潜流人工湿地处理农村生活污水的工艺研究
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摘要
农村生活污水中含有氮、磷等营养物质,未经处理直接排入水体将导致水体富营养化的后果。通过对比常见分散污水处理技术的优缺点,本文选择将潜流人工湿地应用于农村生活污水的处理,针对湿地的净水效果、净化机理、工艺类型、影响因素、及模型构建等方面展开相应研究。主要研究内容及结论如下：
(1)采用植物浮床技术研究喜温植物和耐寒植物的净水能力,并对植物根系输氧和光合作用对净水效果的影响作出分析。结果表明：菖蒲和香蒲为春季优势植物,美人蕉为夏季优势植物,石菖蒲和黑麦草为冬季优势植物。同一植物根系的氧气扩散速率(ODR)与根长、根壁厚度、根直径等因素有关,ODR较大的区域,微生物数量也较多,其ODR最大的区域在根尖区。植物的净光合速率Pn和蒸腾速率Tr的相关系数为0.961,呈显著线性相关；有机物以化学需氧量(CODcr)表示,其去除率及氨氮(NH4+-N)、总氮(TN)的去除率与净光合速率Pn呈相似的变化规律；湿地脱氮效果与净光合速率Pn呈显著相关；氨氮的去除效果与蒸腾速率Tr呈极显著相关。
(2)选用批量平衡法研究基质的静态吸附除磷性能,并对其吸附除磷动力学和热力学作出分析。结果表明：Langmuir方程适合描述沸石、煤渣和无烟煤的磷素吸附等温线,而Freundlich方程适合描述生物陶粒的磷素吸附等温线,对比各基质的理论饱和吸附量qm和吸附参数KF可知煤渣和无烟煤的除磷能力较强。溶液浓度、基质用量、pH值、有机酸及其他阴离子对基质的吸附除磷均有不同程度的影响。各填料达到吸附平衡的时间各有不同,但吸附动力学特征相似,即初期反应较快,后期反应变慢,并逐渐达到平衡；随着温度的升高,基质吸附速率提高,达到平衡所需时间减少；Elovich方程、双常数速率方程和准二级动力学反应方程均能很好地描述基质对磷素的等温吸附动力学特征,其中以准二级动力学方程的描述最为准确。吸附系统的自由能变ΔG0<0,焓变ΔH0>0,反映基质对磷的吸附作用是自发的吸热过程,沸石和生物陶粒的除磷过程主要依靠物理吸附作用,煤渣和无烟煤的除磷过程,包括物理吸附、配位体交换和化学吸附作用。
(3)设计复合垂直潜流人工湿地模拟装置,开展单一基质和组合基质动态净水试验、处理农村生活污水试验和运行参数优选试验。结果表明：有机物(CODcr)和总磷(TP)的去除率与进水负荷无明显相关性,总氮(TN)的去除率与进水负荷具有正相关性；生物陶粒的生化处理性能较好,沸石对氮素的处理效果较为显著,无烟煤对磷素的去除效果较为显著。兼顾经济因素和净化效能,可选用沸石、煤渣和砾石的体积比例为1：1：1作为湿地组合基质。在复合流湿地的净水效果中,下行流填料柱处于主导地位,上行流填料柱处于辅助地位,其中氮素的去除主要依靠硝化反硝化作用；水温、气水比、碳氮比、氮源形式等因素对其脱氮效率有显著影响；实际生活污水中含有悬浮态氮,易出现“氮释放”的现象。考虑水力负荷和水深之间的交互作用时,根据用L27(313)安排试验,采用SPSS13.0进行方差分析和多重比较,发现交互作用对总磷的去除率有显著影响,兼顾总氮和有机物的去除效果,本试验系统的优选方案为水力负荷1200mm/d、水深80cm、低进水浓度。
(4)构建水平流、下行流和上行流的人工湿地,开展处理农村生活污水的运行试验,对水力停留时间(HRT)、负荷率((φ)和温度的影响进行分析,并探讨污染物沿程变化规律。结果表明：水平流湿地适合处理悬浮物和有机物负荷较高的农村生活污水,HRT以4d为宜；下行流湿地适合处理氨氮和总氮负荷较高的污水,HRT以4d-6d为宜；上行流湿地适合处理总磷负荷较高的污水,HRT以8d为宜。温度对有机物去除速率的影响显著,适合采用指数方程y=A·eBx拟合,各系统拟合的B值差异不大,表明有机物去除速率差异不明显；温度对氨氮、总氮去除速率的影响显著,适合采用Sigmoidal方程拟合,下行流湿地系统对氨氮的去除速率受温度影响较大,上行流湿地系统对总氮的去除速率受温度影响较大；温度对总磷去除速率的影响不及其他污染物显著,亦可采用Sigmoidal方程拟合。有机物和磷素的沿程变化规律表现为逐渐降低的趋势,氮素的沿程变化规律表现为总体呈下降趋势,但下行流和上行流湿地由于“氮释放”现象出现不同程度的起伏。
