薄膜结构风振响应中的流固耦合效应研究
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摘要
薄膜结构是近年来应用十分广泛的一种新型大跨度柔性屋盖结构,其基本力学特点是“轻”和“柔”,因而对脉动风荷载的作用十分敏感,风荷载是结构设计中的主要控制荷载。膜结构在风荷载的作用下通常会产生较大的变形和振动,这种大幅的变形和振动反过来也会影响到其表面风压分布,产生所谓的“流固耦合”效应。因此,要对膜结构的风荷载以及风振响应做出准确估算,除了借助常规分析手段外,还需要特别关注流固耦合的影响。但是由于膜结构的外形和自身力学性能的复杂性,特别是几何非线性的影响,使得对膜结构流固耦合问题的研究异常复杂。目前国内外在这一领域的研究均处于起步阶段。
本文首先基于弱耦合分区求解策略,在Compaq Visual Fortran6.5环境下搭建了薄膜结构三维流固耦合效应的数值模拟平台(本文称之为“直接数值模拟方法”)。程序采用模块化编程思想,主要包含几何建模、流体分析、结构分析和数据交换四个模块。其中几何建模模块采用自行编制的膜结构找形分析程序;流体分析模块采用经过二次开发的计算流体力学软件FLUENT6.0;结构分析模块采用自行编制的膜结构动力分析程序MDLFX;在数据交换模块中,编制了基于薄板样条法的插值计算程序,以实现流固交界面上不同区域网格间的数据传递问题,编制了基于代数法和迭代法的动网格变形程序,以实现流固耦合运算中的动网格更新。基于该软件平台,对单向柔性屋盖和鞍形膜结构屋盖进行了流固耦合数值模拟,验证了方法的有效性。
鉴于直接数值模拟方法的计算量巨大,缺乏工程可操作性,本文又提出了一种更为实用的简化数值模拟方法。该方法的基本思想是,先将结构响应分为平均响应、背景响应和共振响应三部分,再针对这三种响应分量的不同性质,采用不同的求解方法,以达到尽量减少CFD运算时间的目的。在平均响应部分,主要考虑由于结构变形所导致的体型系数变化,是一个静态过程,可以直接利用CFD稳态模型求解;在背景响应部分,主要考虑脉动风的空间相关性对结构整体振动的影响,是一个拟静态过程,可以利用CFD技术和POD方法求得与结构最不利变形模态对应的风荷载分布模式;在共振响应部分,主要考虑脉动风中的较高频成分与结构之间的动力耦合作用,由于此时的结构振幅较小,可以忽略几何非线性的影响,采用常规的随机振动时程分析方法求解,并适当考虑附加质量和气动阻尼的作用。应用上述简化数值模拟方法对单向柔性屋盖和鞍形膜结构屋盖进行了分析,并将计算结果与直接数值模拟方法对比,验证了简化数值模拟方法的精确性和高效性。为定量衡量结构的流固耦合效应,本文定义了流固耦合影响因子。在此基础上,对单向柔性屋盖和三维薄膜结构的流固耦合性能进行了系统研究,探讨了风速、风向角、矢跨比(或高跨比)和初始预张力等参数对结构流固耦合效应的影响,并给出了流固耦合影响因子的取值范围。
此外,本文还基于能量守恒原理推导了附加质量和气动阻尼的解析公式,并运用气动弹性力学原理对附加质量和气动阻尼中的气动力项进行了推导。在此基础上,探讨了风向角、风速、矢跨比(或高跨比)和初始预张力等参数变化对附加质量和气动阻尼的影响,给出可供设计参考的附加质量和气动阻尼的取值范围。
Membrane structures are widely used as long-span structures. As being characterized by lightweight and flexibility, they are highly susceptible to the wind action, in particular, to the effects of fluctuating pressure. Membrane structures often produce rather big vibration under wind excitation, which may even affect the wind pressure distribution. That is to say, the interacting occurs between wind and structures, which is called“fluid-structure interaction”in the fluid dynamics. It is necessary to pay attention to“fluid-structure interaction”besides using the traditional analysis methods in order to accurately estimate the wind load and wind-induced vibration response on membrane structures. Because of complexity of mechanical property, especially geometrical non-linearity, the wind-structure interaction of membrane structure is very sophisticated. So at the present, the study of“fluid-structure interaction”is in the starting step.
