燃气管网仿真技术及其泄漏危险性研究
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摘要
随着国民经济的快速发展,城市燃气消费量日益增加,燃气管网变得日趋复杂,这使得人们更难于了解和掌握管网系统的运行规律。而燃气管网发生泄漏是一个概率事件,完全杜绝泄漏事故的发生是不可能的。管网一旦发生气体泄漏,将有可能造成重大的财产损失甚至人员伤亡。因此,燃气管网仿真技术及其泄漏危险性的研究已成为当前燃气输配领域亟待解决的重要课题。
本文从课题的研究背景出发,先是分析了国内外燃气管网仿真技术及气体泄漏危险性的研究现状、发展趋势以及所存在的问题,最后指出本文的主要研究内容。通过建立管道瞬态流动模型,首次采用流体网络理论对模型进行求解,并和传统的数值解法(隐式差分法和特征线法)进行对比,得到两者最大偏差约为1%。采用该方法对北京市六环的部分高压燃气管线进行模拟分析,得到模拟值与实测值的最大偏差约为2.1%。传统的管网仿真方法要求每个节点都需分配一个已知参数(节点压力或流量),针对这一缺陷,提出了相应的解决办法。采用改进后的管网仿真方法对天津市的部分高压燃气管线进行模拟分析,得到模拟值与实测值吻合得较好。
过去常采用高斯扩散模型研究气体扩散过程。通过研究发现,高斯扩散模型存在一定的缺陷,其不能真实反映泄漏燃气的扩散过程。本文对Ooms扩散模型进行改进,考虑了泄漏气体的速度、密度、浓度和温度等参数。将Ooms改进模型应用于管道泄漏燃气的扩散研究,获得泄漏气体的扩散危险域。基于该研究成果,得到可用于预测泄漏气体扩散危险高度及危险距离的关系式。采用CFD技术对管道喷射火焰进行数值模拟,得到模拟结果与风洞试验的实测结果吻合得较好。基于该模拟结果拟合得到可预测喷射火焰长度的计算式。
通过适当简化管道泄漏率模型,从而获得预测破裂管道发生气体喷射或火焰喷射时危险域的定量计算式。最后,提出了一套在役燃气管道风险性的定量评价方法,基于该方法可了解在役管道的安全程度及其安全距离。
With the rapid development of our country’s economy, the consumptions of natural gas are increasingly going up in the city and its gas pipeline network become more complex, which makes human more difficult to understand and master the operation rule of the pipeline network system. The leakage accident of gas pipeline is a probability event. And it is impossible to avoid the accidents. Once gas releases through damaged pipes, accidents would happen involving substantial economic losses and even victims amongst the population. Therefore, study on the technique of simulation on gas pipeline network and its leakage risk has already become an important subject to settle in current gas transmission and distribution field.
This paper first analyzed the present state, trend of development and existing problem of research on transient simulation on gas pipeline network and its leakage risk, and then the chief contents were introduced. The transient gas flow models were established and solved by fluid network theory. Compared to the conventional numerical methods (implicit difference method and character line method), the maximum deviation was about 1 percent among the methods. The fluid network theory was applied to the partial high pressure gas pipeline network at Sixth Ring Road in Peking. The results showed that the maximum deviation was about 2.1 percent between the calculations and measurements. The conventional technique of simulation on gas pipeline network claims that every node of the network should be allocated a known parameter (pressure or flow). Aim at this deficiency, the corresponding settle methods were proposed in this paper. The improved technique of simulation was applied to the partial high pressure gas pipeline network in Tianjin, and a good agreement was found between the calculations and measurements.
Gaussian dispersion model has usually been used to study the process of gas dispersion. However, it doesn’t reflect the true process of natural gas dispersion due to its deficiency. Ooms dispersion model was improved considering the velocity, density, concentration and temperature of the leaked gas in this paper. The improved model was applied to study the dispersion process of natural gas released from the pipeline and the hazard area of the leaked gas was obtained. According to the results, the correlations to estimate the dispersion height and distance of the leaked gas were got. Jet fire from the damaged pipeline was studied by the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique and a good agreement was found between the calculations and measurements. Based on the simulation results, a correlation for predicting the stoichiometric flame length was proposed.
Through reasonably simplified the release rate model of damaged pipeline, the quantitative correlations to estimate the hazard area of gas dispersion and jet fire were obtained. Finally, a simplified method for the quantitative risk assessment for natural gas pipelines was proposed. Based on the method, pipeline managers can know about the safety condition of gas pipeline and the safety distance from the pipeline.