(5)分析了人工湿地基本模型的特点,选用系统动力学软件Vensim对生态模型的存量流量图进行模拟,并探讨了各类模型的统一微分形式。结果表明：系统的基本状态、反应动力学和水动力学是人工湿地模型不断发展的内在逻辑主线,但是不同类型的模型在建立基点、适用条件及所反映的机理等方面各有侧重。衰减模型关注于湿地的污染物去除效率,动力学模型则反映湿地的污染物去除速率,Monod模型中关注到微生物的新陈代谢作用对污染物去除的贡献,而生态动力学模型则以“箱式”模型理论为基础,包含了碳循环、氮循环、储水量、溶解氧、自养微生物和异氧微生物六个子模块,更为系统地考虑到人工湿地内部的各种反应机理和降解过程。从物理、化学和生物过程的协同作用出发,在现有模型的基础上进一步完善,探讨人工湿地模型的统一微分形式为dC/dt=-kCn/(K+C)m,其中,m、n为结构参数,取值不同,可获得介于现有模型之间的过渡模型。
It results in water eutrophication that rural domestic wastewater containing nitrogen and phosphorus is discharged into natural water bodies without any treatment. After comparative studies on several familiar treatment technology of disperse sewage, subsurface flow constructed wetland was chosen to treat rural domestic wastewater. Process research on subsurface flow constructed wetland including treatment effiency, purification mechanism, technology types, influent factors and model establishment was done in the paper. The primary contents and conclusion are as follows.
(1) Plant purification experiment by floating bed technology had been done to investigate purification abilities of thermophilous plants and cold tolerant plants.The result showed Iris pseudacorus Linn. and Typha orientalis Presl had greater advantage on purification than others in the spring, Canna indica Linn. did better in the summer, Acorus tatarinowii Schott and Lolium perenne Linn. did better in the winter. Polarography and photosynthesis experiment had been done to disscuss influence of oxygen diffusion rate and photosynthetic rate on purification performance. Oxygen diffusion rate of plant roots was related to root length, root-wall thickness, root diameter, and the maximum of ODR appears on apical zone. Oxygen carring process helped to microorganism growth. It showed significantly linear correlation between photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate that correlation coefficient of them was0.961. Removal efficiencies of CODcr, NH4+-N, TN embodied similar variety regulation with photosynthetic rate. Nitrogen removal efficiency had significant correlation with photosynthetic rate, and ammonia-nitrogen removal efficiency had very significant correlation with transpiration rate.
