中美大学国际化实践及发展趋势研究
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摘要
大学国际化是现代大学发展的重要行动抉择。尤其是20世纪下半叶以后，世界多强政治格局随着冷战的结束逐步形成，其后经济全球化滚滚袭来，现代大学所赖以生存的政治、经济、文化和科技环境日新月异，与政府、社会的关系也发生了新的变化，这对大学的发展产生了深刻的影响。有关国际化的实践逐步渗入到了大学的人才培养、学科建设、课程改革、师资队伍建设、人员交流和科技合作等各个方面，成为现代大学赖以生存和发展的重要手段。
本研究以“中美大学国际化实践与发展趋势”为论题，将中美大学作为世界大系统中的典型子系统，沿着“历史回顾——实践的现况分析与探讨——实践的动机和影响因素的考察与比较——实践的经验提取——前景展望”为研究路径，在系统梳理中美大学国际化的演进历程之后，深入探讨中美大学国际化实践的动力、影响因素及未来趋势；并通过典型大学展示大学国际化实践的具体面貌与特征。在此基础上，总结有益经验，以期为我国大学国际化实践提供启示与建议。
本论文主体分为六个部分：
第一部分，中美两国大学国际化历史变迁及的描述与分析。中美大学国际化的历史进程表明，无论是西方国家还是东方国家，无论是发达国家还是发展中国家，由于大学国际化的基本理论来源相同、基本路径相似，其大学国际化实践所勾勒的历史脉络在存在着差异的同时，也都会有或多或少的相似之处。这种差异或相似之处，正是现代大学存在的历史特色和意义。从实践基础的角度看，民族传统是大学国际化发展中的双刃剑；政治因素是国际化的导航仪；而学术根基则是国际化的起跳点。从实践过程的角度看，中国大学的国际化是从“盲从”变为“自觉”，美国大学的国际化是从“欣赏”到“借鉴与创新”。
第二部分，从观念、课程、人员和学术活动四个角度，描述中美大学国际化的现况。通过对中美大学国际化现况的分析，我们不难得发现，大学国际化理念是展开一切国际化活动的内在先导和指导国际化改革的哲学，它体现了两国国际化行动的指导思想、基本目标、战略要点和实践追求。大学课程国际化实践的发展展现了中美大学国际化载体内涵的不断丰富及其改革的逐步深入。人员的国际流动仍旧是20世纪90年代以来中美两国大学国际化的实践最基本亦是最活跃的表现之一。学术活动的国际交流，则是两国确保高等教育机构的工作性质和政策效果的必要条件。
第三部分，对中美两国大学国际化的动机进行分析和探讨。中美大学国际化的动机将指引着两国大学的国际化实践按照时代的需求朝纵深方向发展。这些动机背后都有相应的理论支撑——国际化理念因素理论、世界体系因素理论；都指向特定的目标与方向——政治的、经济的、文化的、学术的；并涉及几对重要的内在关系——国际性与民族性之间的关系、输入与输出之间的关系。
第四部分，对中美两国大学国际化的影响因素进行分析和探讨。近年来中美大学国际化实践是在一个崭新的时代环境中迅速兴起的。国际化作为全球化背景下中美大学可持续发展的行为选择，不仅受到世界经济、文化和科技三大既有条件发展的影响，而且受到国内利益相关者的作用和影响。美国大学的国际化事业已经形成了政府、社会团体和大学互相协作、各司其职、三位一体的国际教育体系。与美国相比，中国还存在着一定的差距。中国需要进一步改善大学国际化的内部环境和土壤，使国际化实践充满了主体应具有积极性和自主性活力。
第五部分，选择了中美两国几个典型大学的国际化进行经验分析，并指出观念和目标是大学国际化实践的内在意识构架，形式和策略则是大学国际化实践的外在行为支撑。
第六部分，从理念和制度、课程和师资的角度探讨了中美两国大学国际化的未来，提出了对策建议。中国大学国际化面临的外部挑战，包括国际教育市场中的挑战、国际人才市场中的挑战、文化领域的挑战以及因特网带来的挑战；内部挑战，包括现有教育质量和水平的挑战、管理制度的挑战。中国大学国际化实践要坚持大学国际化实践的三项基本原则，即平等性和普遍性相结合、融合性和独立性相结合、开放性和闭合性相结合；要确定大学国际化的发展战略，包括全面增强国际化意识、建立专门的国际化组织、全面提升教育教学质量、大力促进人才保持和回流；要明确大学国际化的行动，包括政府层面的行动和高等教育机构层面的行动。
Internationalization is significant action choice to the development of modernuniversity. Especially after the second half of the20th century，the structure adjustment ofthe relations among great powers makes the multi-polarization further developed，thepolitical, economic, cultural and technological environment has changed with eachpassing day, universities’ relationship with the government and society also has had thenew change, the change has a profound influence on the university development. Relevantinternational practice gradually infiltrated into personnel training，subject construction，curricular reforms，teaching staff building, student management，personnel exchanges，technological cooperation and so on, it has become an important means of survival anddevelopment of modern university.
