微网逆变器的控制策略及组网特性研究
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摘要
作为一种智能的分布式发电控制方式，微网已成为分布式发电的重要发展方向之一。其中，配备储能单元的微网逆变器具有平抑功率波动、支持电压频率、分配负荷等重要作用，是保障微网安全稳定运行的核心部件。本文分析了多逆变器微网的组网特性，讨论了孤岛微网时微网逆变器的电压、频率控制策略以及适用于并网和孤岛两种模式的统一控制策略，主要研究内容和创新点如下：
（1）综述了微网的研究背景、定义和特点；总结、归纳了微网的现有控制结构；重点分类、对比和分析了微网中电力电子变流器特别是微网逆变器的控制方法。
（2）借鉴电力系统的调频控制方法，提出了一种具有模式自适应的有功-频率控制策略，利用电力系统调速器和同步发电机的转子运动方程构建了微网逆变器的频率控制器。建立了基于极坐标的微网小信号模型，以稳态特性、解耦特性、稳定性和动态特性为设计目标，设计、优化和统一了并网、孤岛两种模式下的控制器参数。和传统的下垂控制相比，该方法具有更好的动态特性、多模式统一的控制器结构，可独立优化并网和孤岛两种运行模式的控制特性。
（3）研究了基于下垂控制的多逆变器微网中，逆变器的输出阻抗对孤岛微网的功率分配精度影响，针对abc坐标系下虚拟阻抗引起的电压跌落和阻抗特性，提出了两种不同的虚拟阻抗设计方法。其一，提出了一种基于dq坐标系的虚拟阻抗设计方法，消除了abc坐标系下低通滤波器对虚拟阻抗的负面影响。第二，提出了一种无功-端口电压(Q-U)闭环下垂矫正的虚拟阻抗设计方法，引入虚拟阻抗的同时，同步调整下垂斜率并闭环控制端口电压的下垂特性，从而提高了无功分配的精度，消除了虚拟阻抗产生的电压跌落。同时，该控制器兼容了并网模式下的无功功率控制，通过控制器参数的优化设计，统一了并网和孤岛模式的参数取值范围，同时兼顾了并、组网的控制需求。
（4）针对孤岛微网中DG位置分散，连接线阻抗不确定的系统特点，研究了连接线阻抗对孤岛微网功率分配和电压控制的影响；分析了采用不同功率参与下垂控制需要满足的连接线阻抗和输出阻抗的匹配条件；在此基础上，提出了一种适用于四象限的阻抗自校正下垂控制策略，采用开环补偿项、动态补偿项和稳态补偿项的复合控制方法，消除了连接线阻抗对动、静态功率分配造成的不利影响。
（5）实验研究了基于分层控制的多逆变器微网，介绍了该微网系统的设计思路、控制方案、拓扑结构以及工作进展；针对微网中央控制器的实验研究，提出了一种时钟自适应的中央控制器及虚拟对象实现技术；基于所建立的多逆变器微网，对所提出的有功-频率控制策略、虚拟阻抗设计方法以及无功-电压控制策略等均进行了细致全面的实验；验证了所提出的控制策略的可行性和有效性。
As a smart integration mechanism of distributed energy sources (DER), microgrid is apromising direction of DER applications due to its outstanding performance on eliminating thenegative impact caused by the large scale penetration of DERs into the distribution network. In amicrogrid, the voltage source inverter equipped with energy storage unit (microgrid inverter, MGI) isa critical element that guarantees reliable and stable control and operation of microgrid, therefore,the study on MGI is an important research area. This dissertation focuses on the control strategiesand performance of MGI, especially the voltage and frequency controllers of MGI for islandedmicrogrids, and the unified controller for both islanded and grid-connected microgrids. Thisdissertation is organized as follows:
(1) A detailed overview of existed research on microgrids is presented with the perspectives of theresearch background, the definition of microgrids, the essential characteristic of microgrids and thecorresponding demonstration projects at home and abroad. In the presented literature review, thecontrol strategies of power converters applied in microgrids especially the control strategies of MGIare classified, analyzed and summarized.
