隧道衬砌水压力荷载的实用化计算研究
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摘要
随着路网向山区的拓展,线路标准的提升,特别是高速铁路和高速公路大规模的修建,会遇到大量的高水头富水隧道问题。“以排为主”的隧道地下水处治理念不符合当前环境保护的要求,与之相应的计算水压力的规范条文亦不能满足工程设计的需要。而采用“以堵为主、限量排放”的地下水处治方案中,水压力成为衬砌结构的主要荷载之一。本文围绕高水头富水区隧道衬砌水压力荷载问题,采用理论分析、数值计算、室内试验等手段,并结合具体工程实例对衬砌水压力荷载的实用化计算进行深入系统的研究。
(1)研究了裂隙块状围岩中衬砌水压力集度,得出块状围岩经由出露在临空面上的块体传递到衬砌上的水压力集度量值为孔隙水压力p,方向为临空面法线方向,其集度量值的大小同围岩块体形状、大小无关。
(2)依据渗流理论,得出了轴对称条件下,围岩、衬砌渗流力公式与隧道衬砌前后涌水量计算公式;利用保角变换原理,针对两种不同衬砌背后水压力边界条件(a.φ= y,b.φ= ha),推导出了一般情况下水底隧道涌水量和围岩渗流力的解析公式。
(3)基于轴对称解析解,通过对衬砌渗流力积分得出了作用在衬砌上的水压力在量值上等于围岩与衬砌交界面上围岩介质中的孔隙水压力;并对衬砌水压力折减系数敏感度进行了分析,得出决定衬砌水压力折减系数的主要因素是衬砌与围岩的相对渗透性。
(4)通过数值模拟研究了隧道开挖与支护对围岩水力势的影响以及设置防水板和排导系统的复合式衬砌水压力的分布特征;提出了设置防水板和排导系统的复合式衬砌等效渗透系数kl*的确定方法,通过引入等效渗透系数在设计中实现了衬砌水压力的实用化计算。
(5)探讨了不同排导结构的衬砌水压力的分布规律,为隧道防排水系统的合理选择提供了依据。
(6)通过室内试验,验证了保持衬砌背后排水系统的畅通是减小作用在衬砌上水压力的有效措施;当衬砌采用全封闭防水措施时,无论是围岩渗透系数很小或采用围岩注浆,都不能降低最终作用在衬砌上的水压力。
(7)阐述了利用轴对称解估算衬砌水压力的方法与原理,并提出两种简单可行的衬砌水压力估算方法;研究了轴对称解对不同断面形状隧道与浅埋隧道的适用性,得出轴对称解也适用于非圆形隧道衬砌水压力的估算,只要将非圆形隧道断面等效成圆形隧道即可。
(8)结合本文部分研究成果,选取两个典型的工程实例,对隧道水荷载特征进行了分析,可供类似工程借鉴、参考。
With the expansion of road net to mountainous regions and the improvement of route standard, especially with the large-scaled construction of high-speed railways and express ways, large amounts of problems of high water head tunnel will be met. The groundwater treatment which“mainly use drainage”does not meet the current environmental protection policy, and the corresponding guidelines for calculating external water pressure on tunnel lining does not meet the requirements of engineering design as well. According to new concept of water control in tunnel, the amount of water inflow should be limited. In this case, water pressure becomes one of the major loads of lining structure. This paper focuses on the problem of tunnel lining water pressure load of high water head tunnel, uses theoretical derivation, numerical simulation, laboratory test, and analysis of engineering example to intensively and systematically study the practical calculation of water pressure load on tunnel lining.
(1) Aim at determination of the water pressure upon the tunnel lining in jointed rock mass, and a conclusion is presented: the value of water pressure of lining, which transferred through rock block, equal to the value of pore water pressure, and the direction is perpendicular to the free face, regardless of the shape and size of the rock block.
(2) According to seepage theory, the equations for calculating seepage force in rock mass/lining are obtained, and the formulas of water inflow of tunnel are deducted as well. Use of conformal transformation and aim at the boundary conditions of two different lining water pressure (a.φ= y, b.φ= ha), the equations for calculating the water inflow of underwater tunnel and the seepage force are also deducted.
(3) Based on axisymmetric solution, through integrating seepage force of lining, a conclusion is obtained, that is external water pressure acting on lining is equal to pore water pressure in the interface between rock mass and lining. By analysis of sensitivity of the reduction factor of lining water pressure, the main factor determining the reduction factor of lining water pressure is the relatively permeability of lining to rock mass is obtained.
(4) Through numerical simulation, the effect of excavation and supporting on the ground water potential and the distribution of water pressure of composite lining with waterproofing sheet and drainage system is studied, and a method for determining“equivalent permeability coefficient”of the composite lining (kl*) with waterproofing sheet and drainage system is presented for the practical calculation of lining water pressure.
(5) The distribution of lining water pressure for different drainage style is discussed to provide the base for choosing suitable drainage system.
(6) A laboratory test proved that maintain the drainage system behind the lining unimpeded is an efficient method to decrease the lining water pressure. When full sealing waterproofing system used, water pressure finally acting on lining can not be deducted, no matter use of grouting.