(2) Substrates adsorption test by batch equilibrium method had been done to research phosphorus adsorption characteristics of substrates. The results indicated that Langmuir adsorption isotherm was fit for describing the absorption characteristics of zeolite, coal cinder and anthracite, while Freundlich dsorption isotherm was fit for biological ceramsite. Coal cinder and anthracite had greater advantage on phosphorus adsorption by comparing theoretical saturated adsorption capacity qm and adaorption parameter KF of substrates. Initial phosphorus concertration, substrate dose, pH, organic materials and other anion had different effects on substrates phosphorus adsorption characteristics.The adsorption kinetics curves of the subtrates showed the same trend including quick, medium and slow period, but the reaction time of reaching equilibrium were different. The pseudo second-order kinetics was best to describe the phosphorus adaorption kinetics onto all substrates examined, followed by Elovich and two-constant equations. It indicated the the adsorption reaction of phosphorus was endothermic and spontaneous that thermodynamic parameters ΔH0was positive and ΔG0was negative. The mechanism of phosphorus adsorption on zeolite and biological ceramsite was attributed to physical adsorption, while the mechanism on coal cinder and anthracite included physical adsorption, ligand exchange and chemical adsorption.
(3) Dynamic purification experiment of singal and combined substrate, treatment experiment to rural domestic wastewater, optimization test of operation parameters had been done on the device of integrated vertical flow constructed wetland. The result showed removal effiencies of CODcr and TP had no correlation with influent loads, but removal effiency of TN had correlation with influent load of nitrogen. Biochemical treatment performance of biological ceramsite was better than other substrates, nitrogen removal ability of zeolite was better, phosphorus removal ability of anthracite was better. The combined substrates composed by zeolite, coal cinder and gravel with the proportion of1:1:1could remove nitrogen, phosphorus and organics effectively. Pollutants were mostly removed in the down-flow column of IVCW and the major dissolved nitrogen was removed by nitrification and denitrification of microogranism. Suspended-nitrogen in rural domestic wastewater which deposited in filler pore could cause "nitrogen-releasing" phenomenon. The factors including temperature, gas-flow ratio, C/N ratio and nitrogen-source forms had significant influence on TN removal efficiency. Variance analysis and multiple comparisons of orthogonal test datas indicated interaction between hydraulic load and water depth had significant effect on TP removal efficiency, and the optimal plan of the system was hydraulic load of1200mm/d, water depth of80cm and low influent concentration.
(4) Rural domestic wastewater treatment experiment by horizontal flow, down-flow, up-flow wetlands had been done to anyalysis the influence of HRT, load ratio and temperature on treatment efficiency. The result showed horizontal flow wetland with HRT of4d was fit to treat wastewater with high load of turbidity and CODcr. Down-flow wetland with HRT of4d-6d was fit to treat wastewater with high load of NH4+-N and TN. Up-flow wetland with HRT of8d was fit to treat wastewater with high load of TP. Temperature had significant effect on CODCr removal speed, and the exponential equation y=A.eBx could describe relationship of temperature and organic substance removal speed. B-value of the wetlands had little difference, so CODcr removal speed of wetlands had insignificant difference. Temperature had significant effect on NH4+-N and TN removal speed, and the sigmoidal equation could describe relationship of temperature and nitrogen removal speed. Temperature had greater effect on NH4+-N removal speed of down-flow wetland and TN removal speed of up-flow wetland. Temperature had less effect on TP removal speed, and the sigmoidal equation could also describe relationship of temperature and phosphorus removal speed. Distribution regularity of pollutants along the water flow in wetlands had been investigated. Concentration of organic substance and phosphorus gradually decreased along the water flow. Concentration of nitrogen generally decreased along the water flow, but different degree of fluctuation was caused by "nitrogen-releasing" phenomenon cause in dow-flow and up-flow wetlands.
(5) Features about basic models of construct wetland had been analysised, stock and flow figure of ecological dynamic model had been described by Vensim software of system dynamics, and generalized differential equations of various kinds of wetland models had been discussed. The result showed main development line of wetland models included basic state of system, reaction kinetics and hydrodynamics, but every wetland model had its own characteristics on its standpoint, adapted condition and representation mechanism. Attenuation model concerned to removal efficiency of pollutants, kinetics models reflected removal speed of pollutants, Monod model focused on contribution to removal rate of pollutants by microorganism activities. Based on box-model theory, Ecological dynamic model consisting of six submodules including carbon, nitrogen, water quality, dissolved oxygen, autotrophic microbe and heterotrophic microbe considered reaction mechanism and degradation process in wetlands. From synergistic action of physical, chemical and biological process, generalized differential equations of various kinds of wetland models was dC/dt=-kCn/(K+C)m.