(2) A mode-adaptive active power-frequency (P-ω) controller for MGI, named as voltage-sourcevirtual synchronous generator (VVSG), is proposed. The controller allows MGI to mimic theoperation of a synchronous generator (SG) by implementing the swing equation of SG with aprimary frequency controller. In addition, a generalized model of the active power generationdynamics is developed to compare the proposed controller with the conventional droop controller. Toachieve the optimal design of the proposed controller, a methodology of the parameters selecting ispresented in which decoupling, stability, steady and dynamic performances of a unified small signalmodel operating in both islanded and grid-connected modes of microgrid are used as indices.
(3) An algorithm of virtual impedance is proposed in order to obtain the accurate designed outputimpedance and the switchless controller for both islanded and grid-connected operation. Theaccuracy of output impedance, the seamless transfer performance and the improved power qualityare achieved by adding an extra PI control loop of reactive power-voltage (Q-U) droop characteristicand adapting the droop coefficient. Moreover, an optimal design for the main control parameters isproposed to assure the seamless transfer without any chance of control structures and parameters. Asanother research result in this part, an algorithm of synchronous-frame-based virtual impedance isproposed to eliminate the side effect on the virtual impedance brought from the low pass filter in abcframe.
(4) The relations between distribution line impedance, output impedance and output power sharing are revealed in the conditions of various power levels that are measured in the conventional droopcontroller. Several scenarios of various impedance mismatching are analyzed for both inductive andcapacitive reactive power. After that, an improved droop controller is proposed to reduce theunexpected dynamic and steady power sharing errors. With this proposed combined compensation,the power quality and the dynamic and steady performance are benefited. The design principle of theparameters in the proposed controller is also presented. The simulation and experimental results areprovided to validate the proposed controller and the parameters design methodology.
(5) A hierarchy microgrid in lab is introduced and it includes an islanded microgrid formed by threeMGIs, a proposed virtual lab for microgrid center controller (MGCC) with a synchronizedsimulation clock and a physical MGCC platform in testing. With this three-MGI-formed islandedmicrogrid, the above controllers proposed in this dissertation are verified and analyzed in detail.
（1）综述了微网的研究背景、定义和特点；总结、归纳了微网的现有控制结构；重点分类、对比和分析了微网中电力电子变流器特别是微网逆变器的控制方法。
（2）借鉴电力系统的调频控制方法，提出了一种具有模式自适应的有功-频率控制策略，利用电力系统调速器和同步发电机的转子运动方程构建了微网逆变器的频率控制器。建立了基于极坐标的微网小信号模型，以稳态特性、解耦特性、稳定性和动态特性为设计目标，设计、优化和统一了并网、孤岛两种模式下的控制器参数。和传统的下垂控制相比，该方法具有更好的动态特性、多模式统一的控制器结构，可独立优化并网和孤岛两种运行模式的控制特性。
（3）研究了基于下垂控制的多逆变器微网中，逆变器的输出阻抗对孤岛微网的功率分配精度影响，针对abc坐标系下虚拟阻抗引起的电压跌落和阻抗特性，提出了两种不同的虚拟阻抗设计方法。其一，提出了一种基于dq坐标系的虚拟阻抗设计方法，消除了abc坐标系下低通滤波器对虚拟阻抗的负面影响。第二，提出了一种无功-端口电压(Q-U)闭环下垂矫正的虚拟阻抗设计方法，引入虚拟阻抗的同时，同步调整下垂斜率并闭环控制端口电压的下垂特性，从而提高了无功分配的精度，消除了虚拟阻抗产生的电压跌落。同时，该控制器兼容了并网模式下的无功功率控制，通过控制器参数的优化设计，统一了并网和孤岛模式的参数取值范围，同时兼顾了并、组网的控制需求。
（4）针对孤岛微网中DG位置分散，连接线阻抗不确定的系统特点，研究了连接线阻抗对孤岛微网功率分配和电压控制的影响；分析了采用不同功率参与下垂控制需要满足的连接线阻抗和输出阻抗的匹配条件；在此基础上，提出了一种适用于四象限的阻抗自校正下垂控制策略，采用开环补偿项、动态补偿项和稳态补偿项的复合控制方法，消除了连接线阻抗对动、静态功率分配造成的不利影响。
（5）实验研究了基于分层控制的多逆变器微网，介绍了该微网系统的设计思路、控制方案、拓扑结构以及工作进展；针对微网中央控制器的实验研究，提出了一种时钟自适应的中央控制器及虚拟对象实现技术；基于所建立的多逆变器微网，对所提出的有功-频率控制策略、虚拟阻抗设计方法以及无功-电压控制策略等均进行了细致全面的实验；验证了所提出的控制策略的可行性和有效性。