Firstly, based on loose coupling partitioned method, a wind-structure interaction numerical simulating platform of membrane structure has been established in the environment of Compaq Visual Fortran 6.5 (the method is called“the direct numerical simulation”). The program is modularized, in which geometry modeling modul, fluid module, structure module and data interface modul keep independent each other. In geometry modeling modul, the form-finding analysis program of membrane structure is adopted. In fluid analysis modul, the CFD software FLUENT6.0 is adopted. In structure analysis modul, the dynamic analysis program MDLFX is adopted. In data interface modul,“Thin-Plate Splines”is adopted to resolve the data transfer on coupling boundary between CFD and CSD. And the problem on dynamic mesh is effectively resolved by using algebra method and iteration method. Finally, the numerical simulation of the wind-structure interaction of one-way long-span roofs and three-dimensioned saddle-shaped membrane structure are carried out to validate the method.
Because of the hundredfold time-consuming of simulating the three-dimensioned problem and lack of engineering operability by using the direct numerical simulation, a simplified numerical approach of a time-dependent wind-structure interaction is presented. The general idea of this approach is to divide the structural response into three components: mean response, background response and resonant response. The first component is a static interaction process, which is due to the change of structural geometry under mean wind pressure. The second component can be regard as a qusi-static interaction process, which relates to the motion of large scale eddies. The last component can be called as a transient interaction process, in which the dynamic magnification effect should be considered mainly. Due to the different characteristics of each component, different methods should be adopted respectively. For static and quasi-static interaction, the suitable method is CFD simulation, in which the wind pressure change due to structural deformation will be considered mainly; for transient interaction, the suitable method is nonlinear random vibration analysis in time domain considering the influence of added mass and aerodynamic damping.
Effect factor of Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) is defined to consider the influence of fluid-structure interation. Then, systemically studies on the behaviors of one-way long-span roofs and three-dimensioned membrane structures are carried out. The effects of several factors, such as wind velocity, wind direction, height-span ratio and pretension force et al, are investigated, and the effect factor of FSI is advised.
Furthermore, based on energy conservation law, the analytic formula of added mass and aerodynamic damping is present. Then the aerodynamic force in the formula is derived by using aeroelasticity theory. Finally, the effects of several factors to the added mass and aerodynamic damping of membrane structures, such as wind velocity, wind direction, height-span ratio and pretension force et al, are investigated.
本文首先基于弱耦合分区求解策略,在Compaq Visual Fortran6.5环境下搭建了薄膜结构三维流固耦合效应的数值模拟平台(本文称之为“直接数值模拟方法”)。程序采用模块化编程思想,主要包含几何建模、流体分析、结构分析和数据交换四个模块。其中几何建模模块采用自行编制的膜结构找形分析程序;流体分析模块采用经过二次开发的计算流体力学软件FLUENT6.0;结构分析模块采用自行编制的膜结构动力分析程序MDLFX;在数据交换模块中,编制了基于薄板样条法的插值计算程序,以实现流固交界面上不同区域网格间的数据传递问题,编制了基于代数法和迭代法的动网格变形程序,以实现流固耦合运算中的动网格更新。基于该软件平台,对单向柔性屋盖和鞍形膜结构屋盖进行了流固耦合数值模拟,验证了方法的有效性。
鉴于直接数值模拟方法的计算量巨大,缺乏工程可操作性,本文又提出了一种更为实用的简化数值模拟方法。该方法的基本思想是,先将结构响应分为平均响应、背景响应和共振响应三部分,再针对这三种响应分量的不同性质,采用不同的求解方法,以达到尽量减少CFD运算时间的目的。在平均响应部分,主要考虑由于结构变形所导致的体型系数变化,是一个静态过程,可以直接利用CFD稳态模型求解;在背景响应部分,主要考虑脉动风的空间相关性对结构整体振动的影响,是一个拟静态过程,可以利用CFD技术和POD方法求得与结构最不利变形模态对应的风荷载分布模式;在共振响应部分,主要考虑脉动风中的较高频成分与结构之间的动力耦合作用,由于此时的结构振幅较小,可以忽略几何非线性的影响,采用常规的随机振动时程分析方法求解,并适当考虑附加质量和气动阻尼的作用。应用上述简化数值模拟方法对单向柔性屋盖和鞍形膜结构屋盖进行了分析,并将计算结果与直接数值模拟方法对比,验证了简化数值模拟方法的精确性和高效性。为定量衡量结构的流固耦合效应,本文定义了流固耦合影响因子。在此基础上,对单向柔性屋盖和三维薄膜结构的流固耦合性能进行了系统研究,探讨了风速、风向角、矢跨比(或高跨比)和初始预张力等参数对结构流固耦合效应的影响,并给出了流固耦合影响因子的取值范围。
此外,本文还基于能量守恒原理推导了附加质量和气动阻尼的解析公式,并运用气动弹性力学原理对附加质量和气动阻尼中的气动力项进行了推导。在此基础上,探讨了风向角、风速、矢跨比(或高跨比)和初始预张力等参数变化对附加质量和气动阻尼的影响,给出可供设计参考的附加质量和气动阻尼的取值范围。
