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结球甘蓝自交不亲和系的四倍体诱导及其细胞胚胎学研究
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摘要
本文以结球甘蓝自交不亲和系为试材,采用人工诱变技术进行了四倍体的诱导和选育,并对诱变获得的同源四倍体进行了生物学、细胞学、胚胎学及自交亲和性等研究。主要研究结果如下:
     1.在适宜的环境条件下,0.2%秋水仙素药液处理64h的组合诱变效果最好,其诱变率最高为39.3%,平均为34.35%。
     2.与二倍体比较,获得的四倍体植株生长势强,叶片肥厚,叶形指数变小,花茎变粗,花蕾、花瓣及叶表皮气孔变大,单位面积内气孔数目减少,气孔保卫细胞内叶绿体数增加,花粉粒整齐度和花粉活力下降,表现出多倍体的一般特征。
     3.四倍体甘蓝的减数分裂行为较其二倍体的复杂,终变期各孢母细胞中的四价体数和二价体数变化很大,可由9个四价体降到18个二价体;中期Ⅰ、中期Ⅱ含有游离染色体;后期Ⅰ、后期Ⅱ含有落后染色体和染色体不均衡分离等现象。
     4.四倍体和二倍体甘蓝的授粉、受精和胚胎发育过程基本相似,但四倍体的受精率较二倍体的低,胚胎发育进程较二倍体的约晚2d~3d,胚乳没有明显的细胞化阶段。
     5.与原二倍体自交不亲和系亲本比较,四倍体甘蓝花期自交不亲和性有所减弱,但没有发生质的改变,仍保持着自交不亲和性的遗传特点。
     6.蕾期重复授粉和授粉后用GA_3和NAA交替处理可显著的改善自交不亲和系的结实性,如蕾期3次重复授粉和花期授粉后用50ppmGA_3和300ppmNAA交替滴蘸子房5次,四倍体甘蓝的亲和指数较对照分别提高了118.73%和154.18%。
Two diploid head cabbage self-incompatibility lines were used to induce autotetraploid by artificial inducing technique, and the meiosis behaviors, embryo development, self-compatibility and some other biological characters of the tetraploid were studied in this paper. The main results were showed as follows:
    l.The optimum colchicine concentration and duration of inducing treatment were 0.2% and 64 hours respectively. Under this condition, treating the optical potion of seedlings, the average variation rate was 34.35%.
    2.The obtained tetraploid head cabbage showed the general characters of polyploid plant, such as, the leave becoming thicker, leaf type index becoming smaller, buds and petals becoming larger, stomata density of leaf endocuticle reduced, and the number of chloroplast in per guard cell increased.
    3.The meiosis behavior of the induced tetraploid head cabbage was much more complex than that of the diploid. Such as, at diakinesis, besides divalent and quadrivalent, some trivalent and univalent were also observed. In the different pollen mother cells, the type of chromosome patings varied from 9 quadrivalents to 18 divalents, the dissociate chromosomes existed during metaphase I and metaphase II, the laggard chromosomes and unbalant separation of chromosomes existed during anaphase I and anaphase II.
    4.The progress of pollination, fertilization and embryo development in tetraploid head cabbage was similar to that in diploid head cabbage. But the stages of embryo development was late about 2d~3d, and the endosperm was without obviously cell formation stage in the tetraploid. Besides, the rate of fertilized embryo sac in the tetraploid was lower than that of in the diploid.
    5.1n comparison with the diploid self-incompatibility parents, the self-incompatibility of the induced tetraploid head cabbage has not taken place the nature change, that is, it has still maintained the genetic character of the self-incompatibility.
    
    
    
    6.The seed setting of head cabbage self-incompatibility lines can be improved by repeated pollination or treated ovary with GAi and NAA. for example, by 3 times pollination at bud stage or alternatively treated ovary 5 times with 50ppm GA3 and 300ppm NAA after pollination at flower stage, the self- compatibility coefficient was increased 118.73% and 154.18% respectively than that of CK in the tetraploid head cabbage.
引文
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