In this study, we use “International Practice and Development Trend of Universitiesin China and the United States” as the subject, regarding China and U.S. University as atypical subsystem in the world system, along the research paths as “historicalreview——current status of practice analysis and discussion——the motivation andinfluence factors investigation and comparison——experience extraction——prospects”.After the pectination of development process, the paper offers an in-depth discussion onthe internationalization practice, influence factors and future trends; shows us thecharacteristics of the internationalization practice through the typical universities. On thisbasis, summarize the experience and offer some certain reference and advice for theinternationalization of China's universities.
The body of this thesis is divided into six parts:
Part one，description and analysis of China and the United States universityinternational historical changes. China and the United States university internationalhistory indicate that whether it is western countries or eastern countries, both developedcountries and developing countries, since the university international basic theory is fromthe same source, the basic path is similar, the university internationalization has bothsimilarities and differences, they are the modern university existing historical features and significance. From the perspective of practice foundation, national tradition is adouble-edged sword in the process of university internationalization. Political factor isuniversity internationalization navigator. And the academic foundation is the takeoff pointof internationalization. From the practice of the process perspective, theinternationalization of the Chinese University is from the "follow blindly" to become"consciously". The internationalization of American universities is from the "appreciation"to the “reform and innovation”.
Part two，from four perspectives: idea, course, personnel and academic activities,describe the current development of internationalization of the university. Based on theanalysis of the current university internationalization, we find that, universityinternationalization idea is the inner guide and direct of international reform philosophy; itreflects the guiding ideology, the basic objectives, strategic points and practice pursuit ofthe international action of the two countries. The internationalization of the courses showsthe university internationalization of the connotation of carrier is constantly enriched.International mobility of staff is still the most basic and active international practice of theuniversity of China and the United States since the1990s. International academicexchanges are the two countries ' necessary condition to ensure the nature of highereducation institutions and the effectiveness of policies.
Part three, the analysis and discussion about the motivations of theinternationalization of the two countries' universities. The motivation will guide theinternational practice of university in accordance with the needs of the times and towardthe depth direction. These motivation theory supports-internationalization concept factortheory and the world system factor theory, and all these motivations point to specific goalsand directions-----political, economic, cultural, academic. And all involve severalimportant intrinsic relationships---the relationship between international and nationalcharacter, the relationship between input and output relationship between.
Part four, the analysis and discussion about the impact of international factors of thetwo countries' universities. In recent years the university international practice is the rapidrise of a new era environment. Under the background of globalization, internationalizationis as the sustainable development of university's behavior choice. Internationalization is not only influenced by the three main conditions for the development of the worldeconomy—culture, science and technology, but also by the role and impact of domesticstakeholders. The American college of international business has already formed thegovernment, society and university mutual cooperation international education system.Compared with the United States, China and the United States, there are still a certain gap.China needs to further improve the university international internal environment, Makeinternational practice actors have enthusiasm and autonomy vitality.
Part V, through the typical case, display internationalization experience andcharacteristics and pointed out that concept and goal is university international practiceinner consciousness frame, forms and strategy is university international practice externalbehavior support.
The sixth part, from the perspective of philosophy and system, curriculum andteachers to explore the future of internationalization, and puts forward thecountermeasures. The external challenges of internationalization of Chinese universityincluding challenges from the international education market, the challenge from theinternational talent market, the challenges from the field of culture and the challengesbrought about by the Internet; Internal challenges, including the existing education qualityand level of challenge, the management system of the challenge. The Chinese universityinternational practice should adhere to three basic principles, namely the equality anduniversality, the combination of integration and independence, the combination of openand closed. To determine university international development strategy, includingcomprehensive enhancement internationalization consciousness, establish a specialinternational organization, improve education teaching quality, vigorously promote talentmaintain and return; Must be clear about the university international action, includinggovernment level and higher education institutions action level.