(7) Based on use of axisymmetric solution, two feasible simple methods are presented for estimating water pressure upon lining, and applicability of axisymmetric solution for non-circular cross section tunnels and shallow tunnels are also presented in this paper.
(8) Integration of study results in this paper, several projects are choosen for analyzing the characteristics of water pressure upon tunnel lining, which can be used as references for similar engineering activities.
(1)研究了裂隙块状围岩中衬砌水压力集度,得出块状围岩经由出露在临空面上的块体传递到衬砌上的水压力集度量值为孔隙水压力p,方向为临空面法线方向,其集度量值的大小同围岩块体形状、大小无关。
(2)依据渗流理论,得出了轴对称条件下,围岩、衬砌渗流力公式与隧道衬砌前后涌水量计算公式;利用保角变换原理,针对两种不同衬砌背后水压力边界条件(a.φ= y,b.φ= ha),推导出了一般情况下水底隧道涌水量和围岩渗流力的解析公式。
(3)基于轴对称解析解,通过对衬砌渗流力积分得出了作用在衬砌上的水压力在量值上等于围岩与衬砌交界面上围岩介质中的孔隙水压力;并对衬砌水压力折减系数敏感度进行了分析,得出决定衬砌水压力折减系数的主要因素是衬砌与围岩的相对渗透性。
(4)通过数值模拟研究了隧道开挖与支护对围岩水力势的影响以及设置防水板和排导系统的复合式衬砌水压力的分布特征;提出了设置防水板和排导系统的复合式衬砌等效渗透系数kl*的确定方法,通过引入等效渗透系数在设计中实现了衬砌水压力的实用化计算。
(5)探讨了不同排导结构的衬砌水压力的分布规律,为隧道防排水系统的合理选择提供了依据。
(6)通过室内试验,验证了保持衬砌背后排水系统的畅通是减小作用在衬砌上水压力的有效措施;当衬砌采用全封闭防水措施时,无论是围岩渗透系数很小或采用围岩注浆,都不能降低最终作用在衬砌上的水压力。
(7)阐述了利用轴对称解估算衬砌水压力的方法与原理,并提出两种简单可行的衬砌水压力估算方法;研究了轴对称解对不同断面形状隧道与浅埋隧道的适用性,得出轴对称解也适用于非圆形隧道衬砌水压力的估算,只要将非圆形隧道断面等效成圆形隧道即可。
(8)结合本文部分研究成果,选取两个典型的工程实例,对隧道水荷载特征进行了分析,可供类似工程借鉴、参考。
With the expansion of road net to mountainous regions and the improvement of route standard, especially with the large-scaled construction of high-speed railways and express ways, large amounts of problems of high water head tunnel will be met. The groundwater treatment which“mainly use drainage”does not meet the current environmental protection policy, and the corresponding guidelines for calculating external water pressure on tunnel lining does not meet the requirements of engineering design as well. According to new concept of water control in tunnel, the amount of water inflow should be limited. In this case, water pressure becomes one of the major loads of lining structure. This paper focuses on the problem of tunnel lining water pressure load of high water head tunnel, uses theoretical derivation, numerical simulation, laboratory test, and analysis of engineering example to intensively and systematically study the practical calculation of water pressure load on tunnel lining.
(1) Aim at determination of the water pressure upon the tunnel lining in jointed rock mass, and a conclusion is presented: the value of water pressure of lining, which transferred through rock block, equal to the value of pore water pressure, and the direction is perpendicular to the free face, regardless of the shape and size of the rock block.
(2) According to seepage theory, the equations for calculating seepage force in rock mass/lining are obtained, and the formulas of water inflow of tunnel are deducted as well. Use of conformal transformation and aim at the boundary conditions of two different lining water pressure (a.φ= y, b.φ= ha), the equations for calculating the water inflow of underwater tunnel and the seepage force are also deducted.
(3) Based on axisymmetric solution, through integrating seepage force of lining, a conclusion is obtained, that is external water pressure acting on lining is equal to pore water pressure in the interface between rock mass and lining. By analysis of sensitivity of the reduction factor of lining water pressure, the main factor determining the reduction factor of lining water pressure is the relatively permeability of lining to rock mass is obtained.
(4) Through numerical simulation, the effect of excavation and supporting on the ground water potential and the distribution of water pressure of composite lining with waterproofing sheet and drainage system is studied, and a method for determining“equivalent permeability coefficient”of the composite lining (kl*) with waterproofing sheet and drainage system is presented for the practical calculation of lining water pressure.
(5) The distribution of lining water pressure for different drainage style is discussed to provide the base for choosing suitable drainage system.
(6) A laboratory test proved that maintain the drainage system behind the lining unimpeded is an efficient method to decrease the lining water pressure. When full sealing waterproofing system used, water pressure finally acting on lining can not be deducted, no matter use of grouting.
(7) Based on use of axisymmetric solution, two feasible simple methods are presented for estimating water pressure upon lining, and applicability of axisymmetric solution for non-circular cross section tunnels and shallow tunnels are also presented in this paper.
(8) Integration of study results in this paper, several projects are choosen for analyzing the characteristics of water pressure upon tunnel lining, which can be used as references for similar engineering activities.
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