(1)采用植物浮床技术研究喜温植物和耐寒植物的净水能力,并对植物根系输氧和光合作用对净水效果的影响作出分析。结果表明：菖蒲和香蒲为春季优势植物,美人蕉为夏季优势植物,石菖蒲和黑麦草为冬季优势植物。同一植物根系的氧气扩散速率(ODR)与根长、根壁厚度、根直径等因素有关,ODR较大的区域,微生物数量也较多,其ODR最大的区域在根尖区。植物的净光合速率Pn和蒸腾速率Tr的相关系数为0.961,呈显著线性相关；有机物以化学需氧量(CODcr)表示,其去除率及氨氮(NH4+-N)、总氮(TN)的去除率与净光合速率Pn呈相似的变化规律；湿地脱氮效果与净光合速率Pn呈显著相关；氨氮的去除效果与蒸腾速率Tr呈极显著相关。
(2)选用批量平衡法研究基质的静态吸附除磷性能,并对其吸附除磷动力学和热力学作出分析。结果表明：Langmuir方程适合描述沸石、煤渣和无烟煤的磷素吸附等温线,而Freundlich方程适合描述生物陶粒的磷素吸附等温线,对比各基质的理论饱和吸附量qm和吸附参数KF可知煤渣和无烟煤的除磷能力较强。溶液浓度、基质用量、pH值、有机酸及其他阴离子对基质的吸附除磷均有不同程度的影响。各填料达到吸附平衡的时间各有不同,但吸附动力学特征相似,即初期反应较快,后期反应变慢,并逐渐达到平衡；随着温度的升高,基质吸附速率提高,达到平衡所需时间减少；Elovich方程、双常数速率方程和准二级动力学反应方程均能很好地描述基质对磷素的等温吸附动力学特征,其中以准二级动力学方程的描述最为准确。吸附系统的自由能变ΔG0<0,焓变ΔH0>0,反映基质对磷的吸附作用是自发的吸热过程,沸石和生物陶粒的除磷过程主要依靠物理吸附作用,煤渣和无烟煤的除磷过程,包括物理吸附、配位体交换和化学吸附作用。
(3)设计复合垂直潜流人工湿地模拟装置,开展单一基质和组合基质动态净水试验、处理农村生活污水试验和运行参数优选试验。结果表明：有机物(CODcr)和总磷(TP)的去除率与进水负荷无明显相关性,总氮(TN)的去除率与进水负荷具有正相关性；生物陶粒的生化处理性能较好,沸石对氮素的处理效果较为显著,无烟煤对磷素的去除效果较为显著。兼顾经济因素和净化效能,可选用沸石、煤渣和砾石的体积比例为1：1：1作为湿地组合基质。在复合流湿地的净水效果中,下行流填料柱处于主导地位,上行流填料柱处于辅助地位,其中氮素的去除主要依靠硝化反硝化作用；水温、气水比、碳氮比、氮源形式等因素对其脱氮效率有显著影响；实际生活污水中含有悬浮态氮,易出现“氮释放”的现象。考虑水力负荷和水深之间的交互作用时,根据用L27(313)安排试验,采用SPSS13.0进行方差分析和多重比较,发现交互作用对总磷的去除率有显著影响,兼顾总氮和有机物的去除效果,本试验系统的优选方案为水力负荷1200mm/d、水深80cm、低进水浓度。
(4)构建水平流、下行流和上行流的人工湿地,开展处理农村生活污水的运行试验,对水力停留时间(HRT)、负荷率((φ)和温度的影响进行分析,并探讨污染物沿程变化规律。结果表明：水平流湿地适合处理悬浮物和有机物负荷较高的农村生活污水,HRT以4d为宜；下行流湿地适合处理氨氮和总氮负荷较高的污水,HRT以4d-6d为宜；上行流湿地适合处理总磷负荷较高的污水,HRT以8d为宜。温度对有机物去除速率的影响显著,适合采用指数方程y=A·eBx拟合,各系统拟合的B值差异不大,表明有机物去除速率差异不明显；温度对氨氮、总氮去除速率的影响显著,适合采用Sigmoidal方程拟合,下行流湿地系统对氨氮的去除速率受温度影响较大,上行流湿地系统对总氮的去除速率受温度影响较大；温度对总磷去除速率的影响不及其他污染物显著,亦可采用Sigmoidal方程拟合。有机物和磷素的沿程变化规律表现为逐渐降低的趋势,氮素的沿程变化规律表现为总体呈下降趋势,但下行流和上行流湿地由于“氮释放”现象出现不同程度的起伏。
(5)分析了人工湿地基本模型的特点,选用系统动力学软件Vensim对生态模型的存量流量图进行模拟,并探讨了各类模型的统一微分形式。结果表明：系统的基本状态、反应动力学和水动力学是人工湿地模型不断发展的内在逻辑主线,但是不同类型的模型在建立基点、适用条件及所反映的机理等方面各有侧重。衰减模型关注于湿地的污染物去除效率,动力学模型则反映湿地的污染物去除速率,Monod模型中关注到微生物的新陈代谢作用对污染物去除的贡献,而生态动力学模型则以“箱式”模型理论为基础,包含了碳循环、氮循环、储水量、溶解氧、自养微生物和异氧微生物六个子模块,更为系统地考虑到人工湿地内部的各种反应机理和降解过程。从物理、化学和生物过程的协同作用出发,在现有模型的基础上进一步完善,探讨人工湿地模型的统一微分形式为dC/dt=-kCn/(K+C)m,其中,m、n为结构参数,取值不同,可获得介于现有模型之间的过渡模型。
It results in water eutrophication that rural domestic wastewater containing nitrogen and phosphorus is discharged into natural water bodies without any treatment. After comparative studies on several familiar treatment technology of disperse sewage, subsurface flow constructed wetland was chosen to treat rural domestic wastewater. Process research on subsurface flow constructed wetland including treatment effiency, purification mechanism, technology types, influent factors and model establishment was done in the paper. The primary contents and conclusion are as follows.