本研究以“中美大学国际化实践与发展趋势”为论题，将中美大学作为世界大系统中的典型子系统，沿着“历史回顾——实践的现况分析与探讨——实践的动机和影响因素的考察与比较——实践的经验提取——前景展望”为研究路径，在系统梳理中美大学国际化的演进历程之后，深入探讨中美大学国际化实践的动力、影响因素及未来趋势；并通过典型大学展示大学国际化实践的具体面貌与特征。在此基础上，总结有益经验，以期为我国大学国际化实践提供启示与建议。
本论文主体分为六个部分：
第一部分，中美两国大学国际化历史变迁及的描述与分析。中美大学国际化的历史进程表明，无论是西方国家还是东方国家，无论是发达国家还是发展中国家，由于大学国际化的基本理论来源相同、基本路径相似，其大学国际化实践所勾勒的历史脉络在存在着差异的同时，也都会有或多或少的相似之处。这种差异或相似之处，正是现代大学存在的历史特色和意义。从实践基础的角度看，民族传统是大学国际化发展中的双刃剑；政治因素是国际化的导航仪；而学术根基则是国际化的起跳点。从实践过程的角度看，中国大学的国际化是从“盲从”变为“自觉”，美国大学的国际化是从“欣赏”到“借鉴与创新”。
第二部分，从观念、课程、人员和学术活动四个角度，描述中美大学国际化的现况。通过对中美大学国际化现况的分析，我们不难得发现，大学国际化理念是展开一切国际化活动的内在先导和指导国际化改革的哲学，它体现了两国国际化行动的指导思想、基本目标、战略要点和实践追求。大学课程国际化实践的发展展现了中美大学国际化载体内涵的不断丰富及其改革的逐步深入。人员的国际流动仍旧是20世纪90年代以来中美两国大学国际化的实践最基本亦是最活跃的表现之一。学术活动的国际交流，则是两国确保高等教育机构的工作性质和政策效果的必要条件。
第三部分，对中美两国大学国际化的动机进行分析和探讨。中美大学国际化的动机将指引着两国大学的国际化实践按照时代的需求朝纵深方向发展。这些动机背后都有相应的理论支撑——国际化理念因素理论、世界体系因素理论；都指向特定的目标与方向——政治的、经济的、文化的、学术的；并涉及几对重要的内在关系——国际性与民族性之间的关系、输入与输出之间的关系。
第四部分，对中美两国大学国际化的影响因素进行分析和探讨。近年来中美大学国际化实践是在一个崭新的时代环境中迅速兴起的。国际化作为全球化背景下中美大学可持续发展的行为选择，不仅受到世界经济、文化和科技三大既有条件发展的影响，而且受到国内利益相关者的作用和影响。美国大学的国际化事业已经形成了政府、社会团体和大学互相协作、各司其职、三位一体的国际教育体系。与美国相比，中国还存在着一定的差距。中国需要进一步改善大学国际化的内部环境和土壤，使国际化实践充满了主体应具有积极性和自主性活力。
第五部分，选择了中美两国几个典型大学的国际化进行经验分析，并指出观念和目标是大学国际化实践的内在意识构架，形式和策略则是大学国际化实践的外在行为支撑。
第六部分，从理念和制度、课程和师资的角度探讨了中美两国大学国际化的未来，提出了对策建议。中国大学国际化面临的外部挑战，包括国际教育市场中的挑战、国际人才市场中的挑战、文化领域的挑战以及因特网带来的挑战；内部挑战，包括现有教育质量和水平的挑战、管理制度的挑战。中国大学国际化实践要坚持大学国际化实践的三项基本原则，即平等性和普遍性相结合、融合性和独立性相结合、开放性和闭合性相结合；要确定大学国际化的发展战略，包括全面增强国际化意识、建立专门的国际化组织、全面提升教育教学质量、大力促进人才保持和回流；要明确大学国际化的行动，包括政府层面的行动和高等教育机构层面的行动。
Internationalization is significant action choice to the development of modernuniversity. Especially after the second half of the20th century，the structure adjustment ofthe relations among great powers makes the multi-polarization further developed，thepolitical, economic, cultural and technological environment has changed with eachpassing day, universities’ relationship with the government and society also has had thenew change, the change has a profound influence on the university development. Relevantinternational practice gradually infiltrated into personnel training，subject construction，curricular reforms，teaching staff building, student management，personnel exchanges，technological cooperation and so on, it has become an important means of survival anddevelopment of modern university.
