1996
[16]Ishizaki S, Miyatake K, Tanaka Y, et al. Space charge accumulation process in PET film at high temperature under high electric stress[C]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,2002 Annual Report Conference on,2002
[17]Choo W, Chen G, Swingler S G. Space charge accumulation under effects of temperature gradient and applied voltage reversal on solid dielectric DC cable[C]. Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials,2009. ICPADM 2009. IEEE 9th International Conference on the,2009
[18]Yu Z, Qiaohua W, Yi Y, et al. Temperature effect on space charge dynamics in LDPE/MgO nanocomposite under DC stress[C]. Solid Dielectrics (ICSD),2010 10th IEEE International Conference on,2010
[19]Chong Y L, Chen G, Ho Y F F. Temperature effect on space charge dynamics in XLPE insulation[J]. Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on, 2007,14(1):65-76
[20]陈曦,王霞,吴锴,等.聚乙烯绝缘中温度梯度效应对直流电场的畸变特性[J].西安交通大学学报,2010,(4)：62-65
[21]陈曦,王霞,王增彬,等.温度梯度对直流电压极性反转过程中瞬态电场的影响[J].高电压技术,2010,(5)：1222-1227
[22]Choo W, Chen G, Swingler S G. Space charge accumulation under effects of temperature gradient and applied voltage reversal on solid dielectric DC cable[C]. Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials,2009. ICPADM 2009. IEEE 9th International Conference on the,2009
[23]Choo W, Chen G, Swingler S G. Temperature gradient effect on the conductivity of an XLPE insulated polymeric power cable[C]. Solid Dielectrics (ICSD),2010 10th IEEE International Conference on,2010
[24]郑飞虎,张冶文,宫斌,等.低密度聚乙烯中空间电荷包的形成与迁移过程[J].中国科学E辑：工程科学材料科学,2005,(7)：701-707
[25]Fukunaga K. Industrial applications of space charge measurement in Japan[J]. Electrical Insulation Magazine, IEEE,1999,15(5):6-18
[26]Li Y, Takada T. Progress in space charge measurement of solid insulating materials in Japan[J]. Electrical Insulation Magazine, IEEE,1994,10(5):16-28
[27]Chen G, Fu M, Liu X Z, et al. ac aging and space-charge characteristics in low-density polyethylene polymeric insulation[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2005,97(8):83713
[28]Fukuma M, Fukunaga K, Maeno T. Space charge dynamics in LDPE films immediately before breakdown [J]. Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on,2001,8(2):304-306
[29]Mizutani T, Taniguchi Y, Hori T, et al. Space charge dynamics of low-density polyethylene[C]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,2002 Annual Report Conference on,2002
[30]Maeno T, Futami T, Kushibe H, et al. Measurement of spatial charge distribution in thick dielectrics using the pulsed electroacoustic method[J]. Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on,1988,23(3):433-439
[31]Lim F N, Fleming R J. The temperature dependence of space charge accumulation and DC current in XLPE power cable insulation[C]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,1999 Annual Report Conference on,1999
[32]Fukuma M, Nagao M, Kosaki M. Measurements of space charge distribution up to electrical breakdown and pressure wave generated at electrical breakdown in PP film[C]. Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials,1997. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on,1997
[33]Takada T, Maeno T, Kushibe H. An Electric Stress-Pulse Technique for The Measurement of Charges in A Plastic Plate Irradiated by an Electron Beam[J]. Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on,1987, EI-22(4):497-501
[34]Takashima M, Soda K, Takada T. Measurement of electric charges at the interface between two dielectric layers using an electro-acoustic transducer technique[J]. Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on,1988,23(2):287-295
[35]Takada T, Sakai T. Measurement of Electric Fields at a Dielectric/Electrode Interface Using an Acoustic Transducer Technique[J]. Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on,1983, El-18(6):619-628
[36]诱电绝缘材料的空间电荷分布计测法标准化调查专门委员会.诱电·绝缘材料的空间电荷分布计测法标准化.日本电气学会技术报告第834号,2001,东京：电气学会
[37]Fukuma M, Nagao M, Kosaki M, et al. Measurements of conduction current and electric field distribution up to electrical breakdown in two-layer polymer film[C]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,2000 Annual Report Conference on,2000
[38]Maeno T, Fukunaga K. High-resolution PEA charge distribution measurement system[J]. Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on,1996, 3(6):754-757
[39]李盛涛,刘辅宜,李博.氧化锌压敏陶瓷与有机绝缘材料间界面电荷及其作用[J].材料研究学报,1997,11(5)：479-482
[40]金日光,华幼卿.高分子物理[M]：北京：化学工业出版社,2002
[41]R B K, R F. Therm.[J].1997,50(19)
[42]陈曦,王霞,吴锴,等.温度梯度场对电声脉冲法空间电荷测量波形的影响[J].物理学报,2010,(10)：7327-7332
[43]李琼芬.高分子材料学概论[M]：北京：中国人民大学出版社,1986
[44]方亮,付海金,吕亮,等.等离子表面处理聚乙烯中空间电荷分布[J].中国电机工程学报,2003,(8)：152-155
[45]郑飞虎,张冶文,肖春,等.电子束辐照对PMMA样品介电常数的影响研究[J].四川大学学报(自然科学版),2005：343-346
[46]黄兴溢,江平开,金天雄,等.聚合物纳米复合电介质[J].化学进展,2007,(11)：1776-1782
[47]Taima J, Inaoka K, Maezawa T, et al. Observation of Space Charge Formation in LDPE/MgO Nano-composite under DC Stress at High Temperature[C]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,2006 IEEE Conference on,2006