本文从课题的研究背景出发,先是分析了国内外燃气管网仿真技术及气体泄漏危险性的研究现状、发展趋势以及所存在的问题,最后指出本文的主要研究内容。通过建立管道瞬态流动模型,首次采用流体网络理论对模型进行求解,并和传统的数值解法(隐式差分法和特征线法)进行对比,得到两者最大偏差约为1%。采用该方法对北京市六环的部分高压燃气管线进行模拟分析,得到模拟值与实测值的最大偏差约为2.1%。传统的管网仿真方法要求每个节点都需分配一个已知参数(节点压力或流量),针对这一缺陷,提出了相应的解决办法。采用改进后的管网仿真方法对天津市的部分高压燃气管线进行模拟分析,得到模拟值与实测值吻合得较好。
过去常采用高斯扩散模型研究气体扩散过程。通过研究发现,高斯扩散模型存在一定的缺陷,其不能真实反映泄漏燃气的扩散过程。本文对Ooms扩散模型进行改进,考虑了泄漏气体的速度、密度、浓度和温度等参数。将Ooms改进模型应用于管道泄漏燃气的扩散研究,获得泄漏气体的扩散危险域。基于该研究成果,得到可用于预测泄漏气体扩散危险高度及危险距离的关系式。采用CFD技术对管道喷射火焰进行数值模拟,得到模拟结果与风洞试验的实测结果吻合得较好。基于该模拟结果拟合得到可预测喷射火焰长度的计算式。
通过适当简化管道泄漏率模型,从而获得预测破裂管道发生气体喷射或火焰喷射时危险域的定量计算式。最后,提出了一套在役燃气管道风险性的定量评价方法,基于该方法可了解在役管道的安全程度及其安全距离。
With the rapid development of our country’s economy, the consumptions of natural gas are increasingly going up in the city and its gas pipeline network become more complex, which makes human more difficult to understand and master the operation rule of the pipeline network system. The leakage accident of gas pipeline is a probability event. And it is impossible to avoid the accidents. Once gas releases through damaged pipes, accidents would happen involving substantial economic losses and even victims amongst the population. Therefore, study on the technique of simulation on gas pipeline network and its leakage risk has already become an important subject to settle in current gas transmission and distribution field.
This paper first analyzed the present state, trend of development and existing problem of research on transient simulation on gas pipeline network and its leakage risk, and then the chief contents were introduced. The transient gas flow models were established and solved by fluid network theory. Compared to the conventional numerical methods (implicit difference method and character line method), the maximum deviation was about 1 percent among the methods. The fluid network theory was applied to the partial high pressure gas pipeline network at Sixth Ring Road in Peking. The results showed that the maximum deviation was about 2.1 percent between the calculations and measurements. The conventional technique of simulation on gas pipeline network claims that every node of the network should be allocated a known parameter (pressure or flow). Aim at this deficiency, the corresponding settle methods were proposed in this paper. The improved technique of simulation was applied to the partial high pressure gas pipeline network in Tianjin, and a good agreement was found between the calculations and measurements.
Gaussian dispersion model has usually been used to study the process of gas dispersion. However, it doesn’t reflect the true process of natural gas dispersion due to its deficiency. Ooms dispersion model was improved considering the velocity, density, concentration and temperature of the leaked gas in this paper. The improved model was applied to study the dispersion process of natural gas released from the pipeline and the hazard area of the leaked gas was obtained. According to the results, the correlations to estimate the dispersion height and distance of the leaked gas were got. Jet fire from the damaged pipeline was studied by the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique and a good agreement was found between the calculations and measurements. Based on the simulation results, a correlation for predicting the stoichiometric flame length was proposed.
Through reasonably simplified the release rate model of damaged pipeline, the quantitative correlations to estimate the hazard area of gas dispersion and jet fire were obtained. Finally, a simplified method for the quantitative risk assessment for natural gas pipelines was proposed. Based on the method, pipeline managers can know about the safety condition of gas pipeline and the safety distance from the pipeline.
引文
[1]国家发展改革委产业政策司,2007年及未来几年世界天然气产业发展趋势分析,中国经贸导刊,2007,5:22
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[4]王玉梅郭书平,国外天然气管道事故分析,油气储运,2000,19(7):5～10
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[6]American Petroleum Institute, Risk based resource document, API PR581, 2000
[7]孙永庆钟群鹏张峥,城市燃气管道风险评估中失效后果的计算,天然气工业, 2006, 26(1):120～122
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