In this study, we use “International Practice and Development Trend of Universitiesin China and the United States” as the subject, regarding China and U.S. University as atypical subsystem in the world system, along the research paths as “historicalreview——current status of practice analysis and discussion——the motivation andinfluence factors investigation and comparison——experience extraction——prospects”.After the pectination of development process, the paper offers an in-depth discussion onthe internationalization practice, influence factors and future trends; shows us thecharacteristics of the internationalization practice through the typical universities. On thisbasis, summarize the experience and offer some certain reference and advice for theinternationalization of China's universities.
The body of this thesis is divided into six parts:
Part one，description and analysis of China and the United States universityinternational historical changes. China and the United States university internationalhistory indicate that whether it is western countries or eastern countries, both developedcountries and developing countries, since the university international basic theory is fromthe same source, the basic path is similar, the university internationalization has bothsimilarities and differences, they are the modern university existing historical features and significance. From the perspective of practice foundation, national tradition is adouble-edged sword in the process of university internationalization. Political factor isuniversity internationalization navigator. And the academic foundation is the takeoff pointof internationalization. From the practice of the process perspective, theinternationalization of the Chinese University is from the "follow blindly" to become"consciously". The internationalization of American universities is from the "appreciation"to the “reform and innovation”.
Part two，from four perspectives: idea, course, personnel and academic activities,describe the current development of internationalization of the university. Based on theanalysis of the current university internationalization, we find that, universityinternationalization idea is the inner guide and direct of international reform philosophy; itreflects the guiding ideology, the basic objectives, strategic points and practice pursuit ofthe international action of the two countries. The internationalization of the courses showsthe university internationalization of the connotation of carrier is constantly enriched.International mobility of staff is still the most basic and active international practice of theuniversity of China and the United States since the1990s. International academicexchanges are the two countries ' necessary condition to ensure the nature of highereducation institutions and the effectiveness of policies.
Part three, the analysis and discussion about the motivations of theinternationalization of the two countries' universities. The motivation will guide theinternational practice of university in accordance with the needs of the times and towardthe depth direction. These motivation theory supports-internationalization concept factortheory and the world system factor theory, and all these motivations point to specific goalsand directions-----political, economic, cultural, academic. And all involve severalimportant intrinsic relationships---the relationship between international and nationalcharacter, the relationship between input and output relationship between.
Part four, the analysis and discussion about the impact of international factors of thetwo countries' universities. In recent years the university international practice is the rapidrise of a new era environment. Under the background of globalization, internationalizationis as the sustainable development of university's behavior choice. Internationalization is not only influenced by the three main conditions for the development of the worldeconomy—culture, science and technology, but also by the role and impact of domesticstakeholders. The American college of international business has already formed thegovernment, society and university mutual cooperation international education system.Compared with the United States, China and the United States, there are still a certain gap.China needs to further improve the university international internal environment, Makeinternational practice actors have enthusiasm and autonomy vitality.
Part V, through the typical case, display internationalization experience andcharacteristics and pointed out that concept and goal is university international practiceinner consciousness frame, forms and strategy is university international practice externalbehavior support.
The sixth part, from the perspective of philosophy and system, curriculum andteachers to explore the future of internationalization, and puts forward thecountermeasures. The external challenges of internationalization of Chinese universityincluding challenges from the international education market, the challenge from theinternational talent market, the challenges from the field of culture and the challengesbrought about by the Internet; Internal challenges, including the existing education qualityand level of challenge, the management system of the challenge. The Chinese universityinternational practice should adhere to three basic principles, namely the equality anduniversality, the combination of integration and independence, the combination of openand closed. To determine university international development strategy, includingcomprehensive enhancement internationalization consciousness, establish a specialinternational organization, improve education teaching quality, vigorously promote talentmaintain and return; Must be clear about the university international action, includinggovernment level and higher education institutions action level.
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