(1) Plant purification experiment by floating bed technology had been done to investigate purification abilities of thermophilous plants and cold tolerant plants.The result showed Iris pseudacorus Linn. and Typha orientalis Presl had greater advantage on purification than others in the spring, Canna indica Linn. did better in the summer, Acorus tatarinowii Schott and Lolium perenne Linn. did better in the winter. Polarography and photosynthesis experiment had been done to disscuss influence of oxygen diffusion rate and photosynthetic rate on purification performance. Oxygen diffusion rate of plant roots was related to root length, root-wall thickness, root diameter, and the maximum of ODR appears on apical zone. Oxygen carring process helped to microorganism growth. It showed significantly linear correlation between photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate that correlation coefficient of them was0.961. Removal efficiencies of CODcr, NH4+-N, TN embodied similar variety regulation with photosynthetic rate. Nitrogen removal efficiency had significant correlation with photosynthetic rate, and ammonia-nitrogen removal efficiency had very significant correlation with transpiration rate.
(2) Substrates adsorption test by batch equilibrium method had been done to research phosphorus adsorption characteristics of substrates. The results indicated that Langmuir adsorption isotherm was fit for describing the absorption characteristics of zeolite, coal cinder and anthracite, while Freundlich dsorption isotherm was fit for biological ceramsite. Coal cinder and anthracite had greater advantage on phosphorus adsorption by comparing theoretical saturated adsorption capacity qm and adaorption parameter KF of substrates. Initial phosphorus concertration, substrate dose, pH, organic materials and other anion had different effects on substrates phosphorus adsorption characteristics.The adsorption kinetics curves of the subtrates showed the same trend including quick, medium and slow period, but the reaction time of reaching equilibrium were different. The pseudo second-order kinetics was best to describe the phosphorus adaorption kinetics onto all substrates examined, followed by Elovich and two-constant equations. It indicated the the adsorption reaction of phosphorus was endothermic and spontaneous that thermodynamic parameters ΔH0was positive and ΔG0was negative. The mechanism of phosphorus adsorption on zeolite and biological ceramsite was attributed to physical adsorption, while the mechanism on coal cinder and anthracite included physical adsorption, ligand exchange and chemical adsorption.