As a smart integration mechanism of distributed energy sources (DER), microgrid is apromising direction of DER applications due to its outstanding performance on eliminating thenegative impact caused by the large scale penetration of DERs into the distribution network. In amicrogrid, the voltage source inverter equipped with energy storage unit (microgrid inverter, MGI) isa critical element that guarantees reliable and stable control and operation of microgrid, therefore,the study on MGI is an important research area. This dissertation focuses on the control strategiesand performance of MGI, especially the voltage and frequency controllers of MGI for islandedmicrogrids, and the unified controller for both islanded and grid-connected microgrids. Thisdissertation is organized as follows:
(1) A detailed overview of existed research on microgrids is presented with the perspectives of theresearch background, the definition of microgrids, the essential characteristic of microgrids and thecorresponding demonstration projects at home and abroad. In the presented literature review, thecontrol strategies of power converters applied in microgrids especially the control strategies of MGIare classified, analyzed and summarized.
(2) A mode-adaptive active power-frequency (P-ω) controller for MGI, named as voltage-sourcevirtual synchronous generator (VVSG), is proposed. The controller allows MGI to mimic theoperation of a synchronous generator (SG) by implementing the swing equation of SG with aprimary frequency controller. In addition, a generalized model of the active power generationdynamics is developed to compare the proposed controller with the conventional droop controller. Toachieve the optimal design of the proposed controller, a methodology of the parameters selecting ispresented in which decoupling, stability, steady and dynamic performances of a unified small signalmodel operating in both islanded and grid-connected modes of microgrid are used as indices.
(3) An algorithm of virtual impedance is proposed in order to obtain the accurate designed outputimpedance and the switchless controller for both islanded and grid-connected operation. Theaccuracy of output impedance, the seamless transfer performance and the improved power qualityare achieved by adding an extra PI control loop of reactive power-voltage (Q-U) droop characteristicand adapting the droop coefficient. Moreover, an optimal design for the main control parameters isproposed to assure the seamless transfer without any chance of control structures and parameters. Asanother research result in this part, an algorithm of synchronous-frame-based virtual impedance isproposed to eliminate the side effect on the virtual impedance brought from the low pass filter in abcframe.
(4) The relations between distribution line impedance, output impedance and output power sharing are revealed in the conditions of various power levels that are measured in the conventional droopcontroller. Several scenarios of various impedance mismatching are analyzed for both inductive andcapacitive reactive power. After that, an improved droop controller is proposed to reduce theunexpected dynamic and steady power sharing errors. With this proposed combined compensation,the power quality and the dynamic and steady performance are benefited. The design principle of theparameters in the proposed controller is also presented. The simulation and experimental results areprovided to validate the proposed controller and the parameters design methodology.
(5) A hierarchy microgrid in lab is introduced and it includes an islanded microgrid formed by threeMGIs, a proposed virtual lab for microgrid center controller (MGCC) with a synchronizedsimulation clock and a physical MGCC platform in testing. With this three-MGI-formed islandedmicrogrid, the above controllers proposed in this dissertation are verified and analyzed in detail.
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