Membrane structures are widely used as long-span structures. As being characterized by lightweight and flexibility, they are highly susceptible to the wind action, in particular, to the effects of fluctuating pressure. Membrane structures often produce rather big vibration under wind excitation, which may even affect the wind pressure distribution. That is to say, the interacting occurs between wind and structures, which is called“fluid-structure interaction”in the fluid dynamics. It is necessary to pay attention to“fluid-structure interaction”besides using the traditional analysis methods in order to accurately estimate the wind load and wind-induced vibration response on membrane structures. Because of complexity of mechanical property, especially geometrical non-linearity, the wind-structure interaction of membrane structure is very sophisticated. So at the present, the study of“fluid-structure interaction”is in the starting step.
Firstly, based on loose coupling partitioned method, a wind-structure interaction numerical simulating platform of membrane structure has been established in the environment of Compaq Visual Fortran 6.5 (the method is called“the direct numerical simulation”). The program is modularized, in which geometry modeling modul, fluid module, structure module and data interface modul keep independent each other. In geometry modeling modul, the form-finding analysis program of membrane structure is adopted. In fluid analysis modul, the CFD software FLUENT6.0 is adopted. In structure analysis modul, the dynamic analysis program MDLFX is adopted. In data interface modul,“Thin-Plate Splines”is adopted to resolve the data transfer on coupling boundary between CFD and CSD. And the problem on dynamic mesh is effectively resolved by using algebra method and iteration method. Finally, the numerical simulation of the wind-structure interaction of one-way long-span roofs and three-dimensioned saddle-shaped membrane structure are carried out to validate the method.
Because of the hundredfold time-consuming of simulating the three-dimensioned problem and lack of engineering operability by using the direct numerical simulation, a simplified numerical approach of a time-dependent wind-structure interaction is presented. The general idea of this approach is to divide the structural response into three components: mean response, background response and resonant response. The first component is a static interaction process, which is due to the change of structural geometry under mean wind pressure. The second component can be regard as a qusi-static interaction process, which relates to the motion of large scale eddies. The last component can be called as a transient interaction process, in which the dynamic magnification effect should be considered mainly. Due to the different characteristics of each component, different methods should be adopted respectively. For static and quasi-static interaction, the suitable method is CFD simulation, in which the wind pressure change due to structural deformation will be considered mainly; for transient interaction, the suitable method is nonlinear random vibration analysis in time domain considering the influence of added mass and aerodynamic damping.
Effect factor of Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) is defined to consider the influence of fluid-structure interation. Then, systemically studies on the behaviors of one-way long-span roofs and three-dimensioned membrane structures are carried out. The effects of several factors, such as wind velocity, wind direction, height-span ratio and pretension force et al, are investigated, and the effect factor of FSI is advised.
Furthermore, based on energy conservation law, the analytic formula of added mass and aerodynamic damping is present. Then the aerodynamic force in the formula is derived by using aeroelasticity theory. Finally, the effects of several factors to the added mass and aerodynamic damping of membrane structures, such as wind velocity, wind direction, height-span ratio and pretension force et al, are investigated.
引文
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