(3) Dynamic purification experiment of singal and combined substrate, treatment experiment to rural domestic wastewater, optimization test of operation parameters had been done on the device of integrated vertical flow constructed wetland. The result showed removal effiencies of CODcr and TP had no correlation with influent loads, but removal effiency of TN had correlation with influent load of nitrogen. Biochemical treatment performance of biological ceramsite was better than other substrates, nitrogen removal ability of zeolite was better, phosphorus removal ability of anthracite was better. The combined substrates composed by zeolite, coal cinder and gravel with the proportion of1:1:1could remove nitrogen, phosphorus and organics effectively. Pollutants were mostly removed in the down-flow column of IVCW and the major dissolved nitrogen was removed by nitrification and denitrification of microogranism. Suspended-nitrogen in rural domestic wastewater which deposited in filler pore could cause "nitrogen-releasing" phenomenon. The factors including temperature, gas-flow ratio, C/N ratio and nitrogen-source forms had significant influence on TN removal efficiency. Variance analysis and multiple comparisons of orthogonal test datas indicated interaction between hydraulic load and water depth had significant effect on TP removal efficiency, and the optimal plan of the system was hydraulic load of1200mm/d, water depth of80cm and low influent concentration.
(4) Rural domestic wastewater treatment experiment by horizontal flow, down-flow, up-flow wetlands had been done to anyalysis the influence of HRT, load ratio and temperature on treatment efficiency. The result showed horizontal flow wetland with HRT of4d was fit to treat wastewater with high load of turbidity and CODcr. Down-flow wetland with HRT of4d-6d was fit to treat wastewater with high load of NH4+-N and TN. Up-flow wetland with HRT of8d was fit to treat wastewater with high load of TP. Temperature had significant effect on CODCr removal speed, and the exponential equation y=A.eBx could describe relationship of temperature and organic substance removal speed. B-value of the wetlands had little difference, so CODcr removal speed of wetlands had insignificant difference. Temperature had significant effect on NH4+-N and TN removal speed, and the sigmoidal equation could describe relationship of temperature and nitrogen removal speed. Temperature had greater effect on NH4+-N removal speed of down-flow wetland and TN removal speed of up-flow wetland. Temperature had less effect on TP removal speed, and the sigmoidal equation could also describe relationship of temperature and phosphorus removal speed. Distribution regularity of pollutants along the water flow in wetlands had been investigated. Concentration of organic substance and phosphorus gradually decreased along the water flow. Concentration of nitrogen generally decreased along the water flow, but different degree of fluctuation was caused by "nitrogen-releasing" phenomenon cause in dow-flow and up-flow wetlands.
(5) Features about basic models of construct wetland had been analysised, stock and flow figure of ecological dynamic model had been described by Vensim software of system dynamics, and generalized differential equations of various kinds of wetland models had been discussed. The result showed main development line of wetland models included basic state of system, reaction kinetics and hydrodynamics, but every wetland model had its own characteristics on its standpoint, adapted condition and representation mechanism. Attenuation model concerned to removal efficiency of pollutants, kinetics models reflected removal speed of pollutants, Monod model focused on contribution to removal rate of pollutants by microorganism activities. Based on box-model theory, Ecological dynamic model consisting of six submodules including carbon, nitrogen, water quality, dissolved oxygen, autotrophic microbe and heterotrophic microbe considered reaction mechanism and degradation process in wetlands. From synergistic action of physical, chemical and biological process, generalized differential equations of various kinds of wetland models was dC/dt=-kCn/(K+C)